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1.
Actual. osteol ; 12(1): 11-20, 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1379682

ABSTRACT

Bisphosphonates (BPs) anti-fracture efficacy may be due in part to inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis. This effect requires opening of connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels and phosphorylation of the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs). However, unlike ERK activation by other stimuli, the Cx43/ERK pathway activated by BPs does not result in nuclear ERK accumulation. Instead, the anti-apoptotic effect of BPs depends on phosphorylation of cytoplasmic ERK targets and is abolished by forced nuclear retention of ERKs. We now report that ERKs and the scaffolding protein ß-arrestin co-immuno-precipitate with Cx43 in MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells and that the BP alendronate increases this association. Moreover, ERK2 fused to red fluorescent protein (ERK2-RFP) co-localizes with Cx43 fused to green fluorescent protein outside the nucleus in cells untreated or treated with alendronate. Alendronate does not induce ERK nuclear accumulation in cells transfected with wild type ß-arrestin (wtARR) or vector control, whereas it does in cells expressing a dominant negative ß-arrestin mutant (dnARR) consisting of the ß-arrestin-clathrin binding domain that competes with endogenous ß-arrestin for binding to clathrin. Alendronate activates ERKs in dnARRtransfected cells as effectively as in cells transfected with wtARR, demonstrating that dnARR only interferes with subcellular localization but not with activation of ERKs by BPs. Further, whereas alendronate inhibits apoptosis in cells expressing wtARR or vector control, it is ineffective in cells expressing dnARR. Thus, BPs induce the formation of a complex comprising Cx43, ß-arrestin, and clathrin, which directs ERKs outside the nucleus and is indispensable for osteocyte survival induced by BPs. (AU)


La efectividad de los bisfosfonatos (BPs) en la prevención de fracturas puede deberse en parte a la inhibición de la apoptosis de osteocitos. Este efecto depende de la apertura de hemicanales de conexina (Cx) 43 y la fosforilación de quinasas reguladas por señales extracelulares (ERKs). Sin embargo, a diferencia de la activación de ERKs debida a otros estímulos, la vía de señalización Cx43/ERK activada por BPs no conlleva la acumulación de ERKs en el núcleo. El efecto anti-apoptótico de los BPs depende de la fosforilación de blancos citoplasmáticos de ERKs y es inhibido cuando las quinasas son retenidas en el núcleo. En este estudio hemos demostrado que ERKs y la proteína "scaffolding" ß-arrestina co-inmunoprecipitan con Cx43 en células osteocíticas MLO-Y4 y que alendronato aumenta esta asociación. Más aún, ERK2 fusionada a la proteína roja fluorescente (ERK2-RFP) co-localiza con Cx43 fusionada con la proteína verde fluorescente fuera del núcleo en células tratadas con vehículo o alendronato. Alendronato no indujo la acumulación nuclear de ERK en células transfectadas con ß-arrestina nativa (wtARR) o con un vector control, pero si lo hizo en células que expresan una forma dominante negativa de ß-arrestina (dnARR), consistente en el dominio de interacción entre ß-arrestina y clatrina, y que compite con ß-arrestina endógena por la unión a clatrina. Alendronato activa ERKs con la misma eficiencia en células transfectadas con dnARR o wtARR, demostrando que dnARR sólo interfiere con la localización subcelular de ERKs, pero no con su activación inducida por los BPs. Más aún, mientras alendronato inhibe apoptosis en células que expresan wtARR o vector control, es inefectivo en células que expresan dnARR. En conclusión, los BPs inducen la formación de un complejo que incluye Cx43, ß-arrestina y clatrina, el cual retiene ERKs fuera del núcleo y es indispensable para la sobrevida de los osteocitos inducida por estas drogas. (AU)


Subject(s)
Osteocytes/cytology , Cell Nucleus/enzymology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Connexin 43/metabolism , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Diphosphonates/pharmacology , beta-Arrestins/metabolism , Osteocytes/drug effects , Osteocytes/metabolism , Bone and Bones/cytology , Cell Survival/drug effects
2.
São Paulo; s.n; 2014. [97] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-870820

