Dolor al administrar medicamento por inyección intramuscular: ventroglútea vs dorsoglútea / Pain in the administration of drugs by intramuscular injection: ventrogluteal vs dorsogluteal / Dor na administração intramuscular de drogas: ventroglúteo vs dorsogluteal

ResumenIntroducción. La inyección intramuscular es una técnica que causa dolor e incomodidad a las personas. Con el objetivo de determinar la zona de punción menos dolorosa para la administración de medicamentos intramusculares en glúteo, se realizó una revisión de literatura en busca de la evidencia de mayor calidad. Método. Se empleó el método propuesto por el enfoque de la Práctica Clínica de Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia. Se recopiló estudios de EBSCOhost, Google, Google Académico, Cochrane Library y PubMed. Se aplicó los filtros propuestos para la selección: se sometió los dos artículos seleccionados a lectura crítica mediante la plataforma FLC 2.0 con la cual se valoró la calidad de los estudios. El riesgo de sesgo se valoró con The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. A través del sistema de clasificación GRADE se determinó la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de la recomendación de la intervención.Resultado. Los artículos incluidos en el estudio respondieron parcialmente a la pregunta clínica planteada. La percepción de dolor durante la administración de inyectables en el sitio ventroglúteo es menor que en el dorsoglúteo, los hallazgos tuvieron un nivel de evidencia moderado y la fuerza de recomendación fue 1B.Conclusión. No hay evidencia contundente para preferir la elección del sitio ventroglúteo sobre el dorsoglúteo para disminuir el dolor asociado a la administración intramuscular de analgésicos antiinflamatorios, aunque el primer sitio posee mayores ventajas en comparación con el segundo.

AbstractIntroduction. Intramuscular injection is a technique that causes pain and discomfort to people. In order to determine the least painful puncture site for the administration of intramuscular gluteal medications, a literature review was conducted in search of the highest quality evidence.Method.The method used in this research was the Evidence-Based Nursing approach. The studies were collected from EBSCOhost, Google, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and PubMed. Filters of the selection criteria were applied to the papers and then were subjected to critical appraisal using the web platform FLC 2.0 leaving 2 articles remaining. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias was applied and afterwards the GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of the evidence and strength of recommendation.Result. Papers included in the study responded partially the clinical question posed. The ventrogluteal IM injection site seems to be less painful than in the dorsogluteal site during the administration of analgesic antiinflammatory drugs, the findings had a moderate level of evidence and strength of recommendation was 1B. Conclusion. No strong evidence was found to prefer the ventrogluteal site rather than the dorsogluteal site in order to reduce pain associated with intramuscular administration of anti-inflammatory analgesics drugs. Although the first injection site has major advantages compared to the second

ResumoIntrodução: A injeção intramuscular é uma técnica que causa dor e desconforto para as pessoas. Com o objetivo de determinar o local da punção menos doloroso para a administração de medicamentos intramusculares no glúteo, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura em busca de evidência de maior qualidade.Materiais e método: Empregou-se o método proposto pelo enfoque de Prática Clínica de Enfermagem Baseada em Evidência. Realizaram-se estudos de EBSCOhost, Google, Google Acadêmico, Cochrane Library e PubMed. Aplicaram-se os filtros propostos para a seleção: foram submetidos dois artigos selecionados para a leitura crítica mediante a plataforma FLC 2.0 com a qual se estabeleceu um valor para a qualidade dos estudos. O risco de inclinação se determina com The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Através do sistema de classificação GRADE se determinou a qualidade de evidência e a necessidade da recomendação da intervenção. Resultados: Os artigos incluídos no estudo responderam parcialmente a pergunta clínica planteada. A percepção da dor durante a administração de injetáveis no local ventroglúteo é menor que no dorsoglúteo, as descobertas tiveram um nível de evidência moderado e a necessidade de recomendação foi 1B.Conclusões:Não há evidência contundente para preferir a escolha do local ventroglúteo sobre o dorsoglúteo para diminuir a dor associada a administração intramuscular de analgésicos antiinflamatórios, embora o primeiro local possua maiores vantagens em comparação com o segundo.

