Body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions in schoolchildren living in the urban periphery of La Plata, Argentina

The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition in relation to nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions of residence in schoolchildren living in the urban periphery of La Plata, Argentina. Weight, height, arm circumference and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were measured in 3,284 schoolchildren aged 4-12 years in the period 2014-2017. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reference was used to assess nutritional status, identifying the following categories: normal, underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Body composition was evaluated based on upper arm muscle area (UMA) and upper arm fat area (UFA). Deficit and excess UMA and UFA were also calculated. Central fat distribution was determined with the subscapular-tricipital index. Socio-environmental characteristics were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of nutritional status and body composition indicators were compared by sex using Chi square test. Socio-environmental data were analyzed using categorical Principal Component Analysis, discriminating into more favorable and unfavorable conditions. Nutritional status results were as follows: normal, 64.5%; stunting, 3.4%; underweight, 0.0%; wasting, 0.1%; overweight, 15.6% and obesity 16.4%. The nutritional status of children worsened as the socio-environmental condition of their families became more precarious. Long-term socio-environmental stress manifested as decreased muscle tissue in normal, stunted, overweight and obese children. The current results evidence the strong impact of poverty on child growth and development and at the same time enforce the need for continuous monitoring of children with hidden malnutrition(AU)

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la composición corporal en relación al estado nutricional y las condiciones socio-ambientales de niños residentes en la periferia urbana de La Plata, Argentina. Sobre 3284 escolares de 4 a 12 años se evaluaron peso, talla, perímetro braquial y pliegues tricipital y subescapular, durante los años 2014-2017. Se determinaron, utilizando la referencia NHANES III, las categorías de estado nutricional Normal; Bajo Peso/Edad; Baja Talla/Edad; Bajo IMC/Edad; Sobrepeso y Obesidad, y para composición corporal, se calcularon las áreas muscular y grasa (UMA y UFA) y se estimaron los déficits y excesos de tejido muscular y graso. La adiposidad centralizada fue estimada con el índice subescapular-tricipital. Las características socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante encuesta estructurada. Las prevalencias del estado nutricional y de los indicadores de composición corporal fueron estimados y comparados por sexos, mediante pruebas de Chi2. Los datos socio-ambientales se analizaron empleando Análisis de Componentes Principales categóricos y se discriminaron dos grupos: con condiciones más favorables y con condiciones desfavorables. Los resultados indicaron: 64.5% Normal, 3.4% Baja Talla/Edad, 0.0% Bajo Peso/Edad; 0.1% Bajo IMC/Edad; 15.6% Sobrepeso; 16.4% Obesidad. El estado nutricional de los niños empeoró cuando la calidad socio-ambiental de sus familias se hizo más precaria. Debido al estrés socio-ambiental continuo, los niños tuvieron disminución del tejido muscular, incluyendo aquellos con estado nutricional Normal, Baja Talla/Edad, Sobrepeso y Obesidad. Los resultados alcanzados evidencian la impronta que deja la pobreza e impone urgentemente el monitoreo continuo de niños "con desnutrición oculta"(AU)

Sensitivity Test Of Mid-Arm Muscle Area And Upper Arm Circumference To Assess Nutritional Status In Patient With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Induction Phase

BACKGROUND :Leukemia is the most common malignancy, with incidence of 3.7 – 4.9 case per 100.000 children and the majority are children 2 to 5 years old. There are various nutritional status and one of them depend on the measurement method. In a case presence with organomegali, mass, and ascites, the past way to measure the nutritional status is by measuring the mid-arm muscle area (MAMA) and upper arm circumference (UAC)OBJECTIVE :to assess sensitivity of MAMA and UAC to determine the nutritional status in patient with ALL induction phaseMETHODS :Cross sectional study on 35 patient with ALL that had induction phase chemotherapy. Sample were taken with consecutive sampling, and MAMA and UAC were measured. ROC analysis was performed to obtain the cut off point. Bivariate analysis was performed with chi-squareRESULT:From 35 sample that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 20 patient with severe malnutrition by measuring the MAMA and the other 15 patient by measuring the UAC. We found the AUC values MAMA is 70%, the cut off point is 1033,07 mm2 and AUC values UAC is 87,8% with cut-off point 152,5mm by using ROC analysis.CONCLUSION :The sensitivity value of the measurement of the MAMA 47% and UAC 80% with specicity value MAMA 70% and UAC 85%. and the sensitivity value UAC 80% and specicity 85%. From result measuring MAMA not more sensitive to assess the nutritional status of ALL patients in the induction phase

