Cost variation analysis of oral anti-diabetic drugs available in Indian market

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 DM. Oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) play an important role in regulating raised blood glucose levels and compliance to treatment. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate cost variations of different brands of drug formulations in the management of DM. Materials and Methods: This study was an analytical study. Costs of various OADs were obtained from January to March 2022 edition of current index of medical specialties India. The cost ratio and percentage of variation among different drugs in the treatment of DM available in Indian Market and Manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies were analyzed. Results: The percentage variation in cost among commonly prescribed single OADs was found to be highest for sulfonylurea group of dugs Glimepiride 1 mg tablet (1.366%), followed by Biguanides, Metformin 500 mg tablet (809%), ?-Glucosidase inhibitors, and Voglibose 0.3 mg tablet (571%), while it was lowest for Glibenclamide 5 mg tablet (36%) and Acarbose 25 mg tablet (36%) of sulfonylurea drugs and ?-Glucosidase inhibitors group of drugs, respectively. In combination drug therapy, Glibenclamide and Metformin combination (1.25 + 250 mg tablet) shows maximum variation (132%). Conclusion: There is a wide difference existing in the cost of various oral anti-diabetics available in Indian Market by different brands. The physicians must be aware of these variations and prescribe medicines accordingly, while considering the financial status of patient and also to promote adherence to treatment.

A Review on Anti-Diabetic Herbs of Siddha System Based on Their Organoleptic Characteristic

The Siddha system is a primordial system of medicine followed over a long period in the Southern part of India. Siddha system has peculiar methods in treating a disease and also possesses various diagnostic methods and treatment protocols. In the Siddha system, diagnostic methods are purely differing from other systems. The diagnostic tools are Envagaithervu (Eight Fold Assessment Test), Neer Kuri & Nei Kuri (Siddha Urine Test), Nadi (Pulse Test) etc. In the Siddha system treatments are based on Nadi, Suvai. Diabetics are the major non-communicable disease in the world. According to the statistics India is second among the top ten nations in the world, with 69.2 million people suffering from diabetes and another 36.5 million struggling with pre-diabetes. This rising prevalence is mostly due to changes in lifestyle, such as consuming unhealthy foods and being physically sedentary. In the Siddha system, it is compared with Neerizhuvu Noi. In Siddha, diabetes is not an illness. It is possible to keep it under control with the right diet and treatment. The article focus on scientific justification of the relationship of herbs cured Neerizhuvu Noi mentioned in classical text by their organoleptic characters and anti diabetic activity of the herbs. Taste plays a significant part in the selection of medicinal plants for each person in this kind of personalized treatment that is based on their constitution. This article discusses the Siddha approach to the control of diabetes, with a particular focus on the flavour of herbs.

Study of antidiabetic activity of two novel Schiff base derived dibromo and dichloro substituted compounds in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats: pilot study

Abstract Schiff bases are aldehyde-or ketone-like chemical compounds in which an imine or azomethine group replaces the carbonyl group. Such compounds show various beneficial biological activities, such as anti-inflammation and antioxidants. The present study addresses comprehensiveevaluation of antidiabetic effect of two novel dibromides and dichlorides substituted Schiff bases substituted Schiff bases (2,2'-[1,2-cyclohexanediylbis (nitriloethylidyne)]bis[4-chlorophenol] (CNCP) and 2, 2'-[1,2-cyclohexanediylbis(nitriloethylidyne)]bis[4-bromophenol] (CNBP) with two different doses, high (LD) and low (LD) in streptozotocin and nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. The rats were separated into normal, untreated, treated and reference groups. Except for the normal group, diabetes traits were induced in the rest animals. Insulin level was measured, and the effect of the compounds on biochemical parameters of liver function and lipid profile were evaluated. High glucose and decreased insulin level are observed in the groups. The histological evaluation confirms that the hepatic architecture in the treated animals with a low dose of CNCP is quite similar to that of the normal hepatic structure and characterized by normal central vein, hepatocytes without any fatty alterations and mild red blood cell infiltration. CNCP (LD) and CNBP (HD) are more successful in enhancing cell survival in the diabetic rat's liver and can be responsible for causing much healthier structure and notable morphology improvement.

Factors Influencing Oral Anti-diabetic Medication Adherence among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Urban Health Training Centre, Bengaluru.

