Escala de competencias clínicas básicas para psicoterapeutas (ECCBP). Construcción y fiabilidad para Argentina / Basic Clinical Competences Scale for Psychotherapists (BCCSP). Construction and reliability for Argentina

Resumen A nivel internacional, se han elaborado modelos e instrumentos de evaluación de competencias genéricas y específicas; sin embargo, en Argentina los desarrollos han sido menores. Un relevamiento de psicoterapeutas locales concluye que al menos siete competencias clínicas básicas y cinco indicadores asociados a su desarrollo serían esenciales para desempeñarse como terapeutas (Crocamo, 2019). El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir un instrumento para su evaluación, denominado Escala de Competencias Clínicas Básicas para Psicoterapeutas (ECCBP). Para ello, se utilizó un diseño no experimental, transversal de tipo exploratorio en cuatro fases: (1) elaboración del sistema de evaluación; (2) redacción de ítems; (3) revisión de la versión preliminar; y (4) desarrollo del instrumento definitivo. Se aplicó el instrumento a 534 psicoterapeutas argentinos con título de grado de psicólogo. La versión definitiva quedó conformada por 122 ítems y para completarlo se requirieren aproximadamente 45 minutos. La elaboración de un instrumento local favorece el estudio sistemático del área y permite valorar de manera confiable la efectividad de los programas de entrenamiento.

Abstract At the international level, models and instruments for the evaluation of generic and specific competences have been developed; however, in Argentina the developments have been fewer. A survey of local psychotherapists concludes that at least seven basic clinical competencies would be essential to perform as therapists: diagnostic process and design, interventions and techniques, therapeutic bond, professional role, contextual variables and diversity, interview management and evaluation and completion of the process. Furthermore, five activities and experiences would be linked to their training, called associated indicators: basic training and updating, personal development and work on oneself, belonging to institutions and network of professionals, supervision, and personal and professional experience (Crocamo, 2019). Therefore, the objective of this work was to construct an instrument for its evaluation called Basic Clinical Competences Scale for Psychotherapists (BCCSP). To do this, a non-experimental, cross-sectional exploratory design was used in four phases: (1) development of the evaluation system; (2) writing of items; (3) review of the preliminary version; and (4) development of the final instrument. The instrument was applied to 534 Argentine psychotherapists with a degree in psychology. To attend to the particularity of each phase, three samples were used. The first one was composed of three psychotherapists summoned to participate in the selection of the different methodologies to evaluate each competence and indicator. For the second one, reviewers of the instrument made up of five therapists with different levels of professional experience summoned to assess the preliminary version of the instrument. And the third, to study the psychometric properties of the BCCSP, a snowball sample was used composed of 534 psychotherapists from 19 provinces of Argentina. As a result, different evaluation formats were incorporated in order to favor the effective evaluation of the variables, clinical vignettes, self-evaluation of perception of competences and questionnaire. A systematized procedure was carried out to review and refine the pilot version. The percentage of agreement between the reviewers of the instrument (Herrera Rojas, 1993) and the Aiken's V coefficient were calculated using software called Basic Visual Program for Aiken's V, developed by Merino Soto and Livia Segovia (2009). The final version was made up of 122 items and it takes approximately 45 minutes to complete it. The first part is composed of three vignettes which offer clinical descriptions with 15 questions for each situation. Finally, the responses are scored as correct / complete (2 points), correct / partial (1 point) or incorrect (0 points). Next, the self-assessment scale presents the following Cronbach's alpha coefficients Therapeutic link α = .833; Professional role α = .715; Contextual variables and diversity α = .853; Interview management α = .845; Evaluation and completion of the process α = .845 and Design, interventions and techniques II α = .797. Finally, the questionnaire was made up of 22 items: basic training and updating (5 items), personal and professional experience (5 items), personal development and work on oneself (4 items), supervision (4 items), membership in institutions and professional network (5 items). The answers collected will allow to obtain qualitative information on experiences or activities associated with the development of clinical competencies for psychotherapy. In the first place, it should be noted that the BCCSP is an instrument specially constructed for the local population and the study area that can be generalizable to other similar sociocultural contexts since the vast majority of evaluation models and studies have been developed in Anglo-Saxon countries. At the same time, due to the lack of local evaluation instruments, the BCCSP could become a valuable tool, both to be used in research activities and in training programs and educational monitoring.