Predição da massa corporal magra de adultos brasileiros através da área muscular do braço / Prediction of lean body mass in Brazilian adults through arm muscle area / Predicción de la masa corporal magra de adultos brasileños a través del área muscular del brazo

INTRODUÇÃO: A área muscular do braço (Amb) é componente da massa corporal magra (MCM). OBJETIVO: Propor uma equação para estimativa da MCM através da Amb. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco voluntários masculinos, aparentemente saudáveis, com idade média de 22 ± 3 anos e massa corporal 74,9 ± 8,43 kg, foram distribuídos randomicamente em grupos de validação interna (VI) e validação externa (VE). Tais sujeitos foram submetidos a medidas antropométricas e à hidrometria. Antes dos testes, os sujeitos receberam as seguintes orientações: a) evitar o consumo de cafeína e álcool nas 24 horas precedentes; b) não realizar atividade física extenuante (≥ 5 METs), pelo menos nas 12 horas prévias ao exame e; c) período pós-prandial de quatro horas. A área muscular do braço foi determinada através da equação: Ama= [C-(T . π)]²÷(4 . π). RESULTADOS: O modelo derivado para predição foi: MCM= 9,127 + (0,625 . MC) + (0,139 . Amb); r2= 0,91, EPE= 1,85 kg (2,5% da massa corporal ou MC). Para VE, não houve diferença significativa entre a MCM medida pela eletrobioimpedância e a prevista pela fórmula acima (p=0,350), r²= 0,94, CV%= 2,0%, CCI= 0,97 e EPE= 1,87 kg. CONCLUSÃO: A equação de regressão múltipla derivada permite estimar a MCM de jovens brasileiros do sexo masculino. .

INTRODUCTION: Arm muscle area (Ama) is a component of lean body mass (LBM). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop an equation for estimating LBM through the Ama. METHODS: Forty-five apparently healthy young males, with an average age of 22 ± 3 years and body mass of 74.9 ± 8.43 kg, were randomly divided into two groups: internal validation (IV) and external validation (EV). The total sample was submitted to anthropometric and hydrometric measurements. Before the test, the subjects received the following instructions: a) to avoid caffeine and alcohol 24 hours before the test; b) not to do any strenuous physical activity (≥5 METs) for at least 12 hours prior to exam and; c) a postprandial period of 4 hours. Ama was obtained by the equation: Ama=[C- (T . π) ]² ÷ (4 . π). RESULTS: The prediction model obtained was: LBM= 9.127 + (0.625 . BW) + (0.139 . Ama); r2=0.91; SEE=1.85 kg (2.5% BW). For the EV, no significant difference was found between LBM measured by BIA and that provided by the formula (p=0.35); r²= 0.94; CV%= 2.0%; ICC= 0.97 and SEE= 1.87 kg. CONCLUSION: The multiple regression equation enables the LBM to be estimated for young Brazilian males. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: El área muscular del brazo (Amb) es componente de la masa corporal magra (MCM). OBJETIVO: Proponer una ecuación para estimativa de la MCM a través de Amb. MÉTODOS: Cuarenta y cinco voluntarios masculinos, aparentemente saludables, con edad promedio de 22 ± 3 años y masa corporal 74,9 ± 8,43 kg, fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en grupos de validación interna (VI) y validación externa (VE). Tales sujetos fueron sometidos a medidas antropométricas y a hidrometría. Antes de los tests, los sujetos recibieron las siguientes orientaciones: a) evitar el consumo de cafeína y alcohol en las 24 horas precedentes; b) no realizar actividad física extenuante (≥ 5 METs), por lo menos en las 12 horas previas al examen y, c) período postprandial de cuatro horas. El área muscular del brazo fue determinada a través de la ecuación: Ama= [C-(T . π)]²÷(4 . π). RESULTADOS: El modelo derivado para predicción fue: MCM= 9,127 + (0,625 . MC) + (0,139 . Amb); r2= 0,91, EPE= 1,85 kg (2,5% de la masa corporal o MC). Para VE, no hubo diferencia significativa entre la MCM medida por la electrobioimpedancia y la prevista por la fórmula de arriba (p=0,350), r²= 0,94, CV%= 2,0%, CCI= 0,97 y EPE= 1,87 kg. CONCLUSIÓN: La ecuación de regresión múltiple derivada permite estimar la MCM de jóvenes brasileños del sexo masculino. .

