Efecto del cambio de la terapia antirretroviral en la falla virológica en una cohorte de pacientes que conviven con el VIH en Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia / Effect of the change in antirretroviral therapy on virological failure in a cohort of patients living with HIV in Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia

Objetivo: determinar el efecto del cambio en la terapia antirretroviral sobre el control virológico en una cohorte de pacientes VIH positivos de una institución prestadora de servicios de salud en Medellín, Antioquia (Colombia) en el año 2017. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional analítico transversal, comparativo entre pacientes que cambiaron y no cambiaron el esquema inicial de terapia antirretroviral. Se realizó en una cohorte de 1245 pacientes que conviven con el VIH. Resultados: un total de 322 pacientes fueron evaluados. El principal motivo de cambio fue la presencia de efectos adversos a la terapia antirretroviral, seguido de la falla virológica sin genotipo e intolerancia a la terapia antirretroviral. La falla virológica, RP 1,4 IC95% (1,2-1,6, p0,00), el tener genotipo, RP 1,2 IC95% (1,1-1,3, p 0,00) y el padecer una infección oportunista, RP 1,3 IC95% (1,0-1,6, p 0,03), se asociaron a mayor número de cambios a la TAR. La adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral, RP 0,18 IC95% (0,1-0,3, p 0,00) y la toma de otros medicamentos no relacionados al VIH (RP 0,6, IC95% 0,4-0,8, p 0,005) se asociaron a menor frecuencia de cambio de la terapia antirretroviral. El cambio de la terapia antirretroviral (OR ajustado 3,4, IC 95% (2,0-5,8), continúa siendo el factor pronóstico más importante para falla virológica. Conclusión: el cambio de la terapia antirretroviral, definida en este estudio como la principal variable de exposición, representa el principal factor de riesgo para falla virológica, incluso cuando fue ajustado por otras variables..Au

Objective: to determine the effect of the change in antiretroviral therapy on virological control in a cohort of HIV positive patients corresponding to a healthcare institution in Medellín, Antioquia (Colombia) in 2017. Materials and methods: cross-sectional,comparative analytical observational study. It was performed in a cohort of 1245 patients living with HIV. Results: a total of 322 patients were evaluated. The main reason for change was the presence of adverse effects to antiretroviral therapy, followed by virological failure without genotype and antiretroviral therapy intolerance. Virological failure, PR 1.4 95% CI (1.2-1.6, p 0,00), having genotype, PR 1.2 95% CI (1.1-1.3, p0,00 ) and suffering from an opportunistic infection, PR 1.3 95% CI (1.0-1.6, p 0,03),were associated with a greater number of changes to antiretroviral therapy. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy, PR 0.18 95% CI (0.1-0.3, p 0,00) and taking other non-HIVrelated medications (PR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0 , 8, p 0,005) were associated with a lower frequency of change of antiretroviral therapy. The change in antiretroviral therapy (adjusted OR 3.4, 95% CI (2.0-5.8)) remains the most important prognostic factor for virological failure. Conclusion: the change in antirretroviral therapy, defined in this study as the main exposure variable, represents the main risk factor for virological failure, even when was adjusted for other variables..Au

Consenso de VIH: tratamiento antirretroviral en adultos

Consenso para el tratamiento antirretroviral en adultos

Antiretroviral Adult treatment Consensus

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes con infección por HIV / Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected children and adolescents