Adaptación del cuestionario de orientación al ego y a la tarea en el deporte (TEOSQ) en deportistas argentinos

Introducción: La teoría de metas de logro en el deporte intenta explicar la motivación del individuo a partir de conocer qué valor y expectativas les otorga a las actividades deportivas que realiza y las metas que se propone, para definirlas o sentirse exitoso en las mismas, partiendo del supuesto de que el deporte es un contexto de logro y es por esto que los individuos se esforzaran para demostrar competencia y habilidad. El Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire es uno de los instrumentos de medición más utilizados para abordar esta teoría. Sin embargo, no existen estudios locales que permitan medir el constructo en deportistas argentinos adultos. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la adaptación lingüística, conceptual y métrica del TEOSQ en deportistas adultos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Método: El estudio fue instrumental, con un muestreo intencional no probabilístico, se realizó la adaptación del instrumento del inglés al español, luego un juicio de expertos, seguido por un análisis factorial confirmatorio para luego indagar coeficientes de confiabilidad y brindar valores normativos. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 258 deportistas argentinos (63,36% mujeres; 36,4% varones) de las disciplinas, básquetbol, voleibol, futbol de salón, hockey sobre césped y fútbol (edad media=24,41, DE= 6,55). Los resultados obtenidos indican un ajuste aceptable para el modelo de dos factores evidenciado en la literatura habiendo descartado los ítems 5 y 13 por presentar una baja carga factorial (<.30). Se aporta a su vez coeficientes de consistencia interna adecuados (α =.77 y de ω =.85 para orientación al ego; y α =.82 y ω =.86 para orientación a la tarea), y se brindan valores normativos. Conclusión: Este estudio aporta evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para la versión adaptada del TEOSQ en deportistas argentinos.

Background: The theory of achievement goals in sport tries to explain the motivation of the individual from knowing what value and expectations he gives to the sporting activities he performs and the goals that he proposes, to define them or feel successful in them, starting from the assumption that sport is a context of achievement and that is why individuals will strive to demonstrate competence and ability. The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire is one of the most widely used measurement instruments to address this theory. However, there are no local studies that allow measuring the construct in adult Argentine athletes. For this reason, the objective of this study was to carry out the linguistic, conceptual, and metric adaptation of the TEOSQ in adult athletes from the Province of Buenos Aires. Methods: The study was instrumental, with an intentional non-probabilistic sampling, the adaptation of the instrument from English to Spanish was carried out, then an expert judgment, followed by confirmatory factor analysis to then investigate reliability coefficients and provide normative values. Results: The sample consisted of 258 Argentine athletes (63.36% women; 36.4% men) from the disciplines, basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer, field hockey, and soccer (Mean age = 24.41, SD = 6.55). The results obtained indicate an acceptable fit for the two-factor model evidenced in the literature, having discarded items 5 and 13 for presenting a low factor load (<.30). In turn, adequate internal consistency coefficients are provided (α =.77 and ω =.85 for ego orientation; and α =.82 and ω =.86 for task orientation), and normative values are provided. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of validity and reliability for the adapted version of the TEOSQ in Argentine athletes.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Justicia Organizacional de Colquitt en trabajadores argentinos / Psychometric properties of Colquitt's Organizational Justice Scale in Argentine workers

La justicia organizacional se refiere a las percepciones de los trabajadores sobre lo que es justo e injusto en su trabajo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue presentar evidencias sobre la validez factorial y propiedades psicométricas de la versión argentina de la Escala de Justicia Organizacional de Colquitt. Se condujo una investigación empírica, cuantitativa, instrumental, de corte transversal. Se contó con una muestra por disponibilidad de 406 trabajadores (212 varones y 194 mujeres) de organizaciones argentinas. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboraron la estructura tetrafactorial de la escala (justicia distributiva, procedimental, interpersonal e informacional). Se obtuvieron adecuados índices de confiabilidad (valores alfa ordinal y de confiabilidad compuesta mayores de .80) así como de validez discriminante y convergente (índices de varianza media extraída superiores a .60). Tales características psicométricas transforman a la escala validada en una herramienta útil para medir las percepciones de justicia al interior de las organizaciones argentinas.

The term organizational justice (OJ) was coined by Greenberg (1987) to refer to employees' perceptions about what is fair and what is unfair in their workplaces. The concept entails a personal assessment of the ethical and moral standards that characterize the organization. In their analysis of the origins of OJ, Cropanzano, Bowen, and Gilliland (2007) distinguish between the prescriptive approach of philosophers and the descriptive approach of social scientists. Philosophers have discussed the issue of justice long before social scientists, trying to determine what kinds of actions are truly fair. This is the prescriptive approach, which can still be found in the domain of business ethics. In contrast, the interest of social scientists has been in what people think is fair. This constitutes the descriptive approach, which tries to understand why people perceive certain events as fair and others as unfair. From this perspective, justice is a subjective and descriptive concept that captures what the individual believes is fair, rather than an objective reality or prescriptive moral code. In this paper, OJ will be addressed from the viewpoint of social scientists.