Identificación de metabolitos secundarios de Anredera vesicaria (Yuca hiedra) / Identification of secondary metabolites from Anredera vesicaria (Yuca Hiedra)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Anredera vesicaria es una planta muy empleada en la región oriental de Cuba para tratar inflamaciones provocadas por golpes y fracturas, sin embargo, no existen datos de su composición química que justifiquen su uso como antiinflamatorio. OBJETIVO: identificar metabolitos secundarios de interés medicinal en las hojas, tallos y rizomas de Anredera vesicaria. MÉTODOS: a la biomasa recolectada se le aplicó un proceso de lavado, desinfección, secado y pulverización. Un ejemplar fue identificado y consignado en la serie Catasús, número 2601. Muestras aéreas y subterráneas se sometieron a extracciones con agua y etanol usándose ultrasonido. A los extractos se les realizó tamizaje fitoquímico, cuyos resultados fueron corroborados por cromatografía de capa delgada y espectroscopía ultravioleta e infrarroja. RESULTADOS: se identificaron carbohidratos, fenoles, flavonoides, cumarinas, alcaloides, triterpenos, mucílagos y saponinas. En el extracto etanólico de las hojas se encontró la mayor diversidad de metabolitos secundarios, sin embargo, en los rizomas hay mayor abundancia de fenoles, esteroides y mucílagos. A partir de los rizomas se aisló un sólido blanco amorfo que fue identificado como ácido oleanólico. CONCLUSIONES: la abundancia de triterpenos y mucílagos en Anredera vesicaria podría contribuir con su actividad antiiflamatoria.

INTRODUCTION: Anredera vesicaria is a plant very used in the East of Cuba to treat inflammations provoked by blows and fractures, however, data of the chemical composition that justify its use as antiinflamatory don't exist. OBJECTIVE: To Identify secondary metabolites with medicinal interest in the sheets, stems and rhizomes from Anredera vesicaria. METHODS: To the recollected biomass was applied a process of washing, disinfection, drying and pulverization. A sample was identified and consigned in the Catasús series, with number 2601. Aerial and subterranean samples submitted extractions with water and ethanol themselves using ultrasound. To the extracts were carried out the phytochemical screening whose results were corroborated by thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenes, mucilages and saponines were identified. In the ethanolic extract from leaves it was found the biggest diversity of secondary metabolites, however, in the rhizomes there are bigger abundance of phenols, steroids and mucilages. Starting from rhizomes was isolate an amorphous white solid which was identified as oleanolic acid. CONCLUSIONS: The abundance of triterpenes and mucilages in Anredera vesicaria could to contribute with their anti-inflamatory activity.

Efecto antiinflamatorio y antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico de Petiveria alliacea

Los radicales libres y el daño oxidativo están relacionados con la muerte celular, siendo la peroxidación lipídica un mecanismo que lleva a la destrucción oxidativa de la membrana celular. Además, en procesos inflamatorios, uno de los primeros estadios es la permeabilidad vascular incrementada (formación del edema) seguido de la extravasación de los fluídos, migración de leucocitos al sitio dañado y liberación de proteínas pro-inflamatorias. Evaluamos el efecto antioxidante y antiinflamatorio para Petiveria alliacea “mucura”. Para el efecto antioxidante, se evaluó la formación de especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico como indicador de la peroxidación lipídica. Dosis 200mg/mL de Petiveria alliacea disminuyó significativamente en un 42% los niveles de MDA comparado con el agua (control negativo). En la evaluación antiinflamatoria, se indujo la inflamación por inyección de carragenina (solución al 1%), en la parte subplantar de ratones y en la “bolsa de aire subcutánea” de ratas para la inflamación aguda y crónica respectivamente. En la evaluación antiinflamatoria hay una máxima reducción del edema en un 23,26% a las 4 horas del tratamiento. Para la inflamación crónica hay una reducción del 25,9% y 29,5% del peso y volumen del exudado extraído, respectivamente, así como una reducción del 24% de peso de tejido fibroso. Estos resultados evidencian efecto antioxidante y antiinflamatorio de Petiveria alliacea

The free radicals and the oxidative damage are related with cellular death, with the lipid peroxidation being a mechanism that leads to oxidative destruction of the cellular membrane. Furthermore, in inflammatory process, one of the first stages is the incremented vascular permeability (formation of the oedema) followed with the extravasation of the fluids, migration of the leucocytes to the damaged site and release of pro-inflammatory proteins. Was evaluated antioxidants and anti-inflammatory of Petiveria alliacea “mucura”. For antioxidants effect, was evaluated formation of thiobarituric acid reactive substances as indicator of lipid peroxidation. Doses 200 mg/mL of Petiveria alliacea decrease significatly in 42% levels of MDA compared to water (negative control). In the antiinflammatory evaluation, inflammation was analyzed in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema test in mice (solution to 1 %) and in the "carrageenan-induced air-pouch formation" of rates for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. In anti-inflammatory evaluation there is a significant reduction of the edema in 23.26% at 4hrs at the treatment. For chronic inflammation there is a reduction of 25.9% and 29.5% of the weight and volume of exuded extract respectively, as well as a reduction of 24% of weight of fibrous tissue. These results demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Petiveria alliacea

