Probiotic Bacteriotherapy and Its Oral Health Perspective.

As health professionals, we prescribe wide range of chemotherapeutics to the patients to control or to prevent the disease. When there is excessive use of antibiotics, it leads to imbalance between the beneficial and harmful microorganisms, making our body more susceptible to infections. Probiotics are living microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. They are living microorganisms added to food which beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Intestine’s microbial colonization is determined by the maternal intestinal flora and surroundings. Oral cavity is a complex ecosystem which has rich and diverse microbiota. The change in environment may be due to illness, debility, behaviour, diet or medications. So, an obvious fact is that changes in this ecology may give rise to dental diseases. A slight change in environment promotes the potential pathogens gain competitive advantage under appropriate conditions. Then, the pathogens increase in great numbers to predispose a site to disease. In order to cure the disease, probiotic approach, may be used. In probiotic method, whole bacteria replacement therapy is given which may be very effective in eliminating the dangerous pathogens from the oral cavity. Different probiotics are provided in products such as in medicines, beverages, milk-based foods, dietary supplements, etc. This review highlights the effectiveness of probiotics in improving the oral health.

Comparative evaluation of antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of an herbal and chlorine dioxide mouthwashes: A clinicomicrobiological study

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of herbal mouthwash and chlorine dioxide mouthwash in reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Settings and Design: In a randomized clinical trial, forty patients were randomly selected and divided equally into two groups. Materials and Methods: After professional oral prophylaxis, the clinical parameters plaque index, gingival index, and modified sulcular bleeding index were recorded at baseline, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day. The plaque samples were collected from gingival sulcus with an absorbent sterile paper point and were stored in a thioglycollate broth, then sent for microbiological examination. The microbial colony-forming units were assessed at baseline, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day for Streptococcus mutans, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Results: There was a statistical significant reduction in both clinical and microbiological parameters were observed with use of both the mouthwashes. However, herbal mouthwash was more effective in reducing the plaque and gingivitis than chlorine dioxide mouthwash. Conclusion: Herbal mouthwash was statistically efficacious in controlling plaque and gingivitis with potent antimicrobial activity.

Anti-plaque And Anti-gingivitis Agents In The Control Of Supragingival Plaque

This review considers the main agents which have been used as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agents in mouthwashes and other vehicles to inhibit the growth of supragingival plaque. The agents are classified into first generation, second generation and third generation agents. Bisguanide antiseptics, hexetidine, povidone iodine, triclosan, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions, sanguinarine, propolis and oxygenating agents are included. The anti-plaque and antigingivitis properties of these agents are considered along with their substantivity, safety and possible clinical usefulness. A number of product forms are available to deliver anti-plaque agents (i.e., mouthrinses, dentrifices, aqueous gels, chewing gum and lozenges) and should facilitate optimal bioavailability at the site of action and patient compliance.

Effect of virgin olive oil pulling and chlorhexidine mouth washon plaque and gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial

Aim: The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of oil pulling with virgin olive oil and chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing plaque and gingivitis. Material and Methods: A total of sixty subjects satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected. The subjects were then randomly divided into two groups of thirty each. Group I used oil pulling with olive oil and Group II used 0.2% chlorhexidine as mouthwash. The plaque index and modified gingival index scores were measured at baseline, first week and second week. Results: The results showed that there was statistically significant reduction of mean plaque and gingivitis scores from baseline to first week and second week in both olive oil (p<0.05) and chlorhexidine group (p<0.05). There was significant difference in mean plaque scores between olive oil group and chlorhexidine group at second week (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in mean gingivitis scores between olive oil group and chlorhexidine group at second week (p<0.05). Conclusions: Oil pulling with virgin olive oil was found to be effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis. Regular and proper oil pulling with virgin olive oil can therefore be recommended as a routine home-based practice in promoting oral health.

Clinical Efficacy of Toothpaste Containing Chitosan: Multicenter Study / 대한치주과학회지

Many researches are being done to study the effect of toothpaste containing natural extracts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plaque control effect and therapeutic effect of toothpaste products containing chitosan extract. 120 healthy subjects with gingivitis or early periodontitis were divided into two groups. Subjects in the experimental group only used toothpaste containing chitosan and subjects in the control group used toothpaste without chitosan. At first, subjects received scaling and tooth brushing instruction. Gingival index, bleeding index, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level were scored at baseline, 2 months, and 3 months, and plaque index were scored at baseline, 1month, 2months, 3months. Gingival index of experimental group and control group at baseline, 2 months, and 3 months use were 0.71+/-0.66, 0.49+/-0.55, 0.36+/-0.49 and 0.62+/-0.58, 0.51+/-0.52, 0.48+/-0.50 (mean+/-SD), respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). Plaque index of experimental group and control group at baseline, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months were 0.52+/-0.50, 0.43+/-0.50, 0.39+/-0.49, 0.29+/-0.46 and 0.49+/-0.50, 0.50+/-0.50, 0.51+/-0.50, 0.45+/-0.50, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). Bleeding index of experimental group and control group were 0.40+/-0.49, 0.33+/-0.47, 0.24+/-0.43 and 0.40+/-0.49, 0.38+/-0.49, 0.30+/-0.46, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). Probing depth of experimental group and control group were 2.41+/-0.64, 2.31+/-0.60, 2.28+/-0.55 and 2.51+/-0.67, 2.47+/-0.63, 2.42+/-0.62, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). Attachment level of experimental group and control group were, 2.46+/-0.70, 2.36+/-0.66, 2.32+/-0.62 and 2.54+/-0.70, 2.51+/-0.69, 2.46+/-0.66, respectively (statistically significant different at p<0.05 ). From these finding, it can be concluded that toothpaste containing chitosan have better plaque control effect and therapeutic effect on gingivitis and early periodontitis compared to conventional toothpastes.