Background: Medication adherence is a major challenge in treatment of type 2 diabetes. Hence the pre-sent study was undertaken to assess the factors influencing drug adherence in Type 2 diabetes Benga-luru. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in urban health training centre Bengaluru for a period of 9 months. A total of 70 type 2 Diabetes patients only on oral drugs willing to give informed consent were included. Institutional Ethical Committee clearance was obtained and pre-tested semi structured proforma was administered and the probable factors that affect adherence was included. Data was en-tered in Microsoft excel and analyzed in SPSS-21. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics like Bi-nary logistic regression was used to assess the factors influencing drugs. Results: Around 92.8% consumed ?2 drugs and consumed single or combination of drugs. Most com-mon anti-diabetic drug consumed was Biguanides in 64(91.4%). Good adherence (0-2 score) to oral anti-diabetic drugs was observed in 43 (61%) study subjects the factor significantly associated with poor ad-herence in Binary Logistic Regression Model is sometimes forgetting to consume the medication. Conclusion: The factors that influenced oral anti-diabetic drugs good adherence is consuming the medi-cations without forgetting. Efforts are needed to improve adherence and self-management techniques to prevent complications.

Direct Evidence for Intracellular Homeostasis in Mammalian Cells: Insulin-independent Glucose Metabolisms

In our previous study, carbonates, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, influence glucose metabolism in vitro, using Py-3Y1-S2 rat fibroblast cells, and these compounds accelerate significantly glucose consumption. In the present study, the effects of the carbonates on glucose metabolism were examined to determine whether these effects are universal among different cell lines, VERO green monkey kidney cells, TE-13 human esophageal cancer cells, and HepG2 human cells. Glucose was completely converted to lactate, which disappeared gradually from the culture medium. However, the disappearance of lactate from the medium was independent of carbonates. The present study clarified that NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 directly regulate glucose metabolism among different cell lines via an insulin-independent pathway, that is, intracellular homeostasis.

Anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-diabetic evaluation of ethanolic leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus alone and in combination therapy

The use of plants in disease treatment is cost effective and relatively safe. This study was designed to investigate anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus alone and in combination therapy in hyperlipidemic & diabetic mice. Eight groups comprising five mice each were used. Group A was hyperlipidemic control, group B, C, D received atorvastatin (20 mg/kg), leaf extract (200 mg/kg) and leaf extract in combination with atorvastatin (200 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) orally for 15 days. Group E was diabetic control. Group F, G, H received sitagliptin (40 mg/kg), leaf extract (200 mg/kg) and extract in combination with sitagliptin (200 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) orally for 7 days. Blood cholesterol levels were measured at 1st, 5th, 10th and 15th day and fasting blood sugar levels were measured at 2, 12, 24, 72 and 168 hours during treatment. One-way ANOVA with tukey- kramer multiple comparison test was used. The chemical characterization of ethanolic extract of Catharanthus roseus leaves showed presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Ethanolic extract of Catharanthus roseus has significant anti-hyperlipidemic & anti-diabetic effects (p<0.05, p<0.01) when compared with control but had not cause significantly increase in anti-hyperlipidemic effects of atorvastatin. While significantly increased the antidiabetic effect of sitagliptin (p<0.05)

Correlation and protective effect of diabetes mellitus in aortic aneurysm disease / 国际外科学杂志

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. It is found that the incidence and mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in diabetes mellitus patients are lower than that in non-diabetes mellitus patients. This review will present the protective role of diabetes mellitus and its treatment on the aortic disease process, aiming to provide more support for the clinical treatment of AAA.

Moringa oleifera: un producto natural con posibilidades para ser usado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Moringa oleifera: a natural product with chances of being used in patients with diabetes mellitus

Introducción: La búsqueda de nuevos fármacos o de productos naturales que mejoren la calidad de la atención y los resultados en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus continúan. La Moringa oleifera tiene variados usos y es uno de los productos naturales que desde hace años se evalúa con este fin, por sus sustanciales propiedades curativas. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la Moringa oleifera como un producto natural con posibilidades de ser usado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Método: Se utilizaron como buscadores de información científica a SciELO, PubMed, Google y a Google Académico. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó los siguientes términos como palabras claves: Moringa oleifera, diabetes mellitus, propiedades antidiabéticas, reacciones adversas. Se evaluaron artículos de revisión, de investigación y páginas Web que, en general, tenían menos de 10 años de publicados, en idioma español, portugués e inglés, y que hicieran referencia específicamente al tema de estudio a través del título. Esto permitió evaluar 120 artículos, de los cuales 64 fueron referenciados. Conclusiones: La Moringa oleifera es una planta que constituye un producto natural con propiedades nutracéuticas y funcionales. Puede usarse como un coadyuvante en los tratamientos convencionales indicados para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus, lo cual dependería de los resultados de ensayos clínicos rigurosos, que permitan dilucidar si realmente es capaz de contribuir a lograr en el humano, un control glucémico eficaz, sin efectos secundarios importantes e incluso ayudar a mejorar algunas de las complicaciones y comorbilidades que habitualmente acompañan a la diabetes mellitus(AU)

