ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the coronavirus species and post-infection symptoms of aquatic animals such as marine mammals, ferrets, fish, and waterfowl, analyzes the activity and transmission of coronaviruses in the aquatic environment, compares the homology of aquatic coronaviruses with SARS-CoV-2, and assesses the zoonotic risk. The results showed that aquatic animal coronaviruses were mainly α, γ, δ coronavirus and Alphaletovirus. SARS⁃CoV⁃2 is more similar to marine mammal coronavirus (51.90%-52.30%) and less similar to fish, mink, duck and goose coronavirus (43.30%-47.90%). The risk of transmission of coronaviruses carried by minks and marine mammals to humans is relatively greater, and from fish and waterfowl to humans is relatively small. By elaborating on the situation of coronavirus infection in aquatic animals, this paper is conducive to solving related issues such as the prevention and control of coronavirus epidemics, which is of great significance to ecosystems and public health.
ABSTRACT
Several species of octopus are considered venomous due to toxins present in the glands connected to their "beak", which may be associated with hunt and kill of prey. Herein, we report an accident involving a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) that injured an instructor during a practical biology lesson and provoked an inflamed infiltrated plaque on the hand of the victim. The lesion was present for about three weeks and was treated with cold compresses and anti-inflammatory drugs. It was healed ten days after leaving a hyperchromic macule at the bite site. The probable cause of the severe inflammation was the digestive enzymes of the glands and not the neurotoxins of the venom.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Enzymes , Neurotoxins , Octopodiformes/chemistry , Poisoning , Research ReportABSTRACT
Several species of octopus are considered venomous due to toxins present in the glands connected to their beak, which may be associated with hunt and kill of prey. Herein, we report an accident involving a common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) that injured an instructor during a practical biology lesson and provoked an inflamed infiltrated plaque on the hand of the victim. The lesion was present for about three weeks and was treated with cold compresses and anti-inflammatory drugs. It was healed ten days after leaving a hyperchromic macule at the bite site. The probable cause of the severe inflammation was the digestive enzymes of the glands and not the neurotoxins of the venom.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Enzymes , Bites and Stings/complications , Octopodiformes , Mollusk VenomsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Injuries caused by sea urchins are the most common caused by marine animals in humans in Brazil, with the black sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter) causing the most injuries to bathers. METHODS: This study observed 314 human wounds with emphasis on the early observation of clinical signs and symptoms and their implications on the recommended treatment. RESULTS: All the injuries were caused by black sea urchins and were observed in bathers. The lesions and the pain were associated with penetration of the spines; there was no early inflammation or pain without pressure on the wounded places. Complications arising from this kind on injury, including infections and foreign body granulomas, are associated with the permanence of the spines in the wounds. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that this kind of injury is the most common accident caused by aquatic animals in Brazil. The main therapeutical recommendation is early removal of the spines to prevent late complications, such as infections and the formation of foreign body granulomas.
INTRODUÇÃO: Os acidentes causados por ouriços-do-mar são as ocorrências por animais marinhos mais comuns no país. O ouriço-do-mar preto (Echinometra lucunter) é a espécie que mais causa ferimentos em banhistas. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho registrou e estudou 314 agravos com ênfase nas manifestações clínicas iniciais observadas e suas implicações na terapêutica recomendada. RESULTADOS: Todos os acidentes foram causados pelo ouriço-do-mar preto e aconteceram em banhistas. As lesões e a dor foram associadas ao trauma causado pela penetração das espículas (não ocorreu inflamação ou dor imediata sem pressão sobre os pontos comprometidos). As complicações deste tipo de acidente, incluindo infecções e granulomas de corpo estranho, estão associadas com a permanência das espículas nos ferimentos. CONCLUSÕES: Foi confirmado o fato do acidente causado por esta espécie ser o mais comum no Brasil e apresentar caráter traumático, sendo a principal recomendação a retirada precoce dos espinhos para prevenção de complicações tardias como as infecções e formação de granulomas de corpo estranho.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Accidents , Bites and Stings/complications , Granuloma, Foreign-Body/epidemiology , Granuloma, Foreign-Body/etiology , Sea Urchins , Wounds, Penetrating/etiology , Bathing Beaches , Brazil , Granuloma, Foreign-Body/therapy , Wounds, Penetrating/epidemiology , Wounds, Penetrating/therapyABSTRACT
Objective To discuss the acute toxicity of abamectin to several aquatic animals,it can provide reference for formulating safety concentration value of abamectin on fresh-water aquatic animals. Methods The method of changing solution was used for Cladocera crustacea with 48 h,and Allogynogenetic crucian carp fingerling (fry),Gambusia affinis,Hypophthal michthys molitrix fry,Macrobrachium nipponense,Eriocheir sinensis,Cipangopaludina chincasis with 96 h in this experiment. For the experimental animals,every kind of animal was randomly divided into 11 groups(495 animals in each),including nine treatment groups,one control group and one ethanol (hydrotropy agent) group (15 animals in each). The clinic symptoms were observed and mortalities were recorded;median-lethal concentration with 24,48,72,96 h and safety concentration were calculated. Results During the experiment,the mortalities of all animals increased with increase of time and concentration of abamectin. As for Cladocera crustacea,48 h LC50 and safety concentration were 0.000 37 and 0.000 037 mg/L,for Allogynogenetic crucian carp fry, Allogynogenetic crucian carp fingerling,Gambusia affinis,Hypophthal michthys molitrix fry,Macrobrachium nipponense, Eriocheir sinensis,Cipangopaludina chincasis,the values of 96 h LC50 were 0.018,0.06,0.08,0.02,0.52,0.25,0.57 mg/L and safety concentrations were 0.001 8,0.006,0.008,0.002,0.052,0.025,0.057 mg/L,respectively. The results showed that the toxicity of abamectin to seven fresh-water aquatic animals ranked as Cladocera crustacea,Allogynogenetic crucian carp fry,Hypophthal michthys molitrix fry,Allogynogenetic crucian carp fingerling,Gambusia affinis,Eriocheir sinensis,Macrobrachium nipponense, Cipangopaludina chincasis. Conclusion Abamectin has higher toxicity to fresh-water aquatic animals.