La calificación Apgar

En 1949, la estudiante de Medicina, que no encontró el acceso para hacerse cirujano, se convertía en la primera mujer en ser profesora de tiempo completo en Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons, y tres años más tarde, en 1952, presentaba ante la reunión conjunta de la Sociedad Internacional de Investigación en Anestesia y el Colegio de Anestesiólogos -publicada al año siguiente una de las más logradas contribuciones clínicas, la forma de evaluar el estado de vigor del recién nacido a partir de 5 signos, que llevaría su nombre: la calificación Apgar

In 1949, the medical student, who did not find access to become a surgeon, became the first woman to be a full-time professor at Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons, and three years later, in 1952, she presented before the meeting joint effort of the International Society for Research in Anesthesia and the College of Anesthesiologists - published the following year[1] - one of the most successful clinical contributions, the way of evaluating the state of health of the newborn based on 5 signs, which would lead its name: the Apgar score

The Impact of the Place of Delivery, Type of Birth and Number of Antenatal Visits on the Apgar Score / O Impacto do Local de Parto, Tipo de Nascimento e Número de Visitas Pré-Natal no Índice de Apgar

The Apgar score is applied immediately after birth to clinically evaluate the newborn, at the first and fifth minutes of life. The Apgar score can help diagnose scenarios of neonatal anoxia or hypoxia. This is a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study that used secondary data from DATASUS (Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System), from 1994 to 2018. The studied population includes all live births in Brazil during this period. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women over 15 years old, and the exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, pregnancies lasting less than 37 weeks, and newborns with congenital anomalies. These criteria were established to reduce potential confounding factors in the analysis that could lead to errors in interpretation of the results. The variables studied were place of delivery, type of delivery, and number of prenatal consultations. As results, having 7 or more prenatal consultations is a protective factor for alterations in the Apgar score, as well as cesarean delivery and hospital delivery. It was observed that pregnancy care, regarding the studied variables, influences the Apgar score. However, future studies in different populations are necessary to confirm these results.(AU)

O índice de Apgar é aplicado imediatamente após o nascimento, para avaliação clínica do recém-nascido, no primeiro e quinto minutos de vida. O índice de apgar é capaz de ajuda a diagnosticar cenários de anóxia ou hipóxia neonatal. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico, que utilizou dados secundários do DATASUS (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde), de 1994 a 2018. A população estudada compreende todos os nascidos vivos no Brasil nesse período. Cujo critérios de inclusão foram: gestantes maiores de 15 anos e os critérios para a excluídas das gestantes, foram: gestações duplas, triplas e mais, gestações com menos de 37 semanas e recém-nascidos com anomalias congênitas, taís critérios foram estabelcidos afim de diminuir potenciais fatores de confusão a análise, que possam direcionar a discussão dos resultados ao erro de interpretação. As variáveis estudadas foram: local de parto, tipo de parto e número de consultas de pré-natal. Como resultados, possuir 7 ou mais consultas pré-natais, é um fator protetor para alterações no índice de Apgar, assim como parto cesáreo e parto hospitalar. Observou-se que os cuidados com a gravidez, no que diz respeito às variáveis estudadas, têm influência no escore de Apgar, entretanto futuros estudos em diferentes populações se torna necessário para confirmação desse resultado.(AU)

Descripción de analgesia de parto con lidocaína o bupivacaina y Apgar al nacer. Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo

El trabajo de parto lleva con este la experiencia que causa uno de los dolores más intensos que se han descrito. En el Instituto de Seguridad Social de El Salvador (ISSS) se registran aproximadamente 600 a 700 partos vaginales por mes y de estos aproximadamente 10-20% solicitan analgesia para trabajo de parto, la cual el servicio de anestesia provee a través del abordaje epidural. Es conocido que se considera que el medicamento ideal para la analgesia de trabajo de parto es la bupivacaína o lidocaína 3, sin embargo, es de especial importancia describir el puntaje de APGAR de los recién nacidos de madres que recibieron cualquiera de estos dos fármacos por la vía ya mencionada. Objetivo: Determinar cómo influye el uso de lidocaína y bupivacaína como anestésico epidural sobre el puntaje APGAR posterior al nacimiento en mujeres embarazadas en fase activa del trabajo de parto con necesidad de analgesia epidural. Métodos: El presente es un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de fuentes primarias. El servicio de anestesiología del Hospital Materno Infantil Primero de Mayo cuenta con un registro sobre cuántos y a cuáles pacientes se les administra analgesia epidural por lo que el equipo investigador realizó una revisión de la técnica anestésica y se describe el Apgar al final del parto por vía vaginal en aquellas pacientes que recibieron analgesia epidural con lidocaína o bupivacaína. Se realizó el filtrado con la base de datos de Excel utilizando criterios de inclusión y exclusión, logrando incluir finalmente 81 pacientes en el análisis de los datos. Se encontró durante el escrutinio de estos que a 25 de estas se les realizó cesárea de emergencia y en 6 de estos mismos expedientes no se consignó de manera completa todos los datos necesarios para el análisis de ello, por lo que se utilizaron finalmente 51 expedientes clínicos para la realización de la presente investigación. Resultados: El APGAR promedio de los pacientes que recibieron analgesia de trabajo de parto con bupivacaína es de 8.75 y 8.9 al minuto y cinco minutos respectivamente y el promedio de APGAR alcanzado por los recién nacidos de pacientes que recibieron analgesia de trabajo de parto con lidocaína es de 9 puntos al minuto y cinco minutos. Conclusión: El promedio de APGAR en pacientes que recibieron bupivacaína es de 8.75 y el de lidocaína es de 9. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Labor brings with it the experience that causes one of the most intense pains ever described. At the Social Security Institute of El Salvador (ISSS) approximately 600 to 700 vaginal deliveries are registered per month and of these approximately 10-20% request labor analgesia, which the anesthesia service provides through the epidural approach. It is known that the ideal drug for labor analgesia is considered to be bupivacaine or lidocaine 3, however, it is of special importance to describe the APGAR score of newborns born to mothers who received either of these two drugs by the aforementioned route. Objective: To determine how the use of lidocaine and bupivacaine as epidural anesthetic influences the post-birth APGAR score in pregnant women in the active phase of labor requiring epidural analgesia. Methods: The present is a retrospective descriptive observational observational study from primary sources. The anesthesiology service of the Hospital Materno Infantil Primero de Mayo has a record of how many and to which patients epidural analgesia is administered, so the research team conducted a review of the anesthetic technique and described the Apgar at the end of vaginal delivery in those patients who received epidural analgesia with lidocaine or bupivacaine. Filtering was performed with the Excel database using inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally including 81 patients in the data analysis. It was found during the scrutiny of these that 25 of them had undergone emergency cesarean section and in 6 of these same records not all the data necessary for the analysis were completely recorded, so that 51 clinical records were finally used for the present investigation. Results: The average APGAR of the patients who received labor analgesia with bupivacaine was 8.75 and 8.9 at one minute and five minutes respectively, and the average APGAR achieved by the newborns of patients who received labor analgesia with lidocaine was 9 points at one minute and five minutes. Conclusion: The average APGAR in patients who received bupivacaine is 8.75 and that of lidocaine is 9. (provided by Infomedic International)