Introducción: La exposición prolongada a las drogas en el tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) cambió el pronóstico de la enfermedad pero puede generar alteraciones metabólicas y lipodistrofia que aumentan el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular precoz (ECVP). En la población pediátrica infectada con HIV los estudios son escasos y las medidas para disminuir el riesgo de ECVP no han sido definidas. Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo de ECVP en niños y adolescentes con infección crónica por HIV en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad. Material y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, controlado, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron niños con infección vertical por HIV, edad entre 2 y 18 años estratificados según esquema de tratamiento antirretroviral recibido (con y sin Inhibidores de la Proteasa-IP-) y controles seronegativos. Se realizó antropometría, impedanciometría bioeléctrica (BIA)y ecodoppler carotídeo. Se dosó glucemia basal, insulina basal, perfil lipídico, TGO, TGP, recuento de leucocitos y plaquetas, linfocitos TCD4+ y TCD8+, carga viral, proteína C Reactiva cuantitativa de alta sensibilidad. Se consideraron pacientes con riesgo de ECVP a los que presentaron: obesidad, hipertensión arterial, intolerancia a la glucosa/ diabetes, resistencia a la insulina, dislipemia, aumento de proteína C reactiva (PCR) o aumento del grosor arterial. Resultados: Ambos grupos HIV+ presentaron un escore Z para peso, talla y BMI significativamente menor que el grupo control., mientras que la frecuencia de aparición del índice Cintura/Talla con valores patológicos fue significativamente mayor en el grupo HIV+. Utilizando el método clínico de Carr el 18% de los pacientes HIV+ presentaba lipodistrofia, la mayoría de los cuales tenían hipertrigliceridemia. El grupo HIV+ presento un% de masa grasa (MG) mayor y un% de masa libre de grasa (MLG) y masa celular menor que el grupo control medido por BIA. Se constató alta prevalencia de dislipidemia en el grupo HIV+ con niveles medios más altos de Colesterol total, c-LDL, y TG que el grupo control, que fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes expuestos a IP con valores más elevados de colesterol total y c-LDL y mayor frecuencia de alteración del índice CT/HDL y significativamente mayor en el grupo expuesto a IP. No se encontraron diferencias de los niveles medios de glucemia en ayunas, insulina basal ni resistencia a la insulina evaluada por HOMA. En el subgrupo HIV+ estudiado se observó un aumento del espesor de la íntima media carotidea. Conclusión: En un grupo de niños y adolescentes infectados verticalmente por HIV bajo TARV de alta eficacia el peso, talla,% de MLG y MC fue significativamente menor y el% de MG mayor que el grupo control. La alta prevalencia de dislipidemia encontrada en el grupo HIV+, particularmente en aquellos expuestos a IP y el indice Cintura/Talla constituyen factores que aumentarían el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular precoz (AU)

Introduction: Long-term drug exposure using highly active antirretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed disease prognosis in HIV-infected patients, but may cause metabolic alterations and lipodystrophy increasing the risk of early cardiovascular disease (ECVD). Studies in the population of HIV-infected children are scarce and measures to reduce the risk of ECVD have not been defined. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of risk factors for ECVD in children and adolescents with a chronic HIV-infection in a tertiary pediatric. Material and Methods: A descriptive, prospective, controlled cross-sectional study was conducted. Children with a mother-to-child HIV infection between 2 and 18 years of age, stratified according to HAART regimen received (with or without protease inhibitors (PI)) and seronegative controls were included. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and carotid ultrasonography were performed. Baseline glycemia and insulin, lipid profile, ALT, AST, leukocyte and platelet counts, TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes, viral load, and high-sensitivity quantitative C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Patients were considered at high risk for ECVD when they had: obesity, arterial hypertension, glucose intolerance/diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased CRP, or increased intima-media thickness. Results: Both HIV+ groups presented with significantly lower Z-scores for weight, height, and BMI than the control group, while the prevalence of pathological measures of waist-to-height index was significantly higher in the HIV+ group. Using the clinical method of Carr, 18% of the HIV+ patients presented with lipodistrophy, the majority of whom had hypertriglyceridemia. The HIV+ group had a higher percentage of fat mass (FM) and a lower percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) and cell mass (CM) than the control group measured by BIA. A high prevalence of dyslipidemia was found in the HIV+ group with higher mean total cholesterol, LDLcholesterol, and TG levels than in the control group. This prevalence was significantly higher in patients receiving PI, with increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and a higher rate of alteration of the total cholesterol/HDL ratio. No differences were found in mean fasting glycemia, baseline insulin, or insulin resistance levels assessed using HOMA. In the HIV+ PI subgroup, increased carotid intima-media thickness was observed. Conclusion: In a group of vertically HIV-infected children on HAART, weight, height, percentage of FFM and CM were significantly lower and percentage of FM was significantly higher than in the control group. The high prevalence of dyslipidemia found in the HIV+ group, particularly in those exposed to PI, as well as the higher waist-to-height index increase the risk of developing ECVD (AU)

Microbiota bucal de pacientes HIV positivos: relação com o uso de drogas antirretrovirais e condições de saúde / Oral microbiota in HIV positive patients: relationship with the use of antiretroviral drugs and health conditions