Adaptación del Inventario Revisado de Ansiedad Estado Competitiva - 2 a población deportiva argentina / Adaptation of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 to sport argentinian population

La ansiedad es un proceso afectivo que recibió mucha atención en Psicología del Deporte, ya que por sus características es un ámbito fructífero para estudiar este proceso. En Argentina no se hallaron instrumentos adaptados que evalúen este constructo en ámbitos deportivos. El objetivo del estudio realizado fue adaptar el Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (Cox, Martens & Russell, 2003) a una población de deportistas argentinos. Siguiendo la teoría multidimensional de la ansiedad de Martens (1974), este inventario posee 17 ítems distribuidos en tres factores: Ansiedad Somática (AS), Ansiedad Cognitiva (AC) y Autoconfianza (ACF). Se realizaron tres estudios instrumentales y uno de diferencias entre grupos para analizar si existen diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad en función del sexo, deporte y modalidad deportiva (individual - grupal). El estudio de entrevistas cognitivas posibilitó la ampliación del número de ítems por factor. Así, se analizó la estructura interna de 22 ítems mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio. El inventario replicó la estructura factorial original con 8 ítems para ACF,7 para AS y 6 para AC. La confiabilidad presentó valores moderados a altos (de ρ = .84 a .96). Finalmente, se hallaron diferencias en función del sexo, deporte y modalidad deportiva en los niveles de AC y AS, mientras que las diferencias en ACF sólo se hallaron en función del sexo. El inventario posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y por lo tanto, es apropiado para la evaluación de la ansiedad estado competitiva en población deportiva argentina. Se espera que futuros estudios analicen las diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad considerando otros deportes, controlen el efecto de la edad y analicen la validez convergente del inventario.

Participating and/or competing in sports have certain characteristics that make the field of sports a productive one for the study of affective processes such as anxiety. It makes sense, then, that anxiety is a process that has received much attention in Sports Psychology since its beginnings as a discipline. Despite this, in Argentina there are currently no instruments to assess this construct in relation to sports. The aim of the present study was to adapt the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2R - Cox, Martens, & Russell, 2003) for use with Argentinean athletes. The CSAI-2R is composed of 17 items measuring three constructs, following Martens multidimensional anxiety theory (1974): Somatic Anxiety (SA), Cognitive Anxiety (CA), and Self-Confidence (SC). Three instrumental studies were carried out: cognitive interviews, a rating study and internal structure, and one of internal consistency. Finally, a group differences study was conducted. The cognitive interviews consisted in evaluating question comprehension by 10 athletes between the ages of 18 and 27 using a verbal probing technique. For the rating study, two experts in Sports Psychology and Psychometry judged the inventory's items in terms of their quality, as well as their congruence to the factors of interest. Lastly, for the studies of internal consistency and structure and of group differences study, the CSAI-2R was administered to 357 athletes 15 to 45 minutes prior to competing. The sample was made up of 162 females athletes and 195 males athletes between the ages of 11 and 47 (M = 21.83, SD = 5.90) overall averaging 9.18 years practicing their respective sports and all having competed at a regional to international level at least once a year (M = 2.94, SD = 2.38). The cognitive interviews helped clarify items, as well as add new ones (13 items) to be tested in subsequent studies. The rating study revealed complete agreement between the judges as regards congruence (k = 1.00; p < .05), although 8 items had to be eliminated due to poor quality (< 3). Thus, the final version the CSAI-2R replicated the original factorial structure with a total of 21 items. One item was eliminated and two had to be replaced because their factorial weight was below the established threshold of .40. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed adequate indexes (CFI.954, TLI .948 RMSEA .062, 90% CI .055 .070, WRMR 1.199). Internal consistency of the inventory showed moderate to high composite reliability values, (from .84 to .90). Overall, the composite reliability for CSAI-2R was .96. Regarding sex differences, t tests yielded statistical differences in the levels of CA (Mmen = 11.32, Mwomen = 10.12, t(347) = 3.24, p < .05), SA (Mmen = 9.61, Mwomen = 10.81, t(347) = 3.81; p < .05), and SC (Mmen = 26.01, Mwomen = 24.55,t(347) = -2.87, p < .05). Also, sport modalities (group-individual) showed differences in SA (Mindividual = 10.89, Mgroup = 9.87, t (346) = 2.83, p < .05, d = .32) and AC (Mindividual = 9.94, Mgrupal = 10.94, t (347) = -2.47, p < .05, d = -.29). Finally, ANOVA showed differences in SA, F(3,345) = 4.39, p < .05 and CA, F(3, 345) = 3.31, p < .05 between sport type; Tukey post hoc tests showed that martial arts practitioners had higher levels of SA than soccer and hockey practitioners and lower levels of CA than field hockey practitioners. The CSAI-2R demonstrates good psychometric properties and, therefore, is an adequate instrument to assess competitive state-anxiety in Argentinian athletes. However, new instrumental studies are needed in order to check convergent validity and include new sports. Also, socio-demographic variables like age need to be taken into account in group differences studies.