Proporção e fatores associados a Apgar menor que 7 no 5º minuto de vida: de 1999 a 2019, o que mudou? / Proportion and factors associated with Apgar less than 7 in the 5th minute of life: from 1999 to 2019, what has changed?

Resumo Apesar da variação entre observadores na avaliação do escore de Apgar, ele permanece um indicador útil das condições gerais do recém-nascido. O presente trabalho é um estudo de corte transversal baseado na população de nascidos vivos no Brasil no ano de 1999 e no biênio 2018-2019. Foram avaliadas todas as declarações de nascidos vivos (DNV) obtidas a partir do banco de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. As frequências foram comparadas entre os grupos por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e foi realizada análise de regressão logística multivariada. Adotou-se nível de significância estatística de 0,05. Foram analisadas 9.050.521 DNVs em nossa pesquisa. Constatamos que 2,1% dos recém-nascidos tiveram Apgar de 5º minuto < 7 em 1999, em comparação com 0,9% em 2018-2019. A análise multivariada indicou que gemelidade e gravidez na adolescência deixaram de ser fatores de risco para Apgar de 5º minuto < 7. Entre os fatores de risco, nota-se aumento da prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e anomalias congênitas. Observou-se melhoria de marcadores maternos, em especial o aumento do número de consultas pré-natais e escolaridade. Tais achados mostram a importância de acesso e seguimento pré-natal adequado e investimento em melhores condições socioeconômicas como estratégia eficaz para redução de morbimortalidade neonatal.

Abstract Although variation between observers in the assessment of the Apgar score, it remains a useful indicator of the general conditions of the newborn. This is a cross-sectional study based on population of live births in Brazil in 1999 and biennium 2018-2019. All declarations of live births (DNV) obtained from the Live Births System database were accessed. Frequencies were compared between groups using Pearson's chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. A statistical significance level of 0.05 was considered. We included 9.050.521 DNVs in our research. We found that 2,1% of newborns had 5th minute Apgar < 7 in 1999 compared with 0,9% in 2018-2019. Multivariate analysis shows that twins and teenage pregnancy are no longer risk factors. Among risk factors, we observed an increase in prematurity, low birth weight and congenital anomalies. An improvement in maternal markers was observed, especially increase in the number of prenatal consultations and schooling. Such findings demonstrate the importance access and adequate prenatal care and improved socioeconomic conditions as effective strategy to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Association of socio-demographic factors and likelihood of depression with family function among community – dwelling elderly

Background and Objective@#A positive family functionality is a significant factor to a good quality of life in the elderly. This study sought to determine the factors that contribute to family dysfunction among community-dwelling older persons.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was done among community-dwelling elderly ages 60 years old and above through the outpatient department of a tertiary government hospital. A researcher-assisted interview was done to gather socio-demographic factors such as age, sex, family type, and, GDS-S score, and family APGAR. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to determine the association of the said socio-demographic factors and likelihood of depression through GDS-S with family function through family APGAR.@*Results@#Among the 309 respondents, the average age of respondents was 69 years(SD=6.53), with female predominance of 61.8%, and a higher frequency of older persons belonging to an extended family. The mean GDS-S score is 1.69(SD=1.83), with a frequency of 13.9%. A very minimal percentage of 8.06% (25, N=309) showed to exhibit family dysfunction. Regression studies revealed association of advancing age, and female sex with family dysfunction. The type of family, and GDS-S are not significantly associated with family dysfunction.@*Conclusion@#Advancing age and female sex are associated with family dysfunction. There is no specific family type that is significantly associated with family dysfunction. Likelihood of depression does not necessarily imply family dysfunction in an elderly.