Dinamometria de manos en estudiantes de Merida, México / Hands dynamometry in students from Merida, Mexico

In a sample of 676 students (316 boys and 360 girls) aged 10 to 18 years in Merida, Mexico, hand-held dynamometry was performed to develop a regression model that permitted to estimate the strength of each hand by sex from the upper arm muscle area and age. The right hand was significantly stronger than the left in both men (1.43 kg, t=8.748, p<0.001) and women (1.07 kg, t=9.347, p<0.001). Among the subjects, 94.1% reported being right-handed and the rest left-handed; 71.4% of the right-handed subjects and 60.0% of the left-handed subjects had stronger right hand. However, Chi-squared test showed no significant differences in these distributions (p=0.125). Altogether 70.7% of the sample had stronger right hand than left, and the rest had the opposite pattern of stronger left hand than right and Student's t-tests exhibited significant bilateral difference (p<0.0001) of dynamometric grip strength in either section.

En una muestra de 676 estudiantes (316 hombres y 360 mujeres) de 10 a 18 años de edad en Mérida, México, se realizó dinamometría para obtener un modelo de regresión que permitiera estimar la fuerza de cada mano según sexo a partir del área muscular braquial y edad. La mano derecha fue significativamente más fuerte que la izquierda tanto en hombres (1.43 kg; t=8.748, p<0.001) como en mujeres (1.07 kg; t=9.347, p<0.001). El 94.1% mencionó ser diestro y el resto zurdo; 71.4% de los diestros y 60.0% de los zurdos tuvieron la mano derecha más fuerte, el Chi cuadrado no mostró diferencias significativas en estas distribuciones (p=0.125). El 70.7% tuvo la mano derecha más fuerte que la izquierda, y el resto la izquierda más fuerte que la derecha. Las pruebas t (t=29.076 y t=-14.808 respectivamente) mostraron diferencias bilaterales significativas (p<0.0001) de la dinamometría de la fuerza de apretón.

The Pattern of Weight Gain and Change of Peripheral Serum Lipid Profiles in Idiopathic Epileptic Children Treated with Valproate / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the change of weight and body composition, and lipid profiles in the idiopathic epileptic children treated with valproate. METHODS: We measured the weight, height, left arm circumference, left triceps skinfold thickness of 30 idiopathic epileptic children treated with valproate before, at 1 month and 4 months of treatment. We also analyzed the serum lipid profiles of the patients before and at 4 months of treatment. We analyzed the change of Body Mass Index (BMI), Arm Muscle Area(AMA), Arm Fat Area(AFA), and the serum lipid profiles. Two-way analysis of variance, chi-square test and paired-t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant change in BMI, AFA, AMA of the patients. But the weight of 13(44.3%) children increased greater than 10% with valproate treatment. AMA were not changed, but AFA were significantly increased, 791.2+/-209.6 mm2 before treatment, 858.1+/-246.6 mm2 at 1 month, 1051.7+/-393.2 mm2 at 4 months, in 13 patients, whose weight gain were greater than 10%(P<0.05). There was no change in cholesterols, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins of the 30 children. CONCLUSION: The increase of the weight in the children treated with valproate resulted from the increase body fat. So the weight gain may be a risk factor of obesity

Change in Nutritional Status of Elementary School Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the present nutritional status with that of previous surveys done in Korea and other advance countries. METHODS: We measured the arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness of 1,009 students of Hanyang Elementary School. We analyzed the arm muscle area and arm fat area. We analyzed the lomgitudinal height and weight of 6th grade children. We used an obesity index to estimate the prevalence of obesity. RESULTS: The mean height increased to 4.2-6.6cm in boys, 3.7-6.3cm in girls and the mean weight increased to 3.7-9.7kg in boys, 3.2-8.2kg in girls. The median of arm circumference increased to 7-44mm in boys, 8-36mm in girls. The median of triceps skinfold thickness increased to 1.7-7.8mm in boys, 2.3-6.4mm in girls. The mean of arm muscle area increased to 1.0-7.4cm2 in boys, 0.2-5.4cm2 in girls. The mean of arm fat area increased to 2.4-9.6cm2 in boys, 3.0-8.9cm2 in girls. The prevalence of obesity was 27% in boys and 24% in girls. CONCLUSION: Current data revealed marked increase in arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle area and arm fat area than those of previous standard data established in Korea, 1984, approaching 1981 U.S standards. The increase in arm fat area and increased prevalence of obesity suggest an increased intake of calorie with relative deficiency in physical activity.