Perspectiva temporal y estilos de personalidad en estudiantes argentinos / Temporal perspective and personality styles in argentinean students

En la Psicología, el concepto de perspectiva temporal introducido por Lewin (1935) se define como la dirección preferencial de los pensamientos de un sujeto hacia el presente, pasado o futuro, dimensión más o menos estable de la personalidad, que influye sobre la motivación, el pensamiento y diversos aspectos de su conducta. Zimbardo define el concepto como un proceso no consciente mediante el cual el flujo de las experiencias personales y sociales se encuadran en categorías temporales que ayudan a dar orden, coherencia y significado a esas experiencias y lo operacionaliza, introduciendo también el concepto de perspectiva temporal balanceada (BTP). Se presentan los resultados de datos recogidos en una muestra de 329 estudiantes argentinos de nivel medio, terciario (nivel superior no universitario) y universitario, a partir de los que se exploró la posible relación entre perfiles de perspectiva temporal y estilos de personalidad y se evaluó el rol de la perspectiva temporal balanceada en la relación entre ambos constructos. Se aplicó el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal (ZTPI - Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), el Cuestionario de Perspectiva Temporal Futura Trascendental (PTFT - Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997) y la adaptación para Argentina del Inventario Millon de Estilos de Personalidad (Casullo & Castro Solano, 2000). Los análisis de correlaciones y de variancia arrojan evidencia empírica acerca de las relaciones significativas entre perfiles de perspectiva temporal y estilos de personalidad y se verifica, en particular, que hay un perfil de perspectiva temporal más adaptativo que el resto. Se interpretan los resultados como bidireccionales.

The time notion has a central place both in the philosophical reflection and in Psychology, indicating a systematical position with regard to the man's mode of existence in the world. In Psychology, the time perspective concept was introduced by Lewin (1935), and defined as the totality of the individual's views of his psychological future and psychological past existing at a given time, a more or less stable trait of the personality, which influences the motivation, thinking, and various aspects of their behaviour. Zimbardo is the author that more has been busy of the operationalization of this concept, which he defined as a non conscious process through which the flow of personal and social experiences is assigned to temporal categories that help give order, coherence and meaning to those experiences. The relative weight of the time frames introduce considerable differences in the decisions and behaviours and this preference for any of the dimensions can function as a static personality trait that can be non-adaptive. Hence, the authors introduce the concept of balanced time perspective (BTP) according to which the present, past and future are combined in a flexible manner, in response to the demands of the times and tasks in the life of the people, as well as to their dominant values. In this work we present the results of data collected in a sample of 329 students of secondary, tertiary and university levels, from which explored the possible relationship between profiles of temporal perspective and personality styles in Argentinean students and evaluate the role of balanced temporal perspective in that relationship. The ZTPI (Inventory of Temporal Perspective -Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), the Questionnaire of Transcendental Future Time Perspective (PTFT -Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997), and the MIPS adaptation to Argentina (Casullo & Castro Solano, 2000) are applied. For the data analysis was used the following statistical: analysis of correlations, analysis of variance (ANOVA one way), tests of significance of the proportional differences and K-Means Cluster Analysis. We used the SPSS.20. Using cluster analysis, three profiles of time perspective and three personality styles are obtained. It is also estimated the deviation of balanced temporal perspective (DBTP) for each subject and three conglomerates were determinated. The correlations and variance analysis show empirical evidence about the meaningful relationships between profiles of temporal perspective and personality styles. It was verified, in particular, that there is a profile of temporal perspective more adaptive than the rest. In fact, 55% of the subjects who are identified with a profile of equilibrate-transcendent PT are within the group with open, active, strong and sociable personality stile, while 40% of subjects with conflicting PT are located in the style of conflicted personality. The inclusion of the future transcendental time scale, unified with the ZTPI allows us to see this perspective influences, in particular in the profiles of PT and its relationship with the personality styles. Some of these relationships and their difference with those found by the authors of both scales of PT are interpreted as a result of cultural differences. All the links found are confirmed on the basis of the determination of the balanced time perspective (BTP), which in our sample corresponds to the 28 per cent of the total number of subjects. There would be a two-way relationship, a mutual influence; on the one hand, certain personality traits would glances spreads to the temporal dimensions of the lived and living life and, on the other hand, the profile of temporal perspective that is being consolidated as personality trait refluxes on the rest of the traits, to contribute to the achievement of a identity with greater or lesser degree of adaptation and completeness.