Prognostic analysis of 55 neonates with severe asphyxia / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the prognosis of neonates with severe asphyxia, so as to provide insights into improvements of prognosis among neonates with severe asphyxia. @*Methods@#Neonates with severe asphyxia born in Hangzhou Women's Hospital from 2016 to 2021 were recruited, and neonates' birth weight, gender, Apgar score, arterial blood pH value within 30 minutes after birth and maternal delivery data were collected. Outpatient follow-up was performed among neonates one year after birth, and the prognosis was evaluated with the Gesell Developmental Scale. Death or development quotient (DQ) of <75 was defined poor prognosis, and the clinical characteristics were compared between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group.@*Results@#A total of 55 neonates with severe asphyxia were enrolled, including 26 boys and 29 girls, with a median birth weight of 2 845.00 g (interquartile range, 1 948.00 g). There were 52 lying-in women (3 women had twins), with a mean age of (30.56±4.08) years, including 35 women with dystocia (67.31%) and 37 primiparas (71.15%). Of 55 neonates with severe asphyxia, there were 40 neonates with good prognosis (72.73%) and 15 neonates with poor prognosis (27.27%), including 13 deaths and 2 cases with DQ of <75. The incidence of abnormal fetal position was higher in the good prognosis group than in the poor prognosis group (36.84% vs. 0%; P<0.05), and the incidence of uterine torsion or uterine rupture was higher in the poor prognosis group than in the good prognosis group (21.43% vs. 0%; P<0.05). The median Apgar score at 5 min after birth and arterial blood pH within 30 min after birth were lower in the poor prognosis group [3.00 (interquartile range, 4.00) points and (6.93±0.23)] than in the good prognosis group [6.00 (interquartile range, 4.00) points and (7.23±0.15)] (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Maternal uterine torsion or uterine rupture, low Apgar score at 5 min after birth, and low arterial blood pH within 30 min after birth may aggravate the poor prognosis among neonates with severe asphyxia.

Development and validation of a risk prediction model for low Apgar scores in extremely premature infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To establish a risk prediction model for the occurrence of low 1 min Apgar scores in extremely premature infants (EPIs).Methods:From January 2017 to December 2021, EPIs delivered at our hospital were retrospectively analyzed and randomly assigned into training set group and validation set group in a 7∶3 ratio. 17 clinical indicators were selected as predictive variables and low Apgar scores after birth as outcome variables. Lasso regression and multi-factor logistic regression were used within the training set group to select the final predictors for the final model, and the calibration, distinguishability and clinical decision making curves of the final model were evaluated in the validation set group.Results:A total of 169 EPIs were enrolled, including 117 in the training set group and 52 in the validation set group. 4 indicators including gender, fetal distress, assisted conception and delivery time were selected as the final predictors in the final model. Both the training set group and the validation set group had good calibration curves. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the prediction model was 0.731, the sensitivity was 72.2%, the specificity was 60.5% and the AUC of the external validation curve was 0.704. The clinical decision making curve showed that the model had a greater benefit in predicting the occurrence of low Apgar score in EPIs within the threshold of 2% to 75%.Conclusions:The clinical prediction model established in this study has good distinguishability, calibration and clinical accessibility and can be used as a reference tool to predict low Apgar scores in EPIs.

Prediction of short term clinical outcomes in low Apgar score neonates using umbilical artery blood gas analysis plus amplitude integrated electroencephalography / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the predictive values of umbilical artery blood gas analysis(UABG) plus amplitude-integrated electroencephalography(aEEG) monitoring within 6 h after birth for early complications and short term neurological outcomes in low Apgar score neonates.Methods:From January 2020 to February 2022, neonates with gestational age (GA) ≥35 weeks and 1 min or 5 min Apgar score ≤7 admitted to NICU of our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. According to UABG pH values, the neonates were assigned into pH<7.2 group and pH ≥7.2 group, and further grouped into abnormal aEEG group and normal aEEG group. The ttest, rank sum test and χ2 test were used to compare laboratory results, incidences of diseases, physical growth and neurological prognosis at 6 month of age. Results:A total of 105 neonates with low Apgar scores were enrolled, including 73 cases in the pH<7.2 group and 32 cases in the pH≥7.2 group. In the pH<7.2 group, 52(71.2%) had abnormal aEEG and 21 had normal aEEG. In the pH≥7.2 group, 6(18.8%) had abnormal aEEG and 26 had normal aEEG. The incidence of abnormal aEEG in the pH<7.2 group was higher than the pH≥7.2 group ( P<0.001). The degree of aEEG abnormality was negatively correlated with UABG pH ( r=-0.463, P<0.001). In the pH<7.2 group, the levels of creatine kinase isozymes (CK-MB), activated partial thromboplastin time and the incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates with abnormal aEEG were significantly higher than those with normal aEEG, and the head circumference (HC) at 6 month was significantly smaller in neonates with abnormal aEEG (all P<0.05). In the pH≥7.2 group, the level of CK-MB, incidences of HIE and respiratory failure in neonates with abnormal aEEG were higher than those with normal aEEG, HC at 6 month was smaller and the incidence of adverse neurological prognosis was higher in neonates with abnormal aEEG (all P<0.05). Conclusions:UABG plus aEEG monitoring within 6 h after birth shows predictive values for early complications and short term neurological outcomes in low Apgar scores neonates.