Design and Characterization of Nanostructure Topical Gel of Betamethasone Dipropionate for Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic T lymphocyte mediated autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the skin, joints, and tendons. Betamethasone dipropionate (BD) has anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive,and antiproliferative activity. The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate a nanoemulsion topical gel of betamethasone dipropionate. For the preparation of nanoemulsion eucalyptus oil and babchi oil was taken. Nanomulsions were prepared by aqueous phase-titration method. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed for the identification of nanoemulsion existence zones. Prepared nanoemulsions were subjected to different thermodynamic stability tests and characterized for droplet size, viscosity and refractive index. In vitro skin permeation of betamethasone dipropionate through rat abdominal skin was determined by the Franz diffusion cell. The prepared nanoemulsion gel is a potential vehicle for improved topical delivery of BD for better treatment of psoriasis.

Caracterización fármaco-toxicológica de la planta medicinal Sambucus nigra subsp canadensis (L) R Bolli / Pharmaceutical-toxicological characterization of medicinal plant Sambucus nigra subsp canadensis (L) R Bolli

El objetivo de la monografía consistió en la caracterización fármaco-toxicológica de Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis (L) R Bolli, planta tradicional cubana con actividad antiinflamatoria, entre otras. Se presentan aspectos farmacológicos como composición fitoquímica, propiedades atribuidas popularmente y comprobadas científicamente, posología, reacciones adversas, advertencias, interacciones, toxicidad, precauciones y contraindicaciones. Se concluye que con la monografía fármaco-toxicológica de esta planta medicinal, se dispone de una completa información, como documentación indispensable para actualizar las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales al respecto, con vistas a desarrollar nuevos fitofármacos, en especial antiinflamatorios con bajo potencial de efectos adversos

The objective of the monograph was the pharmacological and toxicological characterization of Sambucus nigra subspecies canadensis(L) R Bolli, a Cuban traditional plant with anti-inflammatory action, among others. Several pharmacological aspects such as phytochemical composition; scientifically tested properties attributed by the population; posology; adverse reactions; warnings; interactions; toxicity; precautions and counterindications were presented. It was concluded that the pharmaceutical and toxicological monograph of this plant provides full information as indispensable documentation to update national and international databases, with a view to developing new pharmaceuticals, particularly anti-inflammatory drugs with low adverse effect potential

Intoxicación con fenilbutazona en un equino: reporte de un caso / Toxicity with phenylbutazone in a horse: a case report

Se describe el caso de un equino que desarrolló graves lesiones digestivas después de recibir dosis altasde fenilbutazona (FBZ) para tratar una claudicación. Al momento de la consulta tenía 9 días de evolución.Desde su llegada al hospital, se observó cojera grave de las cuatro extremidades, deshidratación y diarreafétida. Luego del examen físico, la anamnesis y las ayudas diagnósticas se propuso un dictamen de laminitis traumática, gastritis ulcerativa y colitis por intoxicación con antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES). Lacondición empeoró a pesar de la terapia y cuando se presentaron signos neurológicos se sugirió la eutanasia.Durante la necropsia se observaron lesiones graves en el tracto gastrointestinal, cascos y encéfalo. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la sintomatología, terapia y evolución de un paciente intoxicado con aines.

It is described a clinic case of an equine that developed severe digestive lesions after taking high dosage ofphenylbutazone to treat a lameness. At the moment of checking, it had nine days of evolution. Since its arrivingto the hospital, it was seen an intense lameness of the four limbs, dehydration and fetid diarrhea. After the physicexam, the interrogatory and the diagnostic aids it was proposed a diagnosis of traumatic laminitis, ulcerative gastritis and colitis by intoxication with Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug (NSAIDs). The condition became worse despite the therapy and when the neurological signs were presented. It was suggested the euthanasia. During the necropsy, it was seen severe lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, hooves and brain. The objective of this article is to describe la symptomatology, therapy and evolution of the intoxicated patient with NSAIDs.

