Effect and Mechanism of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Herbs / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） can establish mycorrhizal symbiosis system with most terrestrial plants，and play important roles in their growth and development. However，there is no systematic analysis and summarization of their roles in the growth, biosynthesis and accumulation of active substances of herbs，as well as stress-resistance mechanism. First，the main research methods of AMF were summarized in the paper，including the separation of AMF spores，morphological identification，chemical staining and molecular identification. The main morphological structures of some AMF were detailed in the table. In terms of growth promotion，AMF promoted the growth by prolonging mycelium，enhancing phosphatase secretion，organic acid，activation of soil and increasing absorption efficiency. In the aspect of biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonoids，terpenoids and other active substances in herbs，AMF improved the contents by regulating activities of signal substances and key enzymes involved in the metabolism of secondary products. In addition，AMF could alleviate a series of stresses caused by drought，heavy metal，high salt，high or low temperature by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes，enhancing the ability of plants to scavenge free radicals，complexing toxic heavy metals，diluting high salt concentration，or inducing the expressions of key genes. Finally，the application prospects and in-depth study of AMF in the ecological planting of herbs were discussed, in order to provide reference for promoting relevant research.

The Effect of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum on the Growth and Fruiting of Fragaria ananassa (Weston) Duchesne Ex Rozier (Rosaceae) in Morocco

The effect of composite endomycorrhizal inoculums was studied on the strawberry plant growth under greenhouse conditions. After six months, a significative effect was observed. Leaves number, fruits number, fresh roots weight and fresh fruits weight under greenhouse conditions compared to controls were 28.9/11.2, 58/1, 12.59g/9.62g and 367g/230g. Mycorrhizal intensity, arbuscular content and spores number in mycorrhized and non mycorrhized strawberry seedlings were respectively 54.1, 28.3 and 220. The spores detected belong to eight species and four genera: Glomus, Rhizophagus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora.

Study of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Diversity and Its Effect on Growth and Development of Leek Plants (Allium porrum L.)

The effect of a composite endomycorrhizal inoculum, native to the rhizosphere of the olive tree, was studied on the growth of leek plants (Allium porrum L.). Inoculation of leek plants was carried out by contacting the root system of leeks with the inoculum endomycorrhizal derived from the olive tree rhizosphere. After five months of inoculation, a significant effect is observed on the growth of the inoculated plants according to witnesses. Indeed, the average values of the aerial weight (11.62 g) and root weight (18.52 g), the diameter (0.5 cm) and the number of leaves (7) of the inoculated plants are higher than those noted in the control plants, respectively 4.42 g, 7.95 g, 0.3 cm, 5.57. Moreover, the frequency and intensity of mycorrhization, respectively 96.66% and 50.33%, the arbuscules contents (44.33%) and vesicles (32.44%) are very important. The roots of control plants are not mycorrhizal. The average number of spores formed in the rhizosphere of the inoculated plants is 160 spores per 100 g of soil. These spores are those of 85 endomycorrhizal species belonging to 16 different genera: Glomus (34 species), Acaulospora (18 species), Gigaspora (5 species), Entrophospora (3 species), Scutellospora (5 species), Pacispora (2 species), Claroideoglomus (2 species), Dentiscutata (1 species), Septoglomus (1 species), Paraglomus (2 species), Rhizoglomus (2 species), Ambispora (3 species), Cetraspora (1 species), Funneliformis (1 species), Diversispora (4 species) and Viscospora (1 species). Statistical analyzes were performed by analysis of variance by the ANOVA test at the 5% level using the STATISTICA software. Leek, is a mycotrophic plant that can be used to multiply an endomycorrhizal inoculum suitable for use in nurseries, and to produce seedlings of different plant species that are vigorous and resistant to pathogens and water stress after transplantation.

Effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Azospirillum on growth and nutrition of banana plantlets during acclimatization phase.

