Comparison on volatile components between Artemisiae Verlotori Folium and Artemisiae Argyi Folium based on GC-MS and chemometrics / 中国中药杂志

Artemisiae Argyi Folium is commonly used in clinical practice. Artemisiae Verlotori Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia verlotorum, is often used as a folk substitute for Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Lingnan area. In this study, gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was used to detect the volatile oil components of 27 samples of Artemisiae Verlotori Folium and 13 samples of Artemisiae Argyi Folium, and the volatile components were compared between the two species. The internal standard method was combined with multi-reaction monitoring mode(MRM) to determine the content of six major volatile components. Hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were carried out for the content data. The results showed that the Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples had higher content and more abundant volatile oils than the Artemisiae Verlotori Folium samples. Artemisiae Argyi Folium mainly had the components with lower boiling points, while Artemisiae Verlotori Folium mainly had the components with higher boiling points. Terpenoids were the main volatile components in Artemisiae Verlotori Folium(mainly sesquiterpenoids) and Artemisiae Argyi Folium(monoterpenoids). In addition, Artemisiae Argyi Folium had higher content of oxygen-containing derivatives than Artemisiae Verlotori Folium. Furthermore, the stoichiometric analysis showed that the two species could be distinguished by both HCA and OPLS-DA, indicating that the volatile components of the two were significantly different. This study can provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and data support for the local rational application of Artemisiae Verlotori Folium in Lingnan.

Comparison of chemical constituents in Artemisiae Argyi Folium from different Dao-di producing areas based on UPLC and HS-GC-MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to compare the chemical constituents in 24 batches of Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples collected from three different Dao-di producing areas(Anguo in Hebei, Nanyang in Henan, and Qichun in Hubei). An ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) method was established to determine the content of 13 nonvolatile components, and headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(HS-GC-MS) was employed for qualitative analysis and comparison of the volatile components. The content of phenolic acids in Artemisiae Argyi Folium was higher than that of flavonoids, and the content of nonvolatile components showed no significant differences among the samples from the three Dao-di producing areas. A total of 40 volatile components were identified, and the relative content of volatile components in Artemisiae Argyi Folium was significantly different among the samples from different Dao-di producing areas. The principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis identified 8 volatile components as the potential markers for discrimination of Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples from different Dao-di producing areas. This study revealed the differences in the chemical composition of Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples from three different Dao-di producing areas, providing analytical methods and a scientific basis for the discrimination and quality evaluation of Artemisia Argyi Folium in different Dao-di producing areas.

Prediction analysis of quality markers and resource evaluation of Artemisiae Argyi Folium based on chemical composition and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This study is based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and network pharmacology methods to analyze and predict potential quality markers(Q-markers) of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. First, UPLC and GC-MS techniques were used to analyze the content of 12 non-volatile components and 8 volatile components in the leaves of 33 Artemisia argyi germplasm resources as candidate Q-markers. Subsequently, network pharmacology was employed to construct a "component-target-pathway-efficacy" network to screen out core Q-markers, and the biological activity of the markers was validated using molecular docking. Finally, cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed on the content of Q-markers in the 33 A. argyi germplasm resources. The results showed that 18 candidate components, 60 targets, and 185 relationships were identified, which were associated with 72 pathways related to the treatment of 11 diseases and exhibited 5 other effects. Based on the combination of freedom and component specificity, six components, including eupatilin, cineole, β-caryophyllene, dinatin, jaceosidin, and caryophyllene oxide were selected as potential Q-markers for Artemisiae Argyi Folium. According to the content of these six markers, cluster analysis divided the 33 A. argyi germplasm resources into three groups, and principal component analysis identified S14 as having the highest overall quality. This study provides a reference for exploring Q-markers of Artemisiae Argyi Folium, establishing a quality evaluation system, further studying its pharmacological mechanisms, and breeding new varieties.