Descreve-se o caso de um cavalo que desenvolveu lesões digestivas graves após receber altas doses defenilbutazona (FBZ) para tratar uma claudicação. No momento da consulta havia 9 dias de evolução. Desdesua chegada ao hospital, observou-se manqueira grave nas quatro extremidades, desidratação e diarréia fétida. Após o exame físico, a anamnese e os meios diagnósticos concluiu-se se tratar de laminite traumática, gastriteulcerativa e colite por intoxicaçãocom anti-inflamatórios não esteróides (AINES). A condição piorou apesardo tratamento e, quando apresentou sinais neurológicos, sugeriu-se a eutanásia. Na necrópsia observaram-selesões graves no trato gastrointestinal, cascos e enféfalo. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os sintomas, otratamento e a evolução de um paciente intoxicado com AINES.

Sangrado digestivo alto no varicoso: Asociado a aines en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital del Niño. 1995-2008

El sangrado digestivo alto no varicoso constituye una de las principales formas de presentación de la gastroenteropatía por antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES). La relación entre AINES y lesión gastrointestinal esta bien establecida; sin embargo la mayor parte de la información bibliográfica disponible deriva de estudios realizados en adultos. De igual forma, los factores de riesgo establecidos para esta patología se circunscriben a la edad adulta; no obstante es de suponer que las características conductuales y fisiológicas de los niños podrían sugerir factores de riesgo adicionales o diferentes. En este estudio se revisan algunas características de los sangrados digestivos altos no varicosos asociados a la ingesta de AINES con la finalidad de coadyuvar al entendimiento de esta patología en pediatría.

The non-varicose upper digestive bleeding constitutes one of the principal forms of presentation for gastroenterophaty by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The relationship between NSAIDs and gastrointestinal lesions is well established; nevertheless most of the bibliographic information available derives from studies in adults. Similarly, the risk factors for this disease are limited to adults , but are assumed that the physiological and behavioral characteristics would suggest additional or different risk factors. In this study we review some characteristics of non varicose bleeding of the upper digestive tract associated with the ingestion of NSAIDs or the purpose of contributing to the understanding of this pathology in pediatrics.

Uso del Propóleo en odontología / Use of propolis in dentistry

El propóleo, es una sustancia compleja, de origen vegetal, que preparan las abejas a partir de la recolección de resinas producidas en algunas plantas (principalmente árboles). Una de las actividades más importantes del propóleo es su actividad antimicrobiana la cual se le atribuye básicamente a los flavonoides, es un compuesto bioactivo de grandes potencialidades para el tratamiento como antiséptico de aftas en la boca, herpes, amigdalitis, ayuda en la cicatrización de las heridas, antiinflamatorio, anticaries, cirugía oral, endodoncia, periodoncia y patología oral entre otras. Es importante destacar que existen diversos estudios enfocados en la eliminación de la caries dental relacionados con el propóleo con el fin de determinar la inhibición del crecimiento de varios microorganismos bucales, los cuales han sugerido que esta sustancia natural interfiere en la inhibición de la actividad enzimática de varias proteínas que so necesarias para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los mismos, contribuyendo a la posible solución de un problema de salud pública como es la caries dental. Esta revisión está basada en proporcionar una visión actualizada sobre el uso del propóleo en el área de odontología

The propolis is a complex substance of plant origin; is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from tree buds and other plants, (primarily trees). Its antimicrobial activity is one of the most important ones, which is mainly attributed to flavonoids. Propolis is an effective bioactive compound used as an antiseptic for the treatment of aphte in the mouth, herpes and amygdalitis. It is also used for injury healing, as an anti- inflammatory, anticaries, oral surgery, endodontic, periodontics and oral pathology, among others. It is worth noting, there are several studies on the elimination of cavities relating to propolis in order to determine its effect as a growth inhibitor on numerous oral microorganisms. These studies make us believe that this natural substance interferes with the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of several proteins that are necessary for their growth and development of microorganisms, contributing as a solution for dental cavities which is a public health problem. This review is aimed at providing an updated viewpoint on the use of propolis in dentistry

Reações de hipersensibilidade a medicamentos: parte II / Drug hypersensivity reactions: part II

As reações de hipersensibilidade a medicamentos são comuns na prática clínica. A maioria das reações ocorrem por mecanismos não-imunológicos e não existem provas diagnósticas aplicáveis a todas as situações. O diagnóstico é particularmente complexo em pacientes em uso de vários medicamentos. Na Parte II do artigo sobre Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos os autores analisam especificamente as reações a determinados qrupos de medicamentos: analgésicos e AINE, antibióticos, anticonvulsivantes, anestésicos locais, látex no ambiente cirúrgico, relaxantes neuromusculares, contrastes radiológicos e a situação especial de pacientes sensíveis a vários grupos de fármacos. O conhecimento das características das reações e da conduta mais apropriada determinam o sucesso no diagnóstico e orientação do paciente.