The effect of the co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Azospirillum on micro-propagated banana seedlings development during their adaptation phase was determined. At the time of transplanting, banana seedlings were inoculated with an indigenous mycorrhizal inoculum containing 10 spores/g at four doses: 0, 50, 100 and 200 g. Seventy days after fungal inoculation, 20 ml of Azospirillum in four concentrations (0, 106, 107 and 108 CFU/ml) were applied. Finally, after 98 days from the start of the experiment a second dose (40 ml) of Azospirillum in the concentrations mentioned above was inoculated. Plants were harvested 5 months after transplanting and the growth and nutritional parameters were evaluated. The analysis of the data showed that banana plants co-inoculated with 200 g of AMF and 1.5E8 CFU/ml of Azospirillum presented greater development, an increase of 7 times in height, 4 times in perimeter, 16 times in leaf area, 12 times in aerial biomass, and 8 times in root biomass relative to control plants. The results achieved were due to synergism between fungus-bacteria when inoculated at higher doses, with lower doses stimulating growth is minimal. The co-inoculation in high doses demonstrates adequate support and cooperative effect between HMA and Azospirillum crops. In addition, co-inoculation promotes optimal nutritional status because microorganisms allowed plants achieve greater absorption of phosphorus and nitrogen relative to those treated with single inoculation and the control.

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in irrigated and non-irrigated fields of southern Karnataka, India.

The two different agro-ecosystems were selected to study the spore density, species abundance, and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in irrigated (Mandya district) and non-irrigated (Hassan district) agricultural fields in southern Karnataka region, India. A total of 22 AMF species were recorded during the study. Out of which 13 sp. were of Glomus, 4 sp. of Acaulospora, 1 sp. of Cetraspora, 1 sp. of Dentiscutata and 3 sp. of Gigaspora. The difference in species richness of AMF species in irrigated fields ranged from 5-12 sp. as compared to non-irrigated fields (5-11 sp.) and the difference may be attributed to the nutritional status of the soil. We also assumed that lower AMF colonization and abundance would be affected by water stress. Highest spore number and percent colonization of AM fungi were recorded in irrigated sites, showing 356-748 spore density and 70-92 % colonization. Whereas, in non-irrigated sites, 174-341 spore density and 40-72 % colonization was recorded. Different agro-climatic conditions like irrigation, soil pH, soil organic carbon, phosphorous correlated with the abundance and colonization of AM fungi.

Evaluación de un sistema para la micorrización in vitro en plantas demora de castilla (Rubus glaucus, Benth) / Evaluation of an in vitro mycorrhization system of blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth) / Avaliação de um sistema para micorrização in vitro em plantas de amora-preta (Rubus glaucus, Benth)

Objetivo. Obtener un sistema de micorrización in vitro en sistemas de cultivo autotrófico para plantas de mora de castilla (Rubusglaucus, Benth). Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron esporas y fragmentos de raíces con vesículas del Hongo Formador de MicorrizaArbuscular (HFMA) Glomus sp. (GEV02). Se estableció un sistema de cultivo autotrófico para plántulas de mora, comparando dosmétodos de inoculación directa con el HFMA. Se cuantificó el número de esporas producidas, la longitud del micelio extraradical; asícomo el porcentaje de colonización del HFMA. Adicionalmente se midió la longitud aérea y radical, el peso fresco y seco de la partefoliar y radical para determinar el desarrollo de las plantas. Resultados. El sistema de cultivo autotrófico fue exitoso para plantas demora de castilla (Rubus glaucus, Benth); observándose un óptimo crecimiento de la parte aérea y radical de la planta. Adicionalmenteen este estudio se pudo obtener un sistema que permitió el desarrollo de Glomus sp (GEV02) bajo condiciones in vitro, con formaciónde estructuras típicas de la simbiosis como una buena colonización intraradical, con producción de arbúsculos y vesículas, así comoel desarrollo de micelio extraradical con hifas ramificadas y la formación de nuevas esporas. Conclusión. Las plantas de moramicropropagadas se asociaron con éxito, por primera vez, con un hongo formador de micorriza arbuscular bajo condiciones in vitro,permitiendo el desarrollo del sistema simbiótico HFMA Glomus sp., asociado a las raíces de plántulas de mora castilla micropropagadas...