Reliability of Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) in predicting immediate post-operative extubation and intensive care unit admission after major abdominal surgeries: A single center three-year retrospective study

Background@#Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) is a simple, inexpensive, and readily available ten-point scoring system using patient's parameters which include surgical blood loss, lowest recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP) and lowest intraoperative heart rate in predicting 30-day post-operative morbidities. This study determined the reliability of SAS in predicting immediate post-operative extubation and immediate intensive care unit (ICU) admission among patients who underwent major abdominal surgeries in a tertiary hospital in Iloilo City.@*Methods@#A descriptive retrospective cross- sectional study conducted in a tertiary hospital in Iloilo City included patients aged 19 and above who underwent major abdominal surgery from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, and met the study's inclusion criteria. Purposive sampling was utilized. Demographics, clinical data, intraoperative data, management as well as treatment course, post- operative course and patient outcome were extracted, and data collected were utilized for data processing and analysis. Frequency count, mean and standard deviation were utilized for descriptive statistics; T-test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized to determine statistical difference among groups. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess association between SAS and immediate extubation and post- op ICU admission. Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 was utilized for statistical computations. A probability level of p<0.05 was utilized to determine statistical significance.@*Results@#The study consisted of 221 patients predominantly female 64.3 % (n=142) with the mean age of 55.80 17.53. Mean SAS was 6.79 $ 1.3 with a total of 13 (5.9%) patients who were classified as high risk (SAS 0-4), 152 (68.8%) patients as medium risk (SAS 5-7) and 56 (25.3%) patients as low risk with SAS 8-10. On logistic regression analysis, mean arterial pressure (MAP), lowest heart rate and estimated blood loss were significantly associated with decision to do immediate post-operative extubation and immediate ICU admission (p<0.001). Those with higher MAP were 1.19 times more likely to be extubated (OR 1.199, CI: 1.078-1.334, p<0.001) and higher estimated blood loss more likely to be admitted in the ICU (OR 1.006, CI: 1.004-1.009, p<0.001). Lastly, those with higher heart rates were 1.2 times more likely to be admitted in the ICU post-operatively. Low-Risk SAS (Score of 8-10) is predictive of immediate post-operative extubation with 97.7% sensitivity and 75.6% specificity. High Risk SAS (score of 0-4) is predictive of immediate post-operative ICU admission with a sensitivity of 76.1% and 98.3% specificity.@*Conclusion@#SAS is a reliable and valid predictive tool in determining immediate post- operative extubation and ICU admission among patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries. Multicentric, longitudinal and prospective studies are further required to confirm results.Keywords: Surgical Apgar Score (SAS), extubation, intensive care, critical care, abdominal surgery

Fatores associados ao baixo apgar em recém-nascidos angolanos / Factors associated with low apgar in angolan newborn / Factores asociados con apgar bajo en recién nacidos angolanos

Objetivo:avaliar os fatores associados ao baixo Apgar em recém-nascidos de Angola. Método:estudo analíticoe transversal, quali-quantitativo, em umHospital Geral de Luanda, Angola, entre março e maio de 2021. Realizou-se entrevistas em sala de observação e consulta aos prontuários das parturientes. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado (X2) e regressão logística. Resultados:prevaleceu parturientes entre 19-35 anos (70,0%), 7º-9º ano (57,5%), multíparas (75%), multigestas (75,0%), sem histórico de aborto (72,5%), idade gestacional de 40 semanas (60,0%), usuárias de bebidas alcoólicas (77,5%), baixa frequência de consultas pré-natais (52,5%), com parto natural (82,5%) e recém-nascidos com peso normal (52,5%). Mulheres de região periurbana [OR:6,85 (95% CI:0.65-71,2), p=0,108] e rural [OR:4,47 (95% CI:0.47-48,4), p=0,184] apresentaram maior chance de terem recém-nascidos com baixo Apgar, assim como as usuárias de álcool [OR:3,28 (95% CI:0,58-18,3), p=0,176] e recém-nascidos que nasceram com peso normal [OR:1,75 (95% CI:0,49­6,22), p=0,387]. Não houve associação estatística entre os dados sociodemográficos e maternos. Conclusão:a faixa etária, local de residência, consumo de álcool materno e peso do recém-nascido podem implicar em baixo Apgar.

Objective: to evaluate the factors associated with low Apgar in newborns in Angola. Method:analytical and cross-sectional, quali-quantitative study, in a General Hospital in Luanda, Angola, between March and May 2021. Interviews were carried out in an observation room and consultation of the parturients' medical records. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test (X2) and logistic regression.Results: pregnant women aged 19-35 years (70.0%), 7th-9th year(57.5%), multiparous (75%), multiparous (75.0%), without a history of abortion (72.5%), prevailed. gestational age of 40 weeks (60.0%), users of alcoholic beverages (77.5%), low frequency of prenatal consultations (52.5%), with natural childbirth (82.5%) and newborns with normal weight (52.5%). Women from peri-urban regions [OR:6.85 (95% CI:0.65-71.2), p=0.108] and rural [OR:4.47 (95% CI:0.47-48.4), p=0.184] were more likely to have low Apgar newborns, as well as alcohol users [OR:3.28 (95% CI:0.58-18.3), p=0.176] and newborns who were born with normal [OR:1.75 (95% CI:0.49­6.22), p=0.387]. There was no statistical association between sociodemographic and maternal data.Conclusion: age group, place of residence, maternal alcohol consumption and newborn weight may imply low Apgar.