Adverse drug reactions are common conditions in clinical practice. The majority of these reactions occurs through non-immunologic mechanisms and there are no available validated diagnostic methods for all the situations. Diagnosis is specially difficult in patients who are using many medications. In Part II of Drugs Hypersensitivity authors analyse reactions to specifics drugs groups, as analgesics and NSAID, antibiotics, anticonvulsivants, local anesthetics, latex on surgical environment, neuromuscular relaxants, radiologic contrasts, and the special condition of patients with multiple drugs sensitivities. The knowledge of charatcteristics of the reactions and more appropriate management determine success in diagnosis and patient's guidance.

Reações adversas aos antiinflamatórios não esteroidais / Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

Objetivo: rever as principais reações adversas aos antiinflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) publicadas nos últimos dez anos. Fontes dos dados: artigos originais indexados nos bancos de dados Medline e LILACS de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007, e livros textos selecionados. Síntese dos dados: esta revisão enfocou: classificação, mecanismos. de ação, principais manifestações clínicas, tratamento e dessensibilização à aspirina.Conclusões: os AINEs são drogas amplamente usadas, por outro lado apresentam alta prevalência entre as reações adversas a drogas, as quais veem aumentando nos últimos anos. História clínica bem elaborada é a chave do diagnóstico. O diagnóstico pode ser estabelecido pela prova de provocação com ácido acetilsalicílico. As reações adversas aos AINEs podem ser fatais. As reações adversas devem ser notificadas para que se estabeleça o perfil de segurança desses medicamentos.

Objective: to review the main adverse reactions to nons 8 years. Data base: original papers indexed on Medline and LILACS data bases from january of 1998 to december of 2007 and select books. Data synthesis: this review focuses on: classification, action mechanisms, clinical manifestations, treatment and aspirin desensitization. Conclusion: NSAIO are widely used nevertheless they have a high prevalence of drug reactions which is increasing in recent last years. A good clinical history is the key to diagnosis. The gold standard to diagnosis is the aspirin challenge. Adver se reactions to NSAIO may be fatal. The adverse reactions to drugs should be notified to establish the drug safety profile.

The efficacy and safety of xiaojin wan plus nimesulide in patients with subacute granulomatous thyroiditis / 中国综合临床

Objective To assess the effect of xiaojin wan plus nimesulide on patients with subacute granu-lomatoas thyroiditis(SAT). Methods 70 SAT cases were divided into nimesulide group(nimesulide 0.1 g,2/d) and combined group(nimesulide 0.1 g,2/d and xiaojin wan 1.2 g,2/d). When the patients' conditions were re-lieved after 3-4 weeks treatment,half doses of the medicines were given in two groups for 8 weeks. The efficacy,safe-ty and relapse rate after withdrawing medicines for 12 weeks were observed. Results The effective rates were 82.90% (29/35) in nimosulide group and 85.7% (30/35)in combined group, but both groups' effective rate was 50.0% (3/6) in patients with high temperature (higher than 39 ℃). The time for fever relieved in two groups were similar (P>0.05), but the thyroid pain smoothing time, normalized rates of blood sedimentation after 1 week therapy, enlarged thyroid or thyroid nodule after 3 week therapy, relapsed rate were significantly more efficacious in combined group than in nimesulide group (P<0.05). There was no severe side effects in the two groups. Conclu-sious There is a synergic effect of xiaojin wan plus nimesulide on patients with SAT, that is an effective and safe therapeutic regimen for SAT patients without high temperature.

Triterpenos aislados de corteza de Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) y su actividad biologica

Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae), known in Colombia as "sasafrás", is useful for its medicinal properties and is rich in secondary metabolites. In our research, we carried out antimicrobial tests of several fractions and ethanolic extracts from aerial parts against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, that showed growth inhibitory activity when applied at 250 mg/mL for extracts and 150 mg/mL for fractions. We carried out an antiinflamatory assay also, that showed 71 por ciento of inhibition by extracts (81 por ciento of Indomethacin) and 70 por ciento of inhibition by fractions (78 por ciento of Indomethacin). Phytochemical investigation of the bark of Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) yielded three tetracyclic triterpene acids that have oxygenation in C-3, carboxylic acid in C-21 and unsaturation in C-24 and have been identified as 3-oxotirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (b-elemonic acid), 3a-hydroxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (a-elemolic acid) and 3a-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid. The isolated compounds were identified using spectroscopic methods including one and two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) experiments and comparison with published data. This is the first report of the isolated compounds in Bursera graveolens and they have a very important chemotaxonomic significance within the Burseraceae family and related families from the order Rutales.