Os medicamentos antirretrovirais têm a finalidade de impedir a replicação viral, mantendo indiretamente a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ estável, com isso, as infecções oportunistas diminuem, havendo melhora da qualidade de vida do indivíduo infectado pelo HIV, porém, inibidores de proteases e da transcriptase reversa também estão associados a efeitos adversos e risco de desenvolvimento de resistência medicamentosa. Além disso, ainda não está claro o efeito dessas terapias na microbiota bucal. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar, em biofilme supra e subgengival de pacientes HIV positivos com diferentes condições periodontais e imunológicas, o efeito da terapia antirretroviral sobre microrganismos que podem estar associados a infecções oportunistas locais ou sistêmicas. Materiais e métodos: Foram obtidos dados sobre as condições de saúde, uso antirretrovirais e amostras de biofilme supra e subgengival de 118 pacientes HIV positivos de ambos os sexos divididos em dois grupos (usuários e não usuários de HAART). Essas amostras foram submetidas à detecção de microrganismos por PCR. Cálculos de Odds ratios foram realizados para determinar a relevância de inter-relações entre diferentes microrganismos e a significância dos parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos foi determinada através de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram encontrados principalmente Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Acninomyces israelli, Staphylococcus sp, Citomegalovírus e Enterobacteriaceae nos pacientes. Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Mollicutes, Actinomyces israelli e Staphylococcus sp em biofilme subgengival tiveram correlação significativa com os grupos de antirretrovirais (p < 0,05). Na comparação entre os grupos, somente Enterococcus faecalis e Pseudomonas aeruginosa tiveram significância com maior prevalência para o grupo de não usuários de antirretrovirais. Conclusão: Não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos...

Introduction: Antiretrovirals are used in order to prevent viral replication while maintaining CD4 + T lymphocytes stable and low viral load, thus the occurrence of opportunistic infections decreases with an improvement in the quality of life of HIV-infected individual. As is known, protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase are also associated with risk of adverse effects and development of drug resistance, however, it remains unclear the effect of these therapies on oral microbiota. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in biofilm supra and subgingival in HIV - positive patients with different periodontal and immunological conditions, the effect of HAART on microorganisms that may be associated with local or systemic opportunistic infections. Materials and methods: Data on health conditions, use or nonuse of antiretroviral and biofilm samples supra and subgingival of 118 HIV - positive patients of both sexes, divided into two groups (users and nonusers of HAART), were obtained. These samples were subjected to PCR for detection of microorganisms. Odds ratio calculations were performed to determine the relevance of inter - relations between different microorganisms and the significance of clinical and microbiological parameters were determined using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Mainly T. forsythia, C. rectus, A. israelli, Staphylococcus sp and CMV were found. T denticola, F nucleatum, mollicutis, A. israelli and Staphylococcus sp in subgingival biofilm showed significant correlation (p <0.05) with antiretrovirals groups. Only E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were significant with higher incidence in no HAART users group. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in supra and subgingival biofilm for most microbiota of HAART users and non-users...

Microbiota bucal de pacientes HIV positivos: relação com o uso de drogas antirretrovirais e condições de saúde / Oral microbiota in HIV positive patients: relationship with the use of antiretroviral drugs and health conditions

Introdução: Os medicamentos antirretrovirais têm a finalidade de impedir a replicação viral, mantendo indiretamente a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ estável, com isso, as infecções oportunistas diminuem, havendo melhora da qualidade de vida do indivíduo infectado pelo HIV, porém, inibidores de proteases e da transcriptase reversa também estão associados a efeitos adversos e risco de desenvolvimento de resistência medicamentosa. Além disso, ainda não está claro o efeito dessas terapias na microbiota bucal. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar, em biofilme supra e subgengival de pacientes HIV positivos com diferentes condições periodontais e imunológicas, o efeito da terapia antirretroviral sobre microrganismos que podem estar associados a infecções oportunistas locais ou sistêmicas. Materiais e métodos: Foram obtidos dados sobre as condições de saúde, uso antirretrovirais e amostras de biofilme supra e subgengival de 118 pacientes HIV positivos de ambos os sexos divididos em dois grupos (usuários e não usuários de HAART). Essas amostras foram submetidas à detecção de microrganismos por PCR. Cálculos de Odds ratios foram realizados para determinar a relevância de inter-relações entre diferentes microrganismos e a significância dos parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos foi determinada através de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram encontrados principalmente Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Acninomyces israelli, Staphylococcus sp, Citomegalovírus e Enterobacteriaceae nos pacientes. Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Mollicutes, Actinomyces israelli e Staphylococcus sp em biofilme subgengival tiveram correlação significativa com os grupos de antirretrovirais (p < 0,05). Na comparação entre os grupos, somente Enterococcus faecalis e Pseudomonas aeruginosa tiveram significância com maior prevalência para o grupo de não usuários de antirretrovirais. Conclusão: Não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos para a...