Effects of Combined Application Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer on Agronomic Characters，Yield and Quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of different proportions of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the agronomic traits， yield and quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Qichun county， and provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization of its planting. Method:Field plot experiment was carried out to set up 5 treatment methods with different proportions of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers［OM₀ （no combined application of biological organic fertilizer）， OM₁₇ （combined application of 17% biological organic fertilizer）， OM₃₃ （combined application of 33% biological organic fertilizer）， OM₆₇ （combined application of 67% biological organic fertilizer）， OM₁₀₀ （combined application of 100% biological organic fertilizer）］. The effects of different treatment methods on the agronomic characters， leaf yield， output rate of moxa， volatile oil content， flavonoid and phenolic acid contents and mineral element contents of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Qichun county were determined. Result:With the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer in application， the seedling number per unit area， plant height， stem diameter， leaf number， leaf width， leaf length， height of dead leaves and leaf yield of Artemisiae Argyi Folium were increased at first and then decreased. Among them， the yield of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in OM₃₃ treatment was 61.37% higher than that in OM₀ treatment. With the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer， the output rate of moxa of Artemisiae Argyi Folium showed continuously increasing trend， contents of volatile oil and volatile components （eucalyptol， <italic>α</italic>-thujone， borneol， camphor and caryophyllene oxide） increased at first and then decreased， while the contents of <italic>α</italic>-caryophyllene and <italic>β</italic>-syringene decreased gradually， the contents of phenolic acids （neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， isochlorogenic acid B， A and C） increased at first and then decreased， while the contents of flavonoids （jaceosidin and eupatilin） increased continuously， and the contents of mineral elements （Ca， Cu and Zn） continued to increase， but the content of K decreased significantly at the high proportion of organic fertilizer. After treated with principal component analysis （PCA）， it was found that OM₁₇ treatment had the highest quality， while OM₁₀₀ and OM₀ treatment had low quality. Conclusion:Based on comprehensive analysis of agronomic traits， yield and quality indexes of Artemisiae Argyi Folium in Qichun county， it is suggested that 17%-33% proportion of organic fertilizer should be used in its production， in order to improve the quality and efficiency of Artemisiae Argyi Folium industry in Qichun county.

Comparison of UPLC Fingerprint and Determination of Main Components Before and After Processing of Artemisiae Argyi Folium Processed with Four Excipients / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish the ultra-performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） fingerprints of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Argyi Folium processed with four excipients， and quantitatively analyze the 8 phenolic acids and flavonoids contained in them， in order to explore the quality evaluation method of Artemisiae Argyi Folium processed with four excipients. Method:UPLC was used with Shim-pack XR-ODS C₁₈ column （2.0 mm×75 mm， 2.2 µm）， mobile phase of acetonitrile （A） -0.2% formic acid aqueous solution （B） for gradient elution （0-1 min， 10%A； 1-2 min， 10%-15%A； 2-17 min， 15%-18%A； 17-24 min， 18%-28%A； 24-36 min， 28%-38%A； 36-41 min， 38%-60%A； 41-45 min， 60%-100%A）， detection wavelength of 330 nm and flow rate of 0.2 mL·min^-1. The UPLC fingerprints of Artemisiae Argyi Folium before and after processing were established， and analyzed by chemometrics. Contents of 5-caffeoylquinic acid， 3-caffeoylquinic acid， 4-caffeoylquinic acid， 3，4-dicaffeoylquinic acid， 3，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid， 4，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid， jaceosidin and epuatilin in the decoction pieces were determined. Result:The fingerprints of Artemisiae Argyi Folium before and after processing were established， and the UPLC characteristic chromatograms of Artemisiae Argyi Folium before and after processing had good consistency， and the similarity was >0.94. Compared with Artemisiae Argyi Folium， the contents of 3-caffeoylquinic acid and 3，4-dicaffeoylquinic acid had no significant change after processing， the contents of jaceosidin and epuatilin decreased after processing， while the contents of 5-caffeoylquinic acid， 4-caffeoylquinic acid and 4，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid increased significantly （<italic>P<</italic>0.01）， their average increasing rates were 32.50%， 66.83%， 29.39%， respectively. And content of 3，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was significantly decreased （<italic>P<</italic>0.01） ， and the average reduction rate was 51.25%. Conclusion:The contents of chemical components in Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Argyi Folium processed with four excipients have changed to a certain extent. Among them， 5-caffeoylquinic acid， 3，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid， 4-caffeoylquinic acid and 4，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid can be used as the key indicators for quality evaluation of Artemisiae Argyi Folium before and after processing.