Conocimientos, percepciones, actitudes y prácticas relacionados con la ingesta de sal y su impacto en la salud de jóvenes de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and practices related to the ingestion of salt and his impact in the health of young people of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Introducción: organismos oficiales mundiales iniciaron acciones para reducir la ingesta de sal por su efecto positivo individual y epidemiológico en el descenso de la tensión arterial. Objetivos: a) desarrollar un cuestionario autoadministrado para encuestar a 100 estudiantes de Medicina, 100 de Ciencias Sociales y 100 de una Escuela Técnica de Buenos Aires (Argentina) sobre percepciones, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionados con el cuidado de la salud e ingesta de sal y sus implicancias; b) describir, evaluar y comparar los resultados de la encuesta. Materiales y métodos: el cuestionario incluyó datos demográficos y antecedentes patológicos personales/familiares; afirmaciones sobre percepciones, saberes, conductas y actitudes relacionados con el cuidado de la ingesta de sal e implicancias; recomendaciones de acción; sabor y cuidado de salud; calificación de contenido sal/sodio de 19 alimentos/preparaciones; conocimiento de la cantidad diaria recomendada de ingesta (CDRI) de sal y estrategias individuales para reducir su consumo. Se midieron frecuencias y se aplicaron alfa de Cronbach, X2 , RMSEA, ANOVA, prueba de Tukey y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: se encontró que las mujeres priorizaban las conductas preventivas; todos relacionaban la ingesta de sal con patologías pero subestimaban el efecto preventivo de su reducción; los estudiantes de Medicina desconocían menos la CDRI y valoraban más acciones que los ayudaran a conocerla; todos sobreestimaron alimentos de bajo contenido de sodio y viceversa; la reducción/supresión de sal de mesa superó a la de identificar "sal oculta" para disminuir la ingesta. Conclusiones: serían necesarias acciones educativas y el involucramiento de kioscos, cantinas y comedores escolares/ universitarios para ofrecer a estos jóvenes entornos alimentarios más saludables.

Introduction: global government agencies have begun action to reduce salt intake for their individual and epidemiological positive effect on lowering blood pressure. Objectives: a) to develop a self-administered questionnaire to survey 100 students of Medicine, 100 and 100 of Social Sciences of School of Buenos Aires (Argentina) on perceptions, knowledge, attitudes and practices related to health care and salt intake and practices implications; b) to describe, evaluate and compare the results of the survey. Materials and methods: the questionnaire included demographic data and personal/family medical history; statements about perceptions, knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to the care of salt intake and implications; recommendations for action; taste and health care; grade salt/sodium foods 19, preparations content; knowledge of the recommended daily amount of intake (CDRI) salt and individual strategies to reduce consumption. Frequencies are measured and Cronbach's alpha, X2 , RMSEA, ANOVA, Tukey test and Kruskal Wallis were applied. Results: it was found that women prioritized preventive behaviors; all related pathologies salt intake but underestimated the preventive effect of reduction; Medical students were unaware least CDRI and more valued actions that help to know; all overestimated foods low in sodium and vice versa; the reduction/elimination of table salt surpassed that of identifying "hidden salt" to reduce intake. Conclusions: it would take educational activities and the involvement of kiosks, canteens and school/college cafeterias to provide healthier food these young environments.

Autopercepción del atractivo corporal en dos culturas: mexicana y argentina / Self perception of body attractiveness in two cultures: Mexican and Argentine

Con el propósito de describir el nivel de atractivo corporal que consideran tener los jóvenes mexicanos y argentinos, se trabajó una muestra no probabilística intencional, compuesta por 272 universitarios repartidos equitativamente por nacionalidad y por sexo de las ciudades de Toluca (México) y Mendoza (Argentina). Se utilizó el instrumento de "evaluación de atractivo corporal", que evalúa el atractivo de las partes visibles que constituyen el cuerpo humano del 0 al 100%. Los resultados por nacionalidad muestran que los mexicanos presentan más partes del cuerpo valoradas favorablemente en comparación con los argentinos. Las diferencias por sexo indican que los hombres mexicanos tienden a considerar atractivas más partes del cuerpo que las mujeres mexicanas. Sin embargo, en la muestra argentina no hay diferencia en el número de partes del cuerpo evaluadas como atractivas. En ambas nacionalidades, se observa una tendencia a valorarse con referencia en las partes consideradas como masculinas para los hombres y femeninas para las mujeres. De manera general, se observa que el cuerpo es y seguirá siendo un importante medio de expresión y el valor que se le dé establecerá el grado de seguridad que se tenga al relacionarse con la psicosociocultura particular.

In order to describe the level of physical attractiveness that mexican and argentine consider having, we worked with an intentional non-probabilistic sample composed of 272 university students shared equally by nationality and gender from the cities of Toluca (Mexico) and Mendoza (Argentina). The instrument used was "physical attractiveness assessment", which evaluates the attractiveness of the visible body parts from 0 to 100%. The research findings by nationality show that mexican people value more their body parts compared with argentinean. Sex differences indicate that mexican men tend to consider more attractive their body parts than mexican women. However, argentinean people show no difference in the number of body parts evaluated as attractive. In both nationalities, there is a tendency to put a higher value on body parts considered masculine by men and feminine by women. In general, it appears that the body is and will remain an important mean of expression and the value that it is given will establish the degree of security that people has to relate to their particular psychological, sociological and cultural context.