Objective. Obtain an in vitromycorrhization system in autotrophic culture systems of blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth). Materials and methods. We usedspores and root fragments with vesicles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus (AMF) Glomus sp (GEV02). We established an autotrophicculture system of blackberry plantlets comparing two methods of direct inoculation of the AMF. We measured the number of sporesproduced, the length of the extraradical mycelium as well as the percentage of colonization of the AMF. Additionally, we measuredthe shoot and root length, and the fresh and dry weight of the leaf and root parts to determine the plant development. Results. Theautotrophic culture system was successful for blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth; an optimal shoot and root growth was observed.Additionally, we obtained a system that allowed the development of Glomus sp. in in vitro conditions, with the formation of structurestypical of the symbiosis as well as a good intraradical colonization, with the production of arbuscules and vesicles, development ofextraradical mycelium with branched hyphae, and formation of new spores. Conclusion. For the first time, micropropagated blackberryplants associated successfully with an AMF under in vitro conditions, enabling the development of the symbiotic system AMF Glomussp. associated to roots of micropropagated blackberry plantlets...

Objetivo. Obter umsistema de micorrização in vitro em sistemas de cultura autotróficos para plantas de amora-preta (Rubus glaucus, Benth). Materiais emétodos. Foram usados esporos e fragmentos de raízes com vesículas do Fungo Formador Micorrízico Arbuscular (FFMA) Glomus sp.(GEV02). Foi estabelecido um sistema de cultivo autotrófico para mudas de amora-preta, comparando dois métodos de inoculação diretacom o FFMA. Foi quantificado o número de esporos produzidos, o comprimento do micélio extra radicular; bem como a porcentagemde colonização do FFMA. Além disso, foi medido o comprimento e o peso fresco e seco da parte folhar e radicular para determinar odesenvolvimento das plantas. Resultados. O sistema de cultivo autotrófico foi bem-sucedido para as plantas de amora-preta (Rubusglaucus, Benth), onde foi observado um crescimento ótimo da parte aérea e da raidicular da planta. Além disso, neste estudo foi obtido umsistema que permitiu o desenvolvimento de Glomus sp (GEV02) sob condições in vitro, com formação de estruturas típicas da simbiosecomo uma boa colonização intra radicular, com produção de arbúsculos e vesículas, assim como o desenvolvimento de micélio extraradicular com hifas ramificada e a formação de novos esporos. Conclusão. As plantas de amora-preta micropropagadas associaram-secom sucesso, pela primeira vez, com um fungo formador micorrízico arbuscular em condições in vitro, permitindo o desenvolvimentodo sistema simbiótico FFMA Glomus sp., associado às raízes das plântulas de amora-preta micropropagadas...

Mecanismos de defensa y respuestas de las plantas en la interacción micorrícica: una revisión / Plant defense mechanisms and responses in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: a review

El establecimiento de la simbiosis planta-hongos formadores de micorrizas Arbusculares (HFMA) requiere procesos armónicos a nivel espacio-temporal, que dependen de señales para el reconocimiento, colonización e intercambio bidireccional de nutrientes. Las plantas presentan respuestas de defensa frente a posibles organismos invasores; sin embargo, frente a HFMA estas son débiles, localizadas y no impiden la colonización del hongo. Los beneficios de la simbiosis generalmente se asocian a nutrición vegetal, aunque, también está relacionada con el incremento de la tolerancia-resistencia de plantas a los estreses bióticos. La resistencia inducida HFMA (MIR) es importante en el control de patógenos foliares, comedores de hojas y necrótrofos, encontrándose protección de plantas micorrizadas tanto a nivel local como sistémico, relacionada con los niveles de ácido jasmónico en tejidos. Un mecanismo en la MIR está asociado con el “priming”, que permite una rápida y eficiente respuesta de defensa de plantas micorrizadas. Se han planteado posibles mecanismos de atenuación de las respuestas de defensa, considerando: activación de supresores de defensa; plantas que producen respuestas de defensa frente a HFMA y otras que no las producen, y plantas que suprimen las respuestas de defensa en la simbiosis. Aunque el control de la simbiosisestá regulado básicamente por la planta, aún se desconoce el papel de los HFMA en el debilitamiento de las respuestas de defensa. Recientemente, se ha dado un avance importante en entender los mecanismos mediante los cuales se establece y mantiene la biotrofía del hongo, al describirse la proteína SP7 que interactúa con el factor de transcripción PR, ERF19 en el núcleo de la célula vegetal. Se ha sugerido que SP7 es un efector que actúa oponiéndose al programa de inmunidad de la planta.