Objetivo: evaluar los factores asociados al Apgar bajo en recién nacidos en Angola.Método: estudio analítico y transversal, cuali-cuantitativo, en un Hospital General de Luanda, Angola, entre marzo y mayo de 2021. Se realizaron entrevistas en sala de observación y consulta de las historias clínicas de las parturientas. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado (X2) y regresión logística. Resultados: gestantes de 19 a 35 años (70,0%), de 7° a 9° año (57,5%), multíparas (75%), multíparas (75,0%), sin antecedente de aborto (72,5%), predominó la edad gestacional de 40 semanas (60,0%), usuarias de bebidas alcohólicas (77,5%), baja frecuencia de consultas prenatales (52,5%), con parto natural (82,5%) y recién nacidos con normopeso (52,5%). Las mujeres de regiones periurbanas [OR:6,85 (IC 95%:0,65-71,2), p=0,108] y rurales [OR:4,47 (IC 95%:0,47-48,4), p=0,184] tenían más probabilidades de tener bajo Recién nacidos Apgar, así como consumidores de alcohol [OR:3,28 (IC 95%:0,58-18,3), p=0,176] y recién nacidos que nacieron con normalidad [OR:1,75 (IC 95%:0,49-6,22), p=0,387]. No hubo asociación estadística entre datos sociodemográficos y maternos. Conclusión: el grupo de edad, el lugar de residencia, el consumo materno de alcohol y el peso del recién nacido pueden implicar un Apgar bajo.

Hydration Therapy to Improve Amniotic Fluid Index and its Association with Improved Obstetric Outcome in a Teaching Hospital of Eastern India

Introduction: Oligohydramnios is associated with fetal complications and a higher incidence of maternal operative morbidity. A study was planned to determine the effect of hydration therapy in the correction of oligohydramnios in pregnancy and to assess if improvement in amniotic fluid index (AFI) is associated with better obstetric outcomes. MaterialsandMethods: Analytical study with a prospective design, conducted over 1 year from July 2020 to December 2021. Pregnant women in their third trimester with singleton pregnancy and intact membranes, diagnosed to have oligohydramnios were the participants. All women undertook oral rehydration therapy. The proportion of women achieving posthydration cutoff values of AFI and single deepest vertical pocket, was recorded by abdominal ultrasound examination at 24, 48, and 72 h. Adequacy of hydration was assessed by urinary specific gravity, before and after hydration therapy. Results: There were 120 participants. The mean age of the participants was 25.6 years (standard deviation = 5.7). Majority were multigravida. About 60%–80% of women improved with hydration therapy and the proportion of women showing improvement increased with time. Women with uncorrected AFI (<5 cm) at 24 and 48 h had significantly higher odds of preterm delivery, cesarean delivery, low‑birth‑weight baby, baby having 5 min Apgar score < 6, higher likelihood of Sick Newborn Care Unit admission and neonatal death. Conclusion: Maternal hydration therapy can be of value to improve the fetomaternal outcome in pregnancies with oligohydramnios by preventing preterm termination and reducing cesarean deliveries with good neonatal outcomes. Such simple intervention can be home based and assures universal health coverage

Apgar quirúrgico como criterio de activación de código 77 en el Hospital Ángeles Pedregal / Surgical Apgar score as a criteria for activation of code 77 at Angeles Pedregal Hospital

Resumen: Introducción: El Apgar quirúrgico (AQ) es un sistema de 10 puntos que valora tres variables intraoperatorias: frecuencia cardíaca más baja, presión arterial media más baja y sangrado. El AQ es un indicador de la mortalidad y morbilidad en el postoperatorio inmediato. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia del puntaje AQ en pacientes postoperados y con activación del código 77 en el Hospital Ángeles Pedregal. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal que incluyó pacientes con indicación de activación del código 77 en su postoperatorio inmediato y traslado a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, durante el período de enero a diciembre de 2015 en el Hospital Ángeles Pedregal. Resultados: Se contó con 58 pacientes de los cuales 68% obtuvieron un Apgar quirúrgico ≥ 7 puntos (estables) y 32% un Apgar quirúrgico 6 (inestables). La incidencia del Apgar quirúrgico 6 para el período de estudio fue de 12 casos por cada 100 personas intervenidas con una sensibilidad del 68%. Conclusiones: El AQ puede considerarse un criterio confiable para la activación del código 77 en aquellos pacientes con puntaje AQ ≤ 6 durante el postoperatorio inmediato, permitiendo un manejo oportuno de las complicaciones postquirúrgicas y la disminución de riesgo de morbimortalidad.