Estudio TAMARA II. Tabaquismo en médicos de la República Argentina II / The tamara ii trial. smoking among physicians in argentina

background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and death. It is important to know the characteristics of smoking habits among physicians and their attitude toward patients who smoke. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of smoking among physicians in Argentina, the factors associated with tobacco consumption and their attitude toward their patients who smoke. Methods: An observational cross- sectional study was performed between June and December 2013 in Argentine physicians of dif-ferent specialties. Using a structured survey, the following variables were analyzed: associated cardiovascular risk factors, charac-teristics of tobacco consumption, smoking cessation training and the attitude toward the patient who smokes. results: 3,033 physicians were surveyed, ; 57% were men, and mean age was 41.3±12 years; 19.7% were current smokers and 21.7% were former smokers. The probability of being a smoker was higher among surgeons (OR 1.29) or physicians working at the emergency room (OR 1.41). Undergraduate and postgraduate tobacco cessation training was achieved by 36.6% and 40.8% of physicians, respectively. Young physicians, clinical specialties or private practice were associated with higher level of training. Tobacco cessation counseling was more frequent in physicians with higher level of training than physicians who smoked or surgeons. Former smokers presented higher prevalence of risk factors and cardiovascular events. Family history of smoking habit was more common in former smokers and current smokers. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking among Argentine physicians is high. Different factors are involved in the probability of smoking, tobacco cessation training or the possibility of medical counseling. Higher level of training in smoking cessation must be provided.

Identidad nacional y su relación con la dominancia social y la tolerancia a la transgresión en residentes de Buenos Aires (Argentina) / National identity and its relationship with social dominance and tolerance transgression in Buenos Aires' residents (Argentina)

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir y analizar los componentes de la identidad nacional argentina y su relación con la orientación de la dominancia social (ODS) y la tolerancia a la transgresión normativa. Para tal fin, se realizaron encuestas a 170 sujetos que residían en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Conurbano Bonaerense (República Argentina). Los resultados evidencian un grado de identificación medio-alto con la categoría social argentino, a la vez que muestran una autoestima colectiva medio-alta. Los atributos autoestereotípicos que conforman la identidad nacional comprenden tres dimensiones: argentino positivo, argentino negativo y argentino avivado. Esta última dimensión fue la que presentó mayor consenso entre los participantes, lo que sugiere que la viveza es percibida como una interface entre lo negativo y lo positivo por sus características adaptativas y funcionales. Los resultados muestran además que la ODS se relaciona inversamente con los componentes positivos, y directamente con los componentes negativos de la identidad nacional, lo que lleva a pensar que el ser argentino no necesariamente se vincula con el estatus o poder en personas dominantes. Finalmente, en relación con la tolerancia a la transgresión, los niveles de acuerdo con la misma son bajos en la muestra. Las caracterizaciones del argentino negativo y argentino avivado se vinculan con la tolerancia hacia ciertos comportamientos transgresores, especialmente con aquellos considerados menos graves y que no perjudican directamente a terceros.

From early beginnings of the last century, the stereotypes and categorizations about the Argentineans where predominantly negative, both for foreigners as for Argentineans themselves (D’adamo & García Beaudoux, 1994). This lack of a positive nationalism has been related to the lack of adherence to the norm and corruption, as well as to the bias towards the European countries shown by the Argentinean society and its members. This negative social self-concept among Argentineans is not unique in the region, in fact, a study carried out in the 90’s revealed that most of Latin American countries had negative national identities (Salazar, J. M. & Salazar, M. A., 1998). However, more recent studies carried out in countries such as Peru or Mexico suggest that there might be a shift in some aspects of their national identities, from a mainly negative one to a more ambivalent one, with some positive and some negative aspects. Some of these studies also evidenced certain relations between the national identity and other psychosocial variables such as the social dominance orientation (SDO) and the political ideology. Both high levels of SDO and a right wing political ideology had a negative impact on the different components of the national identity. These results may enlighten the study of the national identity in Argentina, that’s why the aim of this study was to describe and analyze some components of the Argentinean national identity and their relationship to SDO and tolerance towards transgressive behaviors. To this end, a survey with 170 residents in Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires and its surroundings was carried out. Results showed middle-high levels of identification and collective self-esteem related to the Argentinean social category. The national self-stereotypes that conform Argentinean identity were gathered in three dimensions: Positive argentine, Negative argentine, and Crafty argentine. The last dimension was the most consensual among participants, suggesting that craftiness is perceived as an interface between the negative and positive self-stereotype dimensions, because of its functionality and adaptability characteristics. The results also showed that the SDO was inversely related to the positive dimension, and directly related to the negative dimension of national identity, which suggests that the Argentine social category is not linked to status or power in dominant people. Finally, scores of tolerance toward normative transgression were low in the sample. However, negative argentine and crafty argentine dimensions were more tolerant toward transgressor behaviors that could be considered less serious and not harmful to others. The results confirm the negative relation between the SDO and the positive national identity, although the causes of this relation are yet to be studied. The research also suggests that there might be a shift in some of the components and expressions of the national identity. As well as in other countries of Latin America, this shift is characterized for its ambivalence between some positive aspects and other negative ones. Perhaps this ambivalence is best characterized by the craftiness, where the negative aspects of norm transgression and individualism meet the positive aspects of social warmth, adaptability and creativity. As for further investigations, it’s important to study how the different national identities interact with specific scenarios, and how this interaction has an impact on the individual behavior. Altogether, this kind of research helps to understand the national identity more deeply, and therefore, enlighten us to make a positive change in order to develop a healthy social identity, based on mutual trust and respect.