Introduction: The search of new drugs or natural products that improve the quality of care and the results of diabetes mellitus treatment continue. Moringa oleifera has different uses and is one of the natural products that have been assessed through the years with that purpose, due to its considerable curative properties. Objective: Assess the effects of Moringa oleifera as a natural product with chances of being used in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: There were used as scientific information searchers ScieELO, PubMed, Google and Google Scholar. The search strategy included the following terms as keywords: Moringa oleifera, diabetes mellitus, anti-diabetic properties, adverse reactions. Review articles, research articles and web pages were assessed; in general terms, those had less than 10 years of being published, were in Spanish, Portuguese and English languages, and were making specific reference in the title to the studied subject. This allowed assessing 120 articles, of which 64 were quoted. Conclusions: Moringa oleifera is a plant that constitutes a natural product with nutraceutical and functional properties. It can be used as a contributory agent in conventional treatments indicated for diabetes mellitus, which will depend on the results of strict clinical trials that allow to clarify if it is actually capable of contributing to achieve an efficient glycemic control in humans, without relevant side effects, or even to help improving some of the complications and comorbidities that usually accompany diabetes mellitus(AU)

Antidiabetic activities of alkaloids isolated from medicinal plants

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder affecting a great part of population around the world. It is the fifth leading death causing disease in the world and its cases are increasing day by day. Traditional medicine is thought to have promising future in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In contrast to synthetic drugs phytochemicals are considered to be free from side effects. As one of the main class of natural products, alkaloids and their derivatives have been widely used as sources of pharmacological agents against a variety of medical problems. Many studies confirmed the role of alkaloids in the management of diabetes and numerous alkaloids isolated from different medicinal plants were found active against diabetes. Like other natural products, alkaloids regulate glucose metabolism either by inhibiting or inducing multiple candidate proteins including AMP-activated protein kinase, glucose transporters, glycogen synthase kinase-3, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase among the others. A comprehensive review of alkaloids reported in the literature with anti-diabetic activities and their target enzymes is conducted, with the aim to help in exploring the use of alkaloids as anti-diabetic agents. Future work should focus on rigorous clinical studies of the alkaloids, their development and relevant drug targets.

Pharmacological aspects of fisetin

Over the past decades, epidemiological studies have concluded that a diet rich in plant-derived products plays a pivotal role in human health. Fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound primarily found in edible plants (e.g. strawberry, blueberry, apple, grape, persimmon, kiwi, and cucumber). Various preclinical studies have revealed that fisetin exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-osteoporotic, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, the pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies on fisetin are discussed in this review. Additionally, this review would be useful for further study regarding the potential of natural products, notably fisetin, and its therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Study of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities for 2 species of birch leaves / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Abstract@#The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, and <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats.@*The study materials and methods@#The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin).@*Study Result@#The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the <i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the <i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.</br> The study results showed that <i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B.platyphilla</i> Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect.@*Conclusion@#<i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B. platyphilla </i> (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.

Pharmacological aspects of fisetin

Over the past decades, epidemiological studies have concluded that a diet rich in plant-derived products plays a pivotal role in human health. Fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound primarily found in edible plants (e.g. strawberry, blueberry, apple, grape, persimmon, kiwi, and cucumber). Various preclinical studies have revealed that fisetin exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-osteoporotic, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, the pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies on fisetin are discussed in this review. Additionally, this review would be useful for further study regarding the potential of natural products, notably fisetin, and its therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Is Metformin a Treatment Opportunity for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common deadly cancers worldwide. The incidence of CRC has been increasing nowadays and new therapy agents are still being investigated for the treatment. Metformin (1, 1-dimethyl biguanide), an oral antidiabetic drug from Galega officinalis mostly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has gained considerable research interest in cancer prevention and therapy for many types of cancer including CRC. By targeting the specific pathways involved in cell differentiation, metabolism and metastasis, different mechanisms of action of metformin are tried to be elucidated using CRCs in studies.METHODSWe searched 3 electronic bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar) and research in progress using ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to September 20, 2019. Subject headings and key words included ‘metformin’ and/or ‘metformin in colon cancer’, and related terms, and various terms related to colon cancer treatment.RESULTSAlthough it seems justified on the basis of the results of a large number of studies, there is much we do not know about the effect of metformin on CRC.CONCLUSIONSIn this review, we focused on studies showing the potential effects of metformin in CRC, especially its possible mechanisms of action in chemoprevention therapy for colorectal cancers.