The Association of Serum IGF-I, Growth Velocity, Fat Area and Muscle Area after Growth Hormone Treatment in Growth Hormone Deficient Children

PURPOSE: Growth hormone, which is used in growth hormone deficiency, promote anabolic and lipolytic effect through IGF-I on skeletal, muscle, and fat tissue. And so, we studied the association of serum IGF-I, growth velocity, fat area and muscle area after growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient children. METHODS: At the department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, we measured serum IGF-I, growth velocity, fat area and muscle area before and after growth hormone therapy from 10 patients who were diagnosed as growth hormone deficiency after pharmrcological stimulation tests. We measured IGF-I levels by the radioimmuno assay using Nichol's kit (Nichols Co, USA), circumference and thickness by tapeline and caliper (Holtain Ltd, U.K.), height by Harpenden stadiometer. RESULTS: 1) The mean IGF-I levels of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 72.9, 274.8, 228.7, 287.6, 210.3ng/mL, respectively. 2) The mean growth velocity of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 4.2, 10.79, 11.3, 8.1, 7.4cm/year, respectively 3) The mean arm circumference of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 20, 19.7, 19.5, 21.7 and 21cm respectively, and the mean arm skin thickness of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 14.3, 11.8, 10.5, 12.9 and 13.6mm, respectively. 4) The mean abdominal circumference of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 66.9, 61.7, 58.2, 68.1 and 65.7cm respectively, and the mean abdominal skin thickness of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 16.4, 11.2, 9.9, 14.8 and 16.6mm, respectively. 5) The mean arm muscle area of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 19.6, 20.6, 21.2, 25.1 and 22.6cm2 respectively, and the mean arm fat area of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 12.9, 10.9, 9.7, 9.9 and 13.4cm2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: After growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficient children, as IGF-I increase, growth velocity and arm muscle area increased but arm fat area decreased. Thus this study provides for anabolic and lipolytic activity of growth hormone through IGF-I.

The Association of Serum IGF-I, Growth Velocity, Fat Area and Muscle Area after Growth Hormone Treatment in Growth Hormone Deficient Children

PURPOSE: Growth hormone, which is used in growth hormone deficiency, promote anabolic and lipolytic effect through IGF-I on skeletal, muscle, and fat tissue. And so, we studied the association of serum IGF-I, growth velocity, fat area and muscle area after growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient children. METHODS: At the department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, we measured serum IGF-I, growth velocity, fat area and muscle area before and after growth hormone therapy from 10 patients who were diagnosed as growth hormone deficiency after pharmrcological stimulation tests. We measured IGF-I levels by the radioimmuno assay using Nichol's kit (Nichols Co, USA), circumference and thickness by tapeline and caliper (Holtain Ltd, U.K.), height by Harpenden stadiometer. RESULTS: 1) The mean IGF-I levels of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 72.9, 274.8, 228.7, 287.6, 210.3ng/mL, respectively. 2) The mean growth velocity of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 4.2, 10.79, 11.3, 8.1, 7.4cm/year, respectively 3) The mean arm circumference of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 20, 19.7, 19.5, 21.7 and 21cm respectively, and the mean arm skin thickness of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 14.3, 11.8, 10.5, 12.9 and 13.6mm, respectively. 4) The mean abdominal circumference of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 66.9, 61.7, 58.2, 68.1 and 65.7cm respectively, and the mean abdominal skin thickness of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 16.4, 11.2, 9.9, 14.8 and 16.6mm, respectively. 5) The mean arm muscle area of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 19.6, 20.6, 21.2, 25.1 and 22.6cm2 respectively, and the mean arm fat area of before and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months growth hormone treatment were 12.9, 10.9, 9.7, 9.9 and 13.4cm2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: After growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficient children, as IGF-I increase, growth velocity and arm muscle area increased but arm fat area decreased. Thus this study provides for anabolic and lipolytic activity of growth hormone through IGF-I.

A STUDY ON THE STANDARDS FOR UPPER ARM MUSCLE CIRCUMFERENCE AND OTHER ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS / 营养学报

Anthropometric evaluations of the upper limb have become valuable in the assessment of nutritional status of fat and protein. The standards for TSF (triceps skinfold thickness), T + S (sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses), F(upper arm fat area), AMC (upper arm muscle circumference) and M(upper arm muscle area) which can be used on male adults tentatively are presented by survey in 1532 healthy males aged from 18 to 34 years.