Introduction: Antiretrovirals are used in order to prevent viral replication while maintaining CD4 + T lymphocytes stable and low viral load, thus the occurrence of opportunistic infections decreases with an improvement in the quality of life of HIV-infected individual. As is known, protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase are also associated with risk of adverse effects and development of drug resistance, however, it remains unclear the effect of these therapies on oral microbiota. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in biofilm supra and subgingival in HIV - positive patients with different periodontal and immunological conditions, the effect of HAART on microorganisms that may be associated with local or systemic opportunistic infections. Materials and methods: Data on health conditions, use or nonuse of antiretroviral and biofilm samples supra and subgingival of 118 HIV - positive patients of both sexes, divided into two groups (users and nonusers of HAART), were obtained. These samples were subjected to PCR for detection of microorganisms. Odds ratio calculations were performed to determine the relevance of inter - relations between different microorganisms and the significance of clinical and microbiological parameters were determined using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Mainly T. forsythia, C. rectus, A. israelli, Staphylococcus sp and CMV were found. T denticola, F nucleatum, mollicutis, A. israelli and Staphylococcus sp in subgingival biofilm showed significant correlation (p <0.05) with antiretrovirals groups. Only E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were significant with higher incidence in no HAART users group. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in supra and subgingival biofilm for most microbiota of HAART users and non-users

Avaliação do questionário WebAd-Q como ferramenta de monitoramento da adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral nos serviços do SUS / Evaluation of the questionnaire WebAd-Q as a tool to monitor adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Brazilian public health care services

Objetivo: Apresentar o desenvolvimento, a validação e a aplicação do Questionário Qualiaids de Monitoramento da Adesão ao Tratamento Antirretroviral ou Web Adherence Qualiaids Questionnaire (WebAd-Q), um instrumento de autorrelato para monitorar a adesão de pacientes sob tratamento em serviços públicos de HIV no Brasil. Métodos: O WebAd-Q contém três perguntas sobre horário, medicamentos e doses tomadas na última semana. Foi construído a partir de entrevistas e grupos focais com 38 pacientes. Após pilotada, sua versão eletrônica teve a validade testada em estudo para o qual foram convidados 90 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, sob terapia antirretroviral (TARV) há pelo menos três meses. Os pacientes foram orientados a utilizar frascos com monitoramento eletrônico por 60 dias. O questionário foi respondido no sexagésimo dia por duas vezes, com intervalo mínimo de uma hora. A adesão foi também mensurada por contagem de comprimidos e entrevista de autorrelato. A carga viral de cada paciente foi obtida nos registros do serviço. Analisou-se a concordância entre as respostas ao WebAd-Q, a correlação com carga viral e a associação com outras medidas de adesão. Após o estudo de validação, o WebAd-Q foi empregado em uma pesquisa nacional para medir a adesão dos pacientes à TARV nos serviços de HIV/aids do SUS. Foram sorteados 55 serviços de diversas características institucionais de todo o país. Após o convite aos serviços, o WebAd-Q foi instalado em computadores e respondido por pacientes eleitos sistematicamente conforme chegada aos serviços. Resultados: Entre os 90 pacientes convidados, 75 (83,3%) responderam o WebAd-Q. Não foram relatadas dificuldades em responder ao questionário. O tempo médio de resposta foi 5,8 minutos. O conjunto das três questões do WebAd-Q obteve uma concordância de 88%, com Kappa de 0,74 (IC95% 0,56 - 0,92, p < 0,0001). A correlação da escala de não adesão do WebAd-Q e a carga viral foi de 0,42 (p < 0,0001). A questão 2 (medicamentos)...

Objective: To present the development, validation and application of the Web Adherence Qualiaids Questionnaire (WebAd-Q), a tool to monitor self-reported adherence among patients receiving care in Brazilian public HIV healthcare facilities. Methods: The WebAd-Q contains three questions regarding dosing time, drugs and doses taken on the last week. It was developed through interviews and focus groups with 38 patients. After piloted, the electronic version was submitted to statistical validity with 90 adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least three months. Patients were instructed to use event monitoring bottles for 60 days. The WebAd-Q was completed at the 60th day. Adherence was also measured by pill counting and self-report interview. Viral load was obtained from patient records. Concordance was analyzed, as well as correlations with viral load and associations between adherence measures and the WebAd-Q. After the validation study, the WebAd-Q was submitted to a national survey to measure adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV facilities from the Brazilian health system. Fifty-five sites were selected among different institutional characteristics. At these sites, the WebAd-Q was installed in computers and completed by patients chosen systematically as they arrived at the facilities. Results: Among 90 patients invited to participate in the study, 75 (83.3%) completed the WebAd-Q. No difficulties to answer the questionnaire were reported. Mean answer time for the WebAd-Q was 5.8 minutes. The three questions presented a concordance of 88% and Kappa of 0.74 (IC95% 0.56 - 0.92, p < 0.0001). The correlation obtained with viral load was 0.42 (p < 0.0001). The question regarding drugs taken had a better performance, with significant associations with all other adherence measures, except for pill counting for 60 days. At the application study, 2424 patients completed the questionnaire without difficulties. The electronic...