Harmonic processes between plant and arbuscular mycorrhyzal fungi (AMF) are required for the symbiosis formation between the two organisms. These processes depend on specific signalling for the plant-fungus recognition, colonisation and bidirectional nutrient exchange. Plants show defence responses against invasive organisms, however they react weakly and localised when challenged by AMF. The benefits derived from the mycorrization are described for the nutritional aspect; however, it is known that mycorrhized plants are more tolerant to biotic stresses. Mycorrhizal induced resistance (MIR) is especially important for the control of foliar pathogens, leaf cutters and necrotrophs. There has also been found that mycorrhizal plants are protected both locally and systemically and their protection is related with jasmonic acid levels at their tissues. One of the most important mechanisms for MIR is the so called “priming” that allows plants to exert a fast and efficient defence response. Possible mechanisms to unravel mycorrhizal plants lower defence systems include: defence suppressor activation, differential plants response towards AMF from inexistent to low, and plant defence response suppression during the AMF symbiosis. The symbiosis control is known to be regulated by the plant, however, no role has been assigned to the AMF for the weakening of the plant defence system. Recently, a big step towards understanding of the fungal role has been made. A protein SP7 that interacts with a PR transcription factor ERF19, in the plant nucleus, has been described. This discovery indicates a possible mechanism to establish and maintain the biotrophic status of the AMF counteracting the immune plant system.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Oak-Pine Forests and Agricultural Land Prevalent in the Kumaon Himalayan Hills, Uttarakhand, India.

The diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was assessed in the Kumaon Himalayan foothills. Four typical ecosystems were selected in the Sat-Tal area located in the Nainital, district in Uttarakhand, India, representing vegetation change due to human settlement and selective logging of native oak. Besides a natural oak forest, a mixed pine-oak forest, a pure pine stand and an arable field were sampled. The latter was cropped with black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and maize (Zea mays L.) during the rainy season from June to September and rotated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during winter for the last 10 years. Only cow dung compost used for fertilization. The highest AMF spore abundance throughout the year was recorded in soil samples from the pine-oak mixed forest, followed by the pine and oak forests and the agricultural field. At all sites, the lowest spore abundance was recorded at the end of the winter season in March, and the highest in October after the rainy season. Whereas in October, Glomus claroideum, Acaulospora scrobiculata and A. spinosa were found at all sites, in March it was only G. intraradices which occurred everywhere. The highest AMF spore morphotype richness was recorded in samples from the oak forest. In AMF-trap cultures set up with field soil inocula, the dominant species recovered were G. intraradices, G. etunicatum and A. scrobiculata. As compared to the field samples, trap culturing of one year enhanced spore abundance but entailed a loss of AMF richness. The study revealed differences in AMF community composition and structure among sites characterized by different land use systems.