Estudo morfométrico do efeito do tenoxicam com água bidestilada ou com cloreto de sódio a 0,9% no endotélio venoso, em coelhos

Objective: Evaluate by morphometry, if tenoxicam with bidistilled water (diluent) or 0.9% sodium chloride, causes venous endothelium alterations. Methods: 90 white male rabbits of the New Zealand branch (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with age over 10 weeks, weight varying between 2000 and 3500 grams were used. The rabbits were divided in two groups: Experiment and Control, and analyses were conducted in 6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs after the procedure. Into the right and left auriculares veins of the Experiment group was injected tenoxicam with its diluent or 0.9% sodium chloride; in the Control group 0.9% sodium chloride was injected. Results: Statistical differences were evaluated by One-way analysis of variance: a) apart for each group (Tenoxicam/0.9% Sodium Chloride, Tenoxicam/Diluent and 0.9% Sodium Chloride), to compare the average measures of the endothelial cells nuclei diameters obtained in the observation period of 6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs, without significant difference among them; b) apart from the observation period (6hrs, 12hrs and 24hrs), to compare the average measures obtained, in the Tenoxicam/0.9% Sodium Chloride, Tenoxicam/Diluent and 0.9% Sodium Chloride groups, it was observed that the average measures of the nuclei diameters of the 0.9% Sodium Chloride group were significantly bigger than the ones observed in the Tenoxicam/0.9% Sodium Chloride and Tenoxicam/Diluent groups. Conclusion: Tenoxicam, either with bidistilled water or 0.9% sodium chloride, reduced the endothelial cells nuclei diameters in the veins where it was injected.

Objetivo: Avaliar, pela morfometria, se o tenoxicam com água bidestilada (diluente) ou com cloreto de sódio a 0,9% (NaCl 0,9%) provoca alterações no endotélio venoso. Métodos: Foram utilizados 90 coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), brancos, da linhagem Nova Zelândia, machos, com idade acima de 10 semanas, com peso variando entre 2000 e 3500 gramas, divididos em dois grupos denominados Experimento e Controle, que foram observados nos tempos de 6h, 12h e 24h. Administrou-se nas venae auriculares dextra e sinistra, tenoxicam com seu diluente ou com NaCl 0,9% no grupo Experimento e NaCl 0,9% no grupo Controle. Para análise estatística dos resultados foi aplicada a análise de variância a um critério: a) em separado para cada grupo (Tenoxicam/NaCl 0,9%, Tenoxicam/Diluente e NaCl 0,9%), para comparar as medidas médias dos diâmetros dos núcleos das células endoteliais obtidas nos períodos de observação de 6h, 12h e 24h. Resultados: Observou-se que não ocorreram diferenças significantes entre as medidas médias dos diâmetros nucleares encontradas nos períodos de eutanásia de 6, 12 e 24h, em separado para cada grupo. As medidas médias dos diâmetros nucleares do grupo Controle foram significantemente maiores do que as observadas no grupo Experimento. Conclusão: O tenoxicam, com água bidestilada ou com cloreto de sódio a 0,9%, reduziu os diâmetros dos núcleos das células endoteliais nas venae em que foi injetado.

Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom: I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

We have observed that several plants used popularly as anti-snake venom show anti-inflammatory activity. From the list prepared by Rizzini, Mors and Pereira some species have been selected and tested for analgesic activity (number of contortions) and anti-inflammatory activity (Evans blue dye diffusion - 1% solution) according to Whittle's technique (intraperitoneal administration of 0.1 N-acetic acid 0.1 ml/10 g) in mice. Previous oral administration of a 10% infusion (dry plant) or 20% (fresh plant) corresponding to 1 or 2 g/Kg of Apuleia leiocarpa, Casearia sylvestris, Brunfelsia uniflora, Chiococca brachiata, Cynara scolymus, Dorstenia brasiliensis, Elephantopus scaber, Marsypianthes chamaedrys, Mikania glomerata and Trianosperma tayuya demonstrated analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory activities of varied intensity .