Abstract: Introduction: The surgical Apgar score (SAS) is a 10-point system that assesses three intraoperative variables: lower heart rate, lower mean arterial pressure, and bleeding. SAS is an indicator of mortality and morbidity in the immediate postoperative period. Objective: To describe the incidence of the SAS in postoperative patients with activation of code 77. Material and methods: Observational, transversal, retrospective and descriptive study, included patients with indication of activation of code 77 during their immediate postoperative time, and transferred to the Intensive Care Unit, during the period from January to December 2015. Results: 68% of the sample obtained a SAS greater than or equal to 7 points (stable patient), and 32% a SAS less than or equal to 6 (unstable). The incidence of SAS less than or equal to 6 points for the period of the study was about 12 cases per 100 persons intervened with a sensibility of 68%. Conclusions: SAS should be taken as another criteria for the activation of code 77 in those patients with a result lower than 6 points; during the immediate postoperative period, allowing a timely management of postoperative complications and a reduction on the risk of morbidity and mortality.

Comparison Of Maternal And Fetal Outcome Following Caesarean Section In Pre- Eclamptic Patients Under General And Spinal Anesthesia

Background:Pre-eclampsia is a multi-system disorder in pregnancy associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality and also affects neonatal outcome. Choice of anesthesiatechnique and skillful management is equally important for maternal and fetal well-being. So, this study was designed to compare the maternal and fetal outcome following cesarean section in pre-eclamptic patients under general and spinal anesthesia. Material And Methods:This prospective, randomized observational study was carried out in 60 parturients age between 18 to 40 years divided in two groups 30 parturients in each. ASA Physical Status II and III who delivered after 34 weeks of gestation with criteria of mild pre-eclampsia by means of Elective/emergency C-section were included. After giving pre medication Group G received thiopentone, succinylcholine intravenously before intubation followed by oxygen, sevoflurane and atracurium (after delivery of baby). Group S received spinal anesthesia by using 2 ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine. Heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2 of mother and neonate were recorded at specific time points. Also post of ICU shifting of mother for maternal outcome and APGAR score at 1,5,7minutes, ABGA, resuscitation requirement and NICU admission data were recorded for fetal outcome.Result:After induction maternal heart rate and blood pressure were higher side (still within 30% from baseline) in group G as compared to group S. APGAR score, ABGA and NICU shifting requirements had favorable outcome in group S. Conclusion:Spinal anesthesia is first choice as it is more safe, simple and with better maternal and fetal outcome.

Application of unprotected perineum delivery technique for natural childbirth in primiparas / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the application effects of unprotected perineum delivery technique for normal vaginal delivery in primiparas.Methods:A total of 260 primiparas who underwent natural childbirth in Tengzhou Central People's Hospital between January 2019 and September 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo childbirth either with an unprotected perineum delivery technique (study group, n = 130) or the conventional delivery technique (control group, n = 130). Delivery-related indicators were compared between the two groups. Results:The rate of first-degree perineal tear in the study and control groups was 71.52% and 29.23%, respectively, the rate of second-degree perineal tear were 7.16% and 3.16%, respectively, and the episiotomy rate in the two groups were 21.32% and 67.51%, respectively. There were significant differences in rate of first-degree perineal tear, rate of second-degree perineal tear and episiotomy rate between the two groups ( χ2 = 7.19, 7.03, 8.35, all P < 0.05). The length of hospital stay in the study and control group was 3.27 ± 5.79 days and 5.18 ± 7.26 days, respectively. The numerical rating scale score of postpartum perineal pain in the two groups was 1.23 ± 2.51 points and 3.24 ± 2.79 points, respectively. The incidence of postpartum complications was 3.33% and 11.67%, respectively. There were significant differences in length of hospital stay, numerical rating scale score of postpartum perineal pain and incidence of postpartum complications between the two groups ( t = 2.23, 2.06, χ2 = 2.52, all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in length of second stage of labor and Apgar score in new born infants between the study and control groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusion:Unprotected perineum delivery technique can greatly decrease episiotomy rate, alleviate perineal tear, reduce pain, reduce complications, shorten length of hospital stay, and improve quality of obstetric care.

Correlation analysis of umbilical artery blood gas and Apgar score in neonates / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the correlation between umbilical artery blood gas (UABG) and Apgar score of neonates and the risk factors of low base excess (BE) in UABG.Methods:From March 2017 to September 2020, newborns without congenital malformation born in three hospitals were prospectively enrolled and received UABG analysis. According to their Apgar score, the infants were assigned into low Apgar score group and normal Apgar score group. According to BE of UABG, they were assigned into BE<-12 mmol/L group and BE≥-12 mmol/L group. The UABG indexes including abnormal pH and BE between the low Apgar score group and the normal Apgar score group were compared. The risk factors of low BE in UABG were analyzed.Results:A total of 1 351 qualified samples were included including 208 cases in low Apgar score group and 1 143 cases in normal Apgar score group. 115 cases were in BE <-12 mmol/L group and 1 236 cases in BE ≥-12 mmol/L group. The incidences of abnormal pH and BE values in the low Apgar score group were higher than the normal Apgar score group [50.0% (104/208) vs. 13.8% (158/1 143), 34.6% (72/208) vs. 3.8% (43/1 143)]. The pH and BE values of UABG were positively correlated with 1 min Apgar score ( r=0.402, 0.398, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk factors for BE<-12 mmol/L were Ⅲ° contaminated amniotic fluid ( OR= 3.155, 95% CI 1.972~5.025, P<0.001) and placental abruption ( OR = 3.968, 95% CI 1.992~7.874, P <0.001). Conclusions:The pH and BE values of neonatal UABG are positively correlated with 1 min Apgar score. Ⅲ° contaminated amniotic fluid and placental abruption are risk factors of low BE in UABG.