The Anti-Diabetic Effect of Hibiscus Cannabinus Extract on the Submandibular Salivary Gland of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the anti-diabetic effect of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaf extract on thehistological structure of the submandibular salivary gland in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Materials andMethods: Three groups consisting of 10adult male albino rats each were used in this experiment. Group, I servedas the control, whereas group II consisted of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Finally, in group III, each alloxaninduced diabetic rat received an oral daily dose of methanolic extract of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaves equalto 400mg/kg body weight for four weeks after diabetes induction, using the same dose and like that of group II.In all groups, the rats were sacrificed four weeks after the experiment was initiated. The submandibular salivaryglands were dissected, prepared, and stained with H&E for light microscopy examination. Results:Histopathological examination of the submandibular salivary glands in group II (the diabetic group) revealed aloss of the standard glandular architecture involving the entire structure of the glands, including the acini, ductsystem, connective tissue stroma, and blood vessels. Also, severe degenerative changes with an accumulation ofnumerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles affecting the serous acini and duct system were observed as compared togroup 1. Most of these alterations and degenerative changes disappeared or were markedly decreased in groupIII (the diabetic group treated with Hibiscus cannabinus Linn extract). Conclusions: Hibiscus cannabinus Linnleaf extract had a noticeable anti¬diabetic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic alterations in the submandibularsalivary glands of rats. Hence, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaves may be beneficial as a dietary supplement forreducing diabetes complications. Also, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaf extract can serve as a promising herbalmedicine due to its effectiveness and safety.

Assessment of health education on knowledge regarding oral antidiabetic drug adherence in urban area, Bengaluru

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a high mortality and morbidity. Knowledge regarding the disease is required for the management of drug adherence in diabetes, hence the present study was taken to assess the effectiveness of health education on knowledge regarding oral anti-diabetic drug adherence.Methods: The study was conducted at urban health training centre of a medical college, Bengaluru from October 2015 to July 2016. A total of 70 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were involved in this descriptive and interventional study. The study subjects included only on oral anti-diabetic drugs and willing to give informed consent. A pre-tested semi-structured proforma was administered and information about socio-demographic profile, and impact of health education intervention on knowledge was obtained.Results: Most of the subjects were female (80%), in the age group of 35-45 years (34%), illiterate (40%), unemployed (67%) with class IV (78%) socio-economic status according to Modified Kuppuswamy classification 2014. The mean±SD age was 52.47±11.06 years. Significant improvement in knowledge regarding adherence to oral anti-diabetic medication was found in study subjects following health education intervention.Conclusions: The study revealed that health education regarding the importance of drug adherence is needed in study subjects and there was significant improvement in knowledge after health education.

Role of autophagy in islet β cells: A novel target for diabetes’ therapy / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Autophagy is a catabolism process in which lysosomes degrade damaged organelles, protein aggregates and recover nutrients. Studies have shown that autophagy could protect the structure and function of islet β cell and maintaining normal secretion of insulin. In addition, autophagy plays important roles in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus by reducing oxidative stress, preventing apoptosis and removing ubiquitination protein aggregates. Therefore, autophagy may be a new target for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. At present, hypoglycemic drugs have been proved to play positive roles by regulating autophagy including thiazolidine dione and guanidine. Therefore, this paper will review autophagy definition, the role of autophagy in diabetes mellitus and autophagy-related hypoglycemic drugs, providing a new direction for clinical treatment of diabetes.

Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Cancer Activity And Associated Toxicity Of Leucas Aspera Extract In Wistar Albino Rats

In regenerative medicine, nanotechnology plays a vital role in the diagnosis, the delivery of therapeutic drugs and the treatment of many diseases and disorders. Due to the growing need to develop environmentally friendly technologies in material synthesis, the biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IOP) has received considerable attention over the past decades. Therefore, the community is now looking back for traditional medicines for various diseases after the practice of allopathic drugs with tremendous side effects. There are an increasing number of biomedical applications for iron oxide nanoparticles; as such uses are essential for in-vitro characterisation and in-vivo to ensure the bio-safety of these particles. The main complication of diabetes due to frequent lipid peroxidation is liver damage and renal dysfunction, but treatment with Leucas aspera has a pronounced effect on these indicators, which protects the organs from further damage. The current research supports the traditional use of Leucas aspera against diabetes mellitus and cancer, as well as the safety, effectiveness and potency of Leucas aspera leaf extract's anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effect in the in-vivo model. The overall results reveal that Leucas aspera has the potential and can be a candidate of choice without side effect.

Anti-diabetic drugs prescription pattern by postgraduate students among type 2 diabetes patients attending a tertiary care hospital

Background: The pattern of prescribing anti-diabetic drugs varies among different medical professionals due to the availability of numerous anti-diabetic drugs and demographic and have increasingly favoured for tighter control of glycemic index. Even with the available multiple therapies many patients are not in control. The reasons may be multi factorial and the one important factor is the drugs prescribed.Methods: This cross-sectional study involving 140 type 2 adult diabetes patients was done to assess the pattern of anti-diabetic drugs prescribed by the postgraduate students in a tertiary health care center using a specially designed questionnaire.Results: Oral medications were predominantly prescribed. Metformin and Glimepiride combination was prescribed in majority. Among insulin, combination of short and intermediate acting insulin was prescribed more and the number of insulin prescription increased with the duration of diabetes. Interestingly no newer classes of drugs are prescribed.Conclusions: There is a rational prescription pattern of antidiabetic drugs but newer antidiabetic drugs are not prescribed and life style changes are not discussed with the patients. There is a need to include life style changes as a part of prescription to all the patients.

Prescription Pattern Of Cardiovascular And/Or Antidiabetic Drugs In Abuja District Hospitals

Objective: The study aimed to describe the prescription pattern of cardiovascular and/or anti-diabetic drugs and adherence to the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators in Abuja District Hospitals. Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was carried out in Asokoro and Maitama District Hospitals Abuja. One thousand and nine prescriptions that contained a cardiovascular drug (CVD) and/or anti-diabetic drug issued between June 2017 and May 2018 from the Medical Outpatient Department were analyzed. Data were collected from the pharmacy electronic database, prescription pattern and adherence to WHO prescribing indicators were assessed. The analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results were presented as percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results: The frequency of treatment was higher among women (58.8%) and the age group of 41–60 (54.8%). The average number of drugs prescribed was 3.3±1.6: the percentage of drugs prescribed in generic was (64%) and (78.8%) were from the Essential Drug List (EDL). Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB, 71.7%) and Biguanides (B, 92.4%) were the most prescribed CVD and anti-diabetic drug. The majority of the CVD (74.5%) and diabetes (63.6%) patients were on combination therapy. The most frequent CVD combination was CCB plus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (29.7%). Compared to men, the proportion of females taking one or more CVD (61.3%) or antidiabetic (56.4%) was higher. Conclusion: The prescribing indicators are not optimal in Abuja district hospitals. Women received more treatment for cardiovascular and diabetes diseases than men while the age range of 41-60 was more treated than other age groups.

A Review On The Anti-diabetic (pramehahara) Action Of An Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation -nisakatakadi Kwatha

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is one of the major diseases affecting the population world wide. India is no exception with its 69. 1 million people affected as per current statistics. So in the current scenario, search for effective anti diabetic drugs are on the rise. The management of diabetes with modern system of medicine, inspite of many advances still remains unsatisfactory. This led to the search of safe, effective and cheaper herbal remedies. Such remedies can be explored from the huge wealth of Ayurveda which has been practice in India since centuries. One such effective anti diabetic Ayurvedic formulation that has been in use in Kerala by traditional vaidyas since long ago is Nisakatakadi kwatha. It is mentioned in one of the traditional Malayalam text, Sahasrayoga. It is a formulation consisting of 8 drugs viz. Nisa, Kataka, Amalaki, Paranthi, Lodhra, Bhadrika, Saptachakra and Ushira. In this review an attempt has been made to analyse the anti diabetic (pramehahara) action of this formulation by reviewing the pharmacological properties and the recent research updates on each of these 8 drugs by reviewing textbooks of Ayurveda and journal articles. This review also aims to familiarize this effective formulation to the Ayurvedic fraternity and to the general public.