Comportamientos contraproducentes en el trabajo: diseño y validación de una escala / Counterproductive Work Behavior: Design and Validation of a Scale

Los comportamientos contraproducentes (CCP) son acciones voluntarias y discrecionales que violan las normas organizacionales. Se describen los pasos seguidos para el desarrollo y validación de una escala para medirlos. A partir de la revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas focales y consultas con expertos se elaboró una escala preliminar que fue aplicada a 336 empleados argentinos. Del análisis factorial exploratorio emergió una estructura trifactorial, la que fue corroborada a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio. La consistencia interna de los factores fue superior a .80. La validez discriminante se examinó mediante correlaciones con medidas de satisfacción, estrés laboral, percepciones de justicia, afectividad y deseabilidad social. Se discute la importancia de contar con instrumentos de medición que reflejen la cultura organizacional de las empresas latinoamericanas.

Counterproductive organizational behaviors (COB) are voluntary and discretionary actions that violate significant organizational norms. This article describes the steps followed for the development and validation of a scale to measure them. From the literature review, focus group, and expert opinion, a preliminary scale with 37 items was designed, which was applied to 336 Argentine employees. An exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure, which was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency of the factors was greater than .80. The discriminant validity was examined through correlations with measures of justice perceptions, affectivity, satisfaction, job stress, and social desirability. We discuss the importance to have measurement instruments that reflect the organizational culture of Latin American companies.

Estudio piloto para la adaptación del Inventario de Apego a Padres y Pares (IPPA) en una muestra de adolescentes argentinos / Pilot study in the adaptation of inventory of parent and peer attachment in a sample of argentine adolescents

En la Programación Científica anterior¹ se confirmó que la falla en el vínculo primario constituye un factor etiopatológico durante la adolescencia² . El estudio del Apego resulta valioso para comprender cómo inluencia el vínculo primario, en aquel que se mantiene con los pares en la adolescencia. Se halló que la adaptación al castellano (Pardo, Pineda, Carillo & Castro, 2006) del Inventario de Apego a Padres y Pares (IPPA Armsden & Greenberg 1987), dejaba sin clasificar un 30% de los sujetos argentinos. Como se trata del instrumento que más se ha trabajado en distintos países y por distintos autores, el mismo puede servir de base para la posible creación de un nuevo instrumento; por lo cual el objetivo es traducir y adaptar el IPPA en una muestra no clínica argentina. Se presenta un estudio piloto, parte de un trabajo en curso. Se autoadministró el instrumento en Escuelas de Capital Federal, zona Sur y Norte del Gran Buenos Aires. Se obtuvo una muestra de 233 adolescentes argentinos de ambos sexos de 13-18 años. Se hallaron diecinueve combinatorias no contempladas en la adaptación al castellano existente y quince respecto del original.

In previous research project it was conirmed that failures in the primary link are an etiopathological factor during adolescence. The study of Attachment is meaningful to understand how the primary attachment figure influences peers relationships during adolescence. Adaptation into Spanish (Pardo, Pineda, Carillo & Castro, 2006) of the IPPA (Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) left nearly 30% of argentine adolescents outside of the proposed classification. As the IPPA is one of the most used instruments in many countries and by many authors, it can be useful for a further construction of a new instrument. The aim of this project is to translate and adapt the IPPA and administer it to a non-clinical argentine sample. Results of this pilot study are presented. The IPPA was self-administered in different schools of Capital Federal, and South and North of Gran Buenos Aires. The sample consisted of 233 argentine adolescents of ages 13 and 18, both genders. Results show nineteen clusters not included in the Colombian adaptation as well as ifteen in the original version.

Historia de los neurocirujanos argentinos en el mundo: tercera parte / Argentine neurosurgeons in the world: historial prespective: third part

La neurocirugía moderna como disciplina de la medicina y especialidad de la cirugía nació y se desarrolló principalmente en el hemisferio norte durante el siglo XX. Por ello, muchos neurocirujanos sudamericanos, y especialmente argentinos, se entrenaron en centros médicos de gran prestigio en Norteamérica y Europa, y al regresar a sus países de origen fundaron escuelas y centros hospitalarios neuroquirúrgicos importantes. Muchos de sus discípulos, así como otros jóvenes médicos, siguieron los pasos de estospioneros y buscaron nuevos horizontes en otras partes del mundo donde algunos se establecieron ejerciendo con distinción la neurocirugía. En este marco, el presente estudio aborda un conjunto de biografías de destacados neurocirujanos argentinos que ejercieron y aún ejercen la profesión en el exterior. Sus historias, en cuatro entregas de esta revista, dos de ellas ya publicadas, se presentan contextualizadas en el marco histórico de la especialidad. Nuestro propósito es contribuir a la Historia de la Medicina Argentina y estrechar los vínculos de la comunidad neuroquirúrgica argentina en el mundo.