Evaluación clínico-terapéutica de pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodefiencia humana (VIH): consulta de infectología / Clinical and therapeutic evaluation of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): infectious disease consultation

La presente invetsigación tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar, desde el punto de vista clínico-terapéutico al paciente con infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en la consulta de infectología. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario "Ruiz y Páez". Marzo-Octubre 2010. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, longitudinal, de campo, no experimental en el cual se estudiaron 200 pacientes adultos. De estos, 140 (70,00%) tenáin infección por VIH, siendo el grupo etario en edad productiva (31-40 años) con 40% (n=84) lo frecuente. En el espectro clínico, se evidenció fiebre con 25% (n=35) y pérdida de peso en 11,4% (n=16) como síntomas y signos generales más frecuentes; además se encontró pacientes con diarrea en 18,5% (n=26), placas blanquesinas orofaíngea con 10,7% (n=15) y cefalea en 6,4% (n=9). Los hallazgos de laboratorio: anemia con 7,4% (n=10), leucocitosis con 5,7% (n=8), y serología para toxoplasmosis positivos con 7,8% (n=11). Las infecciones asociadas: infecciones respiratorias 25% (n=35), seguido de parasitosis intestinal 12,1% (n=17) y candidiasis orofaríngea 10,7% (n=15). En el seguimiento del contaje linfocitario CD4+, la mayoría de los pacientes que asistían a la consulta de infectología tenían el último contaje de CD4+ dentro del rango de 201-500 células/mm³ con una frecuencia 30% (n=42). Con relación a la carga viral en la última consulta se encontraba dentro del rango de <50 copias de ARN/mL en un 28,5% (n=40). Encuanto al estadio clínico la mayoría de los pacientes se ubicaron en el estudio asintomático (A2) con 25,7% (n=36). Del tratamiento antirretroviral, las que se utilizan con mayor frecuencia son combinaciones de IP reforzadas + análogos nucleótidos con 65,7% (n=92). Se logró evidenciar múltiples dificultades y limitantes que impiden que la consulta de infectología se lleve a cabo con éxito y poder evaluar a los pacientes de manera completa. Entre las dificultades se pueden destacar que 38,5% (n=54) de los pacientes...

This study has as a principal objective to evaluate, patient infected with the Human Immnodeficiency Virus (HIV), from the standpoint of view of the clinical and therapeutic aspects. All patients were treated at the University Hospital "Ruiz y Páez". March to October 2010. We performed a prospective, descriptive, longitudinal, field and non experimental study in which were studied 200 adult patients. 140 of 200 (70.00%) patients had HIV infection, being patients mostly included in teh working age group (31-40 years) with 40% (n=56) and 60% of them being male (n=84). In the clinical spectrum was evidenced fever 25% (n=35) and weight loss 11,4% (n=16) as the general signs and symptoms most frequently seen. We also found patients with diarrhea in 18,5% (n=26), oropharyngeal white plaques 10,7% (n=15), headache 6,4% (n=9). Laboratory findings were: anemia 7,4% (n=10), leukocytosis 5,7% (n=8) and positive serology for toxoplasmosis 7,8% (n=11). Associated ¡nfections were: respiratory infections 25% (n=35), intestinal parasitosis 12,1% (n=17) and 10,7% oropharyngeal candidiasis (n=15). Most of the patients, 30% (n=42), attending infectious Diseases Consulting had the latter CD4 + count in the range of 201-500 cells/mm³. Regarding the viral load in the last vist, it was found to be at <50 copies / mL, in 28.5% (n=40) of the patients. Clinical stage of most of the patients was (A2) (asymptomatic) in 25,7% (n=36). Most often used antiretroviral therapy were combinations of reinforced IP plus nucleotide analogues in 65,7% (n=92). We found a lot of trobubles and limitations for the infectious diseases consultation. Among the difficulties can be noted that 38,5% (n=54) of patients arrives to consultation without history, laboratory test and with/without a scheduled appointment. Regarding the limitations, the most significant one was the excess of patients attending consultation and lack of general and microbiology laboratory at the institution...