Inoculation of tomato seedlings with Trichoderma Harzianum and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and their effect on growth and control of wilt in tomato seedlings

A green house study was conducted to investigate the ability of an isolate of Trichoderma harzianum (P52) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing growth and control of a wilt pathogen caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato seedlings. The plants were grown in plastic pots filled with sterilized soils. There were four treatments applied as follows; P52, AMF, AMF + P52 and a control. A completely randomized design was used and growth measurements and disease assessment taken after 3, 6 and 9 weeks. Treatments that significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced heights and root dry weights were P52, AMF and a treatment with a combination of both P52 and AMF when compared the control. The treatment with both P52 and AMF significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced all growth parameters (heights; shoot and root dry weight) investigated compared to the control. Disease severity was generally lower in tomato plants grown with isolate P52 and AMF fungi either individually or when combined together, though the effect was not statistically significant (P0.05). A treatment combination of P52 + AMF had less trend of severity as compared to each individual fungus. T. harzianum and AMF can be used to enhance growth in tomato seedlings.

Propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a secondary dry forest of Oaxaca, Mexico

Plant cover loss due to changes in land use promotes a decrease in spore diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), viable mycelium and, therefore, in AMF colonization, this has an influence in community diversity and, as a consequence, in its recovery. To evaluate different AMF propagules, nine plots in a tropical dry forest with secondary vegetation were selected: 0, 1, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, and 27 years after abandonment in Nizanda, Oaxaca, Mexico. The secondary vegetation with different stages of development is a consequence of slash and burn agriculture, and posterior abandonment. Soil samples (six per plot) were collected and percentage of AMF field colonization, extrarradical mycelium, viable spore density, infectivity and most probable number (MPN) ofAMF propagules were quantified through a bioassay. Means for field colonization ranged between 40% and 70%, mean of total mycelium length was 15.7 +/- 1.88 mg(-1) dry soil, with significant differences between plots; however, more than 40% of extracted mycelium was not viable, between 60 and 456 spores in 100 g of dry soil were recorded, but more than 64% showed some kind of damage. Infectivity values fluctuated between 20% and 50%, while MPN showed a mean value of 85.42 +/- 44.17 propagules (100 g dry soil). We conclude that secondary communities generated by elimination of vegetation with agricultural purposes in a dry forest in Nizanda do not show elimination of propagules, probably as a consequence of the low input agriculture practices in this area, which may encourage natural regeneration.

La vegetación secundaria con diferentes grados de desarrollo es consecuencia de prácticas agrícolas de rozatumba- quema y su posterior abandono. La remoción de la vegetación por cambios de uso de suelo promueve una disminución en la diversidad de esporas, micelio viable y por lo tanto de la colonización de los hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA), lo cual repercute en la diversidad de la comunidad y como consecuencia en su regeneración. Para evaluar los propágulos de HMA se seleccionaron nueve parcelas con vegetación secundaria con diferentes edades de abandono: 0, 1, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, 27 años, en la región de Nizanda, Oaxaca, México. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo (seis por parcela) y se cuantificó la colonización de campo, el micelio extrarradical, la densidad de esporas viables, así como la infectividad y el número más probable de propágulos infectivos (NMP). Los promedios de la colonización de campo fueron de 40 a 70 %, el promedio de la longitud de micelio total alcanzó 15.7 ± 1.88 mg-1 suelo seco con diferencias significativas entre parcelas, pero más del 40 % del micelio extraído no fue viable. Se encontraron entre 60 y 456 esporas en 100 g de suelo pero más del 64 % presentaron algún tipo de daño. Los valores de infectividad se encontraron entre 20 % y 50 %, mientras que el NMP presentó un promedio de 85.42 ±44.17 (100 g de suelo seco). Concluimos que las comunidades secundarias generadas por la eliminación de la vegetación con fines agrícolas en la selva baja caducifolia en Nizanda o presentan eliminación de propágulos, probablemente por el bajo impacto de la agricultura, lo cual indica que la regeneración natural es posible.