Modern neurosurgery as a discipline of medicine and as a specialty of surgery was born mainly in the northern hemisphere and in the 20th Century. South American pioneers, including Argentine neurosurgeons trained in foreign medical institutions and then came back to start local neurosurgicalcenters and training programs. The 20th Century witnessed the phenomenon of increased migration of peoples. SomeArgentine neurosurgeons established their residence outside Argentina where they practiced and some are still practicing the “Princess of Surgical Specialties”. A brief summary of the 11. Andersen R. Laser Space Experiments Find a Museum Home. OPN 2006; 12-3. http://bit.ly/d58CRW 12. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Laser, JULIE Payload, STS 61-C. http://bit.ly/cQraeY 13. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Container, JULIEGetaway Special, STS 61-C. http://bit.ly/95J0Lm 14. Malis LI. Electrosurgery and bipolar technology. Neurosurgery2006; 58(1 Suppl): 1-12. 15. Camins MB, Moore FM, Carmel PW. Leonard I. Malis, MD, 1919– 2005: “a legend in his own time”. An obituary. J Neurosurg 2006; 104: 332-3 16. Galafassi HD. Ernesto Patricio Dowling: Un Inciador de la Neurocirugía. Rev Argent Neuroc 2004; 18(S1): 24-6. 17. Plot HM. Apuntes para la Historia del Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Pirovano. Rev Argent Neuroc 2007; 21: 201-7.development of neurosurgery in the World, South America, and Argentina was included in the first article. It preceded a number of biographical sketches describing the personal andprofessional lives of some Argentine neurosurgeons throughout the world. This is the third article of four. The last one will include a discussion and conclusions. This contribution addsto the excellent publications dealing with the history of neurosurgeryin Argentina.

Historia de los neurocirujanos argentinos en el mundo: segunda parte / Argentine neurosurgeons in the worl historial perspective: second part

La Neurocirugía moderna como disciplina de la medicina y especialidad de la cirugía nació y se desarrolló principalmente en el hemisferio norte durante el siglo XX. Por ello, muchos neurocirujanos sudamericanos, y especialmente argentinos, se entrenaron en centros médicos de gran prestigio en Norteamérica y Europa, y al regresar a sus países de origen fundaron escuelas y centros hospitalarios neuroquirúrgicos importantes. Muchos de sus discípulos, así como otros jóvenes médicos, siguieron los pasos de estospioneros y buscaron nuevos horizontes en otras partes del mundo donde algunos se establecieron ejerciendo con distinción la neurocirugía. En este marco, el presente estudio aborda un conjunto de biografías de destacados neurocirujanos argentinos que ejercieron y aún ejercen la profesión en el exterior. Sus historias, a publicarse en cuatro entregas de esta revista, se presentan contextualizadas en el marco histórico de la especialidad. Nuestro propósito es contribuir a la Historia de la Medicina Argentina y estrechar los vínculos de la comunidad neuroquirúrgica argentina en el mundo.

Historia de los neurocirujanos argentinos en el mundo: primera parte / Argentine neurosurgeons in the World: historical perspective: first part

La Neurocirugía moderna como disciplina de la medicina y especialidad de la Cirugía nació y se desarrolló principalmente en el hemisferio norte durante el siglo XX. Por ello, muchos neurocirujanos sudamericanos, y especialmente argentinos, se entrenaron en centros médicos de gran prestigio en Norteamérica y Europa, y al regresar a sus países de origen fundaron escuelas y centros hospitalarios neuroquirúrgicas importantes. Muchos de sus discípulos, así como otros jóvenes médicos, siguieron los pasos de estos pioneros y buscaron nuevos horizontes en otras partes del mundo donde se establecieron ejerciendo con distinción la Neurocirugía. En este marco, el presente estudio aborda un conjunto de biografías de destacados neurocirujanos argentinos que ejercieron y aún ejercen la profesión en el exterior. Sus historias, a publicarse en cuatro entregas de esta revista, se presentan contextualizadas en el marco histórico de la especialidad. Nuestro propósito es contribuir a la Historia de la Medicina Argentina y estrechar los vínculos de la comunidad neuroquirúrgica argentina en el mundo.

Modern neurosurgery as a discipline of medicine and as a specialty of surgery was born mainly in the northern hemisphere and in the 20th Century. South American pioneers, including Argentine neurosurgeons got training in foreign medical centers and then founded local neurosurgical centers and training programs. The 20th Century witnessed the phenomenon of the migration of peoples. Some Argentine neurosurgeons established their residence outside Argentina where they practiced and some are still practicing the "Princess of Surgical Specialties". A brief summary of the development of neurosurgery in the World, South America and Argentina precedes the presentation of a list of biographical sketches describing the personal and professional lives of some Argentine neurosurgeons throughout the world. This will be published in four parts. This contribution adds to the excellent publications dealing with the history of neurosurgery in Argentina.