ABSTRACT

As células endoteliais são capazes de converter o estímulo mecânico em sinais intracelulares e produzir fatores vasoativos como o óxido nítrico (oNO). Evidências recentes sugerem que as beta-arrestinas desempenham um papel importante não somente na dessensibilização e internalização de receptores acoplados à proteína G (GPCR) como também na mecanotransdução. Nós testamos a hipótese de que células endoteliais submetidas ao shear stress (SS) produzem oNO por meio da ativação da via de sinalização dependente de beta-arrestina. Para tal, células endoteliais de veia safena (hSVEC) foram transfectadas com siRNA contra as isoformas 1 e 2 da beta-arrestina e, posteriormente, submetidas ao SS (15 dinas/cm2) durante 10 min. Nós encontramos que as SVEC silenciadas para a beta-arrestina 1/2 (70%) exibiram uma menor produção de nitrito no meio de cultura em resposta ao SS (166±17 vs. 326±44% comparado com hSVEC transfectadas com siRNA controle). Além disso, o silenciamento da beta-arrestina 1 e 2 preveniu os níveis de fosforilação da Akt no resíduo de serina 473 e a fosforilação da eNOS no resíduo de serina 1177, enquanto que a fosforilação da ERK 1/2 manteve-se inalterada. Curiosamente, análises de imunoprecipitação mostraram que a beta-arrestina interage com caveolina-1, um mecanossensor do shear stress, mas não é influenciado pelo SS. Além disso, na situação estática, a beta-arrestina encontra-se em uma localização perinuclear e, após o SS, adquiriu um padrão mais difuso no citosol. Coletivamente, esses dados sugerem que a beta-arrestina e a sinalização downstream Akt/ eNOS são necessárias para a produção de oNO induzido por shear stress em células endoteliais vasculares humana.


Endothelial cells are capable of converting mechanical stimuli into intracellular signals generating vasoactive factors such as nitric oxide (oNO). Recent evidence suggests that beta-arrestins play a role not only on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) desensibilization but also in mechanotransduction. We tested the hypothesis that beta-arrestin and its downstream signaling influence laminar shear stress (SS)-induced oNO production by endothelial cells. Towards this end, human saphenous vein endothelial cells (hSVEC) transfected with siRNA against beta-arrestins isoforms 1 and 2 were subjected to SS (15 dynes/cm2, 10 minutes). We found that the SS-induced production of nitrite in the cell culture medium from down-expressed beta-arrestin 1/ 2 (70%) SVEC decreased (166±17 vs. 326±44% compared to wild-type hSVEC; P < 0.001). The beta-arrestin 1 and 2 down-regulation in SVEC also inhibited the phosphorylation levels of Akt at the serine residue 473 and the phosphorylation levels of eNOS at the serine residue 1177, whereas ERK phosphorylation remained unchanged. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that beta-arrestin interacts with caveolin-1, a shear stress mechanosensor, which is not influenced by SS despite the fact that the static perinuclear localization of beta-arrestins changed to the cytosol upon SS. Collective these data suggest that beta-arrestin and Akt/eNOS downstream signaling are required for shear stress-induced nitric oxide production in human vascular endothelial cells.


Subject(s)
Arrestin , Endothelial Cells , Endothelium, Vascular , Mechanotransduction, Cellular , Nitric Oxide , Stress, Mechanical
3.
São Paulo; s.n; 2007. [85] p. ilus, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-587530

ABSTRACT

A toxoplasmose ocular é atribuída ao parasita, mas a auto-imunidade pode participar do processo. Soros humanos com IgG positiva para T. gondii mostraram níveis altos de IgG anti-retina para diferentes antígenos, se comparados com soros negativos para T. gondii, uveítes de outras origens também tiveram títulos elevados. Hamsters imunizados e/ou infectados não mostraram estes anticorpos sem mimetismo antigênico. A retinocoroidite por Toxoplasma induz resposta humoral auto-imune contra antígenos da retina, provavelmente piorando o efeito direto do agente. Estes anticorpos podem ser usados como marcadores de doença ocular em pacientes soropositivos para toxoplasmose pela triagem de lesão ocular.


Ocular toxoplasmosis is attributed to the parasite, but autoimmunity could have a role in this process. Human sera, positive of anti-T. gondii IgG, show high levels of anti-retina IgG, measured by several antigens, as compared to T. gondii seronegative samples. Sera from patients with uveitis from other origins also had higher anti-retina abs levels. Challenged and/or immunized hamsters showed low anti-retina abs levels, without antigen mimicry. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis presents a humoral anti-retina abs, probably worsening the parasite direct effect. Those antibodies could be used as markers of eye involvement in toxoplasmosis seropositive patients, as a screening for eye examination.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cricetinae , Arrestin , Antibody Formation/immunology , Models, Animal , Retina/immunology , Toxoplasma , Uveitis, Posterior , Vaccines, Attenuated
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