Aspects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in an atlantic forest chronosequence parque estadual turístico do Alto Ribeira (petar), SP

Mycorrhizal colonization was assessed in roots of trees within an Atlantic Forest chronosequence, located in the southeastern of São Paulo State, Brazil, inside Tourist State Park of the High Ribeira Valley (PETAR). The phytosociological survey was carried out in three adjacent areas, all on calcareous soil, which correspond to different time intervals during which they have been left abandoned following a slash-and-burn agricultural perturbation. Early Phase (EP) with 15 years; Mid Phase (MP) with 25 years; and Late Phase (LP) with more than 36 years without clear-cut. The inventory indicated a continuum of tree species substitution, which is dominated by species of Leguminosae, especially Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. (Mimosoideae) in the earlier successional phases. Mycorrhizal colonization, estimated by the occurrence of the mycorrhizal structures in the tree species roots, diminished during the season with less rain (winter), and showed no significant differences between successional phases in the wet season (summer). Rather, the mycorrhizal colonization was correlated with occurrence of the tree’s successional status: being positively correlated with occurrence of pioneer species, and negatively correlated with late secondary species. Mycorrhizal colonization was also correlated negatively with soil organic matter and base saturation. Twenty five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to four genera were identified. Six species were only identified to generic level. The species Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. represented 10% of the total number of spores and occurred in all phases and seasons, while the genus Glomus represented 57% of the total of spores found in the rhizosphere. The diversity indices evaluated for the mycohrriza community were: H’ = 2.3, J’ = 0.97 and R = 4.12. These results are a contribution to the knowledge of The Atlantic Forest biodiversity and may have implications to support programs regarding rehabilitation of degraded vegetation in one of the World’s most threatened Biomes.

Foi levantada a ocorrência de colonização por micorriza nas raízes das espécies arbóreas que dirigem a sucessão secundária sobre solo calcário em uma área localizada no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado em três áreas justapostas correspondentes a diferentes idades de abandono após cultivo de subsistência sobre um solo calcário: Fase Inicial com 15 anos; Fase Intermediaria com 25 anos e Fase Tardia com mais de 36 anos sem corte raso. O inventário indicou a predominância de espécies da família das leguminosas, especialmente Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mimosoideae) nos estágios iniciais de sucessão. A ocorrência de colonização por micorriza nas raízes das espécies arbóreas decresceu ao longo da sucessão durante a estação com menos chuva (inverno). Durante o período de verão, estação mais úmida, a colonização não apresentou diferenças significativas entre as fases de sucessão. A colonização por micorriza nas raízes apresentou correlação com a ocorrência de diferentes estratégias de regeneração entre as espécies arbóreas: positivamente com o aumento de ocorrência de espécies pioneiras e negativamente com espécies secundárias tardias. A colonização apresentou também correlação negativa com o conteúdo de matéria orgânica e saturação de bases no solo. Foram identificadas 25 espécies de fungos micorrizicos arbusculares pertencentes a quatro gêneros, e seis espécies apenas foram identificadas ao nível de gênero. A espécie Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. representou 10 % dos esporos encontrados na rizosfera das amostras analisadas, tendo ocorrido em todas as fases sucessionais e estações. O gênero Glomus representou 57% do total de esporos. Os índices de diversidade para a comunidade de fungos micorrizicos indicaram os seguintes valores: H’ = 2.3, J’ = 0.97 e R = 4.12. Estes resultados são importantes contribuições para um melhor conhecimento da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica e podem ser decisivos no sucesso de ações para a reabilitação de áreas degradadas neste que é um dos biomas mais ameaçados do planeta.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Paekryung and Daecheong Islands

Twenty species representing five genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from twenty-four soil samples of the rhizosphere of the family Gramineae in Paekryung and Daecheong islands. A few species such as Glomus invermaius, G. marcrocapus var. marcrocarpus and Scutellospora coralloidea were recorded for the first time in Korea. The number of spores per 10g of soil was in the range of 8~337 in Paekryung and 16~349 in Daecheong island, respectively. The number of species per 10g of soil was 2~8 species in Paekryung and 2~7 species in Daecheong, respectively. Among them, G. macrocarpus var. macrocarpus was the most abundant species in both islands. The species diversity and evenness were almost similar in Paekryung and Daecheong Islands. Based on the host plants in two islands, the species diversity showed the highest value of 1.63 in Ischaemum crassipes, whereas the eveuness of species showed the lowest value of 0.35 in Eragrostis ferraginea.