Escore de Apgar e indicação de cesárea por sofrimento fetal em um hospital público do Distrito Federal / Apgar score and indication of cesarean section due to fetal distress at a public hospital in the Federal District

Objetivo: Avaliar as indicações de cesárea por sofrimento fetal (SF), pelo escore de Apgar, em um hospital público. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal e retrospectivo que incluiu todos os partos realizados no período de estudo. A análise estatística foi realizada no software IBM SPSS Statistics v.22 com teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para o cálculo do p-valor. A estimativa de risco foi definida pela razão de chances comum de Mantel-Haenszel, com cálculo de odds ratio (OR), intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e limite de significância de 95% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Dos 2.205 partos, 1.084 (49,1%) foram cesáreas e 1.121 (50,9%), partos vaginais. Escore de Apgar < 7 no primeiro minuto foi evidenciado em 5,9% do total de partos. A diferença entre os escores de Apgar no primeiro minuto entre os dois tipos de parto foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05), e esses recém-nascidos (RNs) tiveram a chance 1,4 vez maior de Apgar < 7 nas cesáreas em relação ao parto vaginal (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1-2,05). No quinto minuto, Apgar < 7 ocorreu em 0,7% em todos os tipos de partos. O SF foi a terceira causa de indicação de cesárea (22,8%), e o Apgar < 7 não diferenciou das cesáreas por demais causas. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou alta taxa de cesárea e maior risco de Apgar < 7 no primeiro minuto para esses partos. A ausência de diferença estatisticamente significante entre o Apgar dos RNs de cesárea por SF e demais indicações revela a necessidade local de rever esse diagnóstico e consequente conduta.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the cesarean indications for fetal distress (FD), using the Apgar score, in a public hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional and retrospective study, which included all the deliveries performed during the period of study. Statistical Analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.22 software with Pearson's Chi-square test to calculate the p-value. The risk estimate for Apgar < 7 was defined by the common odds ratio (OR) of Mantel-Haenszel, with calculation of OR and 95% confidence interval and significance limit of 95% (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 2,205 deliveries, 1,084 (49.1%) were cesarean and 1,121 (50.9%) were vaginal deliveries. Apgar score < 7 in the 1st minute was seen in 5.9% of total deliveries. The difference between the Apgar Scores in the 1st minute between the two types of delivery was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and these newborns (NBs) had 1.4 times more chance of Apgar < 7 in cesarean in relation to vaginal delivery (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1-2,05). In the 5th minute, Apgar < 7 occurred in 0.7% of all types of births. FD was the third cause of cesarean indication (22.8%) and the Apgar < 7 wasn't different from the cesareans performed for other causes. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high cesarean rate and a bigger risk of Apgar < 7 in the 1st minute for this type of delivery. The absence of statistically significant difference between the Apgar of NBs of cesarean due to FD and other indications reveal the need to review this diagnosis e it's conduct.(AU)

Apgar scores correlate with survival rate at discharge in extremely preterm infants with gestational age of 25-27 weeks

Low Apgar score is associated with increased risk of death in preterm or full-term infants. However, the use of Apgar score to assess extremely preterm (EP) infants is controversial. In this study, we characterized the distribution of Apgar scores in EP infants with gestational age between 25 and 27 weeks, and investigated the association of Apgar score with survival rate at discharge by analyzing the clinical data of the EP infants discharged between January 2008 and December 2017 from 26 neonatal intensive care units in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 1567 infants with gestational age of 26.84±0.79 weeks and birth weight of 951±169 grams were involved in our study. The Apgar score increased with gestational age from 25 to 27 weeks and with time from birth from 1 to 10 min. The survival rate increased with a higher Apgar score, but no significant difference was found for 1-min Apgar score and the survival rate between infants with 25 or 26 weeks of gestation or 5-min Apgar score in infants with 25 weeks of gestation. The Apgar score is associated with survival of EP infants.

Comportamiento clínico del parto vertical y en posición de litotomía en dos centros de salud de Cusco, Perú / Clinical behavior of vertical delivery and in lithotomy position in two Health Centers of Cusco, Peru

Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar el comportamiento clínico del parto vertical con el horizontal en embarazadas atendidas en dos centros de salud de Cusco, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo y prospectivo con un componente correlacional efectuado en dos centros de salud de la ciudad de Cusco, Perú, del 1 de septiembre del 2020 al 31 de enero del 2021, en mujeres embarazadas que tuvieron parto vertical u horizontal. El cálculo del tamaño de muestra se estableció con el programa estadístico EPIDAT mediante la comparación de medias de grupos independientes. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 212 pacientes (106 en parto vertical y 106 en posición de litotomía). En las pacientes con parto horizontal se registraron 3 casos de activación de código rojo (1.42%) con sangrado máximo de 2500 cc. El grado de desgarro vaginal más frecuente fue 1, en 103 mujeres (48.58%). La involución uterina en los dos grupos, a las 6 h, fue de 13 cm en 80 mujeres (37.74%), a las 12 h de 12 cm en 83 mujeres (39.15%) y para las 24 h de 11 cm en 84 mujeres (39.62%). Las horas mínimas de trabajo de parto fueron 2.38 h en el grupo de parto vertical; el puntaje Apgar más bajo fue 7 al primer minuto (1.42%) y al minuto 5 (0.47%). CONCLUSIONES: El parto vertical puede ofrecer ventajas significativas en comparación con el horizontal en algunas variables: trabajo de parto más corto, Apgar al minuto e involución uterina. Para las demás variables estudiadas no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical behavior of vertical delivery and delivery in the lithotomy position in pregnant women attended in two health centers in Cusco, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, comparative and prospective study with a correlational component carried out in two health centers in the city of Cusco, Peru, from September 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 in pregnant women who delivered vertically or horizontally. The sample size was calculated using the EPIDAT statistical program by comparing the means of independent groups. RESULTS: 212 patients were studied (106 in vertical delivery and 106 in lithotomy position). In horizontal delivery patients there were 3 cases of code red activation (1.42%) with maximum bleeding of 2500 cc. The most frequent vaginal tear grade was 1, in 103 women (48.58%). Uterine involution in the two groups, at 6 h, was 13 cm in 80 women (37.74%), at 12 h 12 cm in 83 women (39.15%) and by 24 h 11 cm in 84 women (39.62%). Minimum labor hours were 2.38 h in the vertical delivery group; the lowest Apgar score was 7 at 1 min (1.42%) and at 5 min (0.47%). CONCLUSIONS: Vertical delivery may offer significant advantages compared to horizontal delivery in some variables: shorter labor, Apgar at minute and uterine involution. For the other variables studied, no statistically significant differences were found.

Perfil epidemiológico dos recém-nascidos com Apgar baixo no quinto minuto / Epidemiological profile of newborns with a low fifth minute Apgar

O escore de Apgar avalia rapidamente o estado clínico de neonatos. A asfixia perinatal é uma das causas do baixo índice de Apgar e contribui significativamente com a morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência do Apgar baixo no quinto minuto de vida e determinar o perfil epidemiológico desses pacientes. Método: É estudo retrospectivo transversal epidemiológico. Foram coletados os dados dos recém-nascidos vivos com Apgar 5' <7 de 2 anos. Excluiu-se pacientes com anomalias congênitas e 118 pacientes foram analisados. Resultados: A prevalência do Apgar 5' <7 foi de 21,47/1000. Sexo masculino, nascimento a termo e por cesárea, apresentação cefálica, bolsa rota no ato, gestações simples, mães entre 20 e 34 anos com hipotireoidismo e diabetes, em uso de medicação, e mais de 6 consultas de pré-natal foram a maioria dentre os fatores analisados. Do total, 33,9% eram pré-termo; 30,5% tinham baixo peso; 24% apresentaram líquido amniótico meconial; 16% distócia; e 13% circular de cordão. Conclusão: A prevalência do Apgar 5' <7 foi de 21,47/1000. O perfil epidemiológico dentre os fatores analisados foi sexo masculino, nascimento a termo e por cesárea, apresentação cefálica, bolsa rota no ato, gestações simples, mães entre 20-34 anos com hipotireoidismo e diabete, em uso de medicação, e mais de 6 consultas de pré-natal

The Apgar score quickly assesses the clinical status of neonates. Perinatal asphyxia is one of the causes of low Apgar scores and contributes significantly to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of low Apgar in the fifth minute of life and to determine the epidemiological profile of these patients. Method: It is a retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study. Data were collected from live newborns with Apgar5' <7 over 2 years. Patients with congenital anomalies were excluded, and 118 patients were analyzed. Results: The prevalence of Apgar 5' <7 was 21.47/1000. Male, full-term and cesarean delivery, cephalic presentation, water breaking during labor, singlet pregnancies, mothers between 20 and 34 years old with hypothyroidism and diabetes, using medication, and more than 6 prenatal consultations were the majority among the analyzed factors; 33.9% were preterm; 30.5% underweight; 24% had meconium-stained amniotic fluid; 16% dystocia and 13% nuchal cord. Conclusion: The prevalence of Apgar 5' <7 was 21.47/1000. The epidemiological profile among the analyzed factors was male gender, full-term birth and by cesarean section, cephalic presentation, ruptured water at the moment, simple pregnancies, mothers between 20-34 years old with hypothyroidism and diabetes, using medication, and more than 6 consultations of prenatal care

Family APGAR and treatment outcomes among HIV patients at two ART Centers in Kumasi, Ghana

objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve (Family APGAR) and HIV treatment outcomes. Design: A cross-sectional study using the Family APGAR questionnaire Setting: The study was conducted in Kumasi, Ghana, at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Hospital Participants: Consenting HIV-positive patients who had been on treatment for at least 12 months were recruited. Main outcome measures: The Family APGAR questionnaire was administered, and relevant data were extracted from hospital records and analysed using STATA® software. The relationship between Family APGAR and treatment outcomes was determined using Chi-squared tests or Fisher's exact test. Results: Approximately 70.1% of 304 participants were females with a mean age of 41.8 years (±9.9). At treatment initiation, 47.4% of the patients presented at World Health Organisation (WHO) clinical stages I and II and had a CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/mm3 . Females were less likely (Odds Ratio= 0.52; 95% CI=0.31 ­ 0.90, p = 0.018) to report late for treatment compared with the males. After 12 months of treatment, approximately 70% recorded undetectable viral load. Patients with functional families constituted 70.4%, which had a statistically significant relationship with viral load (p = 0.041). Conclusion: HIV care providers should incorporate family functionality evaluation into clinical practice and provide early essential support to enhance treatment outcomes