Efficacy and safety of antifibrinolytic therapy in the perioperative cardiovascular surgery / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Massive hemorrhage and allogeneic blood transfusion are common complications in the perioperative period of cardiovascular surgery, which can significantly increase the incidence of adverse events and worsen the long-term prognosis. Therefore, perioperative blood protection strategies have been widely promoted and applied in clinical practice. Additionally, as the core strategy, antifibrinolytic therapy can tremendously reduce perioperative bleeding and blood transfusion during cardiovascular surgery. Tremendous clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy and safety of lysine analog in adult cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery. However, evidence-based medicine on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytic drugs in off-pump cardiovascular surgery and pediatric cardiovascular surgery is still insufficient; there still needs further research and concern. In addition, the topical use of antifibrinolytic drugs and related molecular mechanisms have been reported in recent years. Therefore, this article reviews the efficacy and safety of perioperative antifibrinolytic therapy in cardiovascular surgery.

Síndrome hemofagocítico secundario a infección por Erythrovirus B19 y embarazo / Hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to infection Erythrovirus B19 and pregnancy

Antecedentes: El síndrome hemofagocítico es un desorden caracterizado por una proliferación benigna de los histiocitos y la fagocitosis de las células hematopoiéticas normales. Puede ocurrir por diversos estados de compromiso inmunológico o secundario a una gran variedad de infecciones. El comportamiento clínico puede presentarse desde una rápida recuperación hasta la muerte. Caso: Se descubrió una aplasia hematopoiética en una mujer de 27 años con 22 semanas de gestación sin factores de riesgo conocidos, presentando signos y síntomas aparentes de un síndrome purpúrico. La serología viral confirmó IgG e IgM positivos para Erythrovirus B19 y el aspirado de médula ósea demostró una hemofagocitosis reactiva con histiocitos y blastos afectando línea celular roja y blanca. El cuidado materno-fetal y el manejo conllevó al nacimiento de un recién nacido sin complicaciones. Conclusión: El diagnóstico del síndrome hemofagocítico durante el embarazo y el manejo oportuno de las complicaciones resultó en una adecuada resolución y éxito perinatal.

Background: Hemophagocytic syndrome is a hematologic disorder characterized by benign proliferation of histiocytes that undergo uncontrolled phagocytosis of normal hematopoietic cells. It can occur as a consequence of immunologic compromise or secondary of a wide range of infections. Clinical behavior can present from complete recovery to rapid deterioration and death. Case: Hematopoietic aplasia was discovered in a 27-year-old pregnant woman, gravida 2, at 22 weeks' gestation without known risk factors, presenting signs and symptoms of a purpuric syndrome. Confirmatory IgG and IgM Erythrovirus B19 viral serology was reported and bone marrow aspírate demonstrated reactive hemophagocytosis with histiocytes and blasts affecting red and white blood cell lines. Maternal-fetal assessment and management resulted in the delivery of a healthy newborn with an uncomplicated postpartum response. Conclusion: Oportune diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome during pregnancy and prompt management of its complications result in a marked resolution and perinatal success.

Benefits of Antifibrinolytic Therapy before Early Aneurysm Surgery

OBJECTIVE: Antifibrinolytic treatment after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage has been shown to have no significant effect on outcome since a reduction in the rate of rebleeding was offset by an increase in the incidence of hydrocephalus and ischemic events. As the results of early aneurysm surgery and a change of strategy in the intensive medical treatment, outcome in patients with cerebral ischemia has been improved. On the other hand, rebleeding still remains as a major cause of death. A short course of tranexamic acid(TA) was tried to study its efficacy and safety in reducing the incidence of rebleeding before aneurysm surgery. METHODS: A total of 507 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm operated within 3 days after the attack from 1990 to 1999 were included in this study. Group A consisted of 302 consecutive patients treated from 1990 through 1995 served as control. Two hundred-five patients in group B were treated with TA from 1996 through 1999. Both groups were evaluated for comparability of demographic and clinical variables including age, Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher grade, aneurysm location, hypertension, day of surgery, and initial hydrocephalus. The relationships of TA with rebleeding, ischemia, and chronic hydrocephalus were also studied. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in patient demographics and clinical characteristics between group A and group B. Sixteen patients(5.3%) suffered a recurrent hemorrhage in group A and three(1.5%) in group B(p<0.05). Chronic hydrocephalus requiring a shunt was found in a significantly greater proportion in group B than in group A(p<0.05). The incidence of cerebral ischemia was not elevated in group B compared with group A. CONCLUSION: Considering the fact that the reduction of fatal rebleeding outweighed the increased incidence of hydrocephalus, the authors believe that a short course of TA is beneficial in diminishing the risk of rebleeding prior to early surgical intervention.

The Effect of Antifibrinolytic Therapy in Prevention of Rebleeding before Early Aneurysm Surgery

OBJECT: This study was conducted to evaluate whether short-term intravenous infusion of tranexamic acid (AMCA) was able to improve the management outcome by preventing rebleeding without increasing vasospasm and hydrocephalus associated with the long-term administration of this agent in the patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) who were planned for the early surgery. METHODS: During the period from June, 1996 to May, 1998, 137 patients admitted within 3 days of their SAH and planned for early surgical intervention were subject to study population. Of these, 60 patients who had been treated with AMCA were classified as AMCA treated group and 77 patients without AMCA treatment as AMCA untreated group. Initially, prognostic factors for rebleeding, vasospasm, hydrocephalus and outcome following SAH including age, sex, clinical grade, CT grade, site of ruptured aneurysms, admission day after SAH, surgery day after SAH, number of aneurysms and hypertension history, were analyzed and compared between AMCA treated group and untreated group. Secondly, the incidence of rebleeding, symptomatic vasospasm and hydrocephalus were compared between the two groups. Also, the management outcome of the patients was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in prognostic factors between the two groups. The rebleeding rate was 0% in the AMCA treated group whereas the rate was 7.8% in the untreated group. This difference was statistically significant. The incidences of symptomatic vasospasm and hydrocephalus were found not to be significantly different between the two groups. Of the treated group, 31.7% of patients developed hydrocephalus compared to 32.5% of those at the untreated group. Fourteen(23.3%) patients in treated group developed symptomatic vasospasm and 6 of them(10%) suffered stroke whereas incidences of these in untreated group were 25.9% and 11.7%, respectively. The AMCA treated group showed more favorable outcome than that of untreated group. There was no case of death by rebleeding in the AMCA treated group while one of the main causes of death in the untreated group was rebleeding. CONCLUSION: Short-term high-dose AMCA administration is considered beneficial in improving outcome and diminishing the risk of rebleeding in the patients who suffer from an aneurysmal SAH prior to early surgical intervention.