Review of historical evaluation and modern application of Chinese materia medica fumigation in prevention of epidemic disease / 中草药

The fumigation of Chinese herbal medicines, such as Artemisiae Argyi Folium, Atractylodis Rhizoma, and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, is one of the creations of ancient Chinese medical practitioners during the struggle against the disease for thousands of years. Researches have showed the application of fumigation of Chinese medicinal materials in clinical practice, and there are clear pharmacological studies to prove its related effective ingredients. Therefore, we review the historical evolution and modern application progress of Chinese materia medica fumigation. In the light of the infectious features of COVID-19 including air droplet transmission and even possible aerosol transmission, the corresponding Chinese herbal medicine fumigation should be recommended and used in hospitals, communities, and families, which is expected to play an important role in fighting disease infections.

Development of Analytical Method and Validation using HPLC/PDA for Discrimination between Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba

In this study, we described the new developed method to simultaneously discriminate two herbal drugs of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba using eight marker compounds (1 – 8) on an HPLC-PDA system. The developed method was applied to quantify the major components of two herbal drugs. The pattern analysis successfully discriminated and evaluated different components between Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba. Results were used for classification of different species from collected samples.

Identification and determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in Artemisiae Argyi Folium by UPLC-DAD-MS / 中国中药杂志

The study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze phenolic acids and flavonoids in Artemisiae Argyi Folium cultivated in Qichun(Qiai) for the quality control of this genuine regional herbs. UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS was used for rapid separation and structural identification of the constituents. Samples were separated on an UPLC column(2. 1 mm×100 mm,1. 8 μm) by gradient elution using 0. 1% formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0. 4 m L·min-1. By UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS,16 compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified by comparison with reference standards or literature data. For quantitative analysis,12 identified compounds were simultaneously determined by UPLC-DAD at wavelengths of 330 nm. The method was validated with respect to linearity,precision,repeatability,stability and recovery. The contents of these compounds were found to differ significantly between the samples from Qichun and other areas. This strategy was novel,effective and straightforward,which provided a potential approach for holistic quality control of Qiai.

Quality evaluation of Artemisiae Argyi Folium based on fingerprint analysis and quantitative analysis of multicomponents / 中国中药杂志

Artemisiae Argyi Folium, the dried leaves of Artemisia argyi, has been widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines for treatment of hemorrhage, pain, and skin itch. Phytochemical studies indicated that volatile oil, organic acid and flavonoids were the main bioactive components in Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Compared to the volatile compounds, the research of nonvolatile compounds in Artemisiae Argyi Folium are limited. In the present study, an accurate and reliable fingerprint approach was developed using HPLC for quality control of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. A total of 10 common peaks were marked，and the similarity of all the Artemisiae Argyi Folium samples was above 0.940. The established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of Artemisiae Argyi Folium. Furthermore, an HPLC method was applied for simultaneous determination of seven bioactive compounds including five organic acids and two flavonoids in Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Lavandulaefoliae Folium samples. Moreover, chemometrics methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were performed to compare and discriminate the Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Lavandulaefoliae Folium based on the quantitative data of analytes. The results indicated that simultaneous quantification of multicomponents coupled with chemometrics analysis could be a well-acceptable strategy to identify and evaluate the quality of Artemisiae Argyi Folium.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Oil in Artemisiae Argyi Folium Produced in Qichun and Some Other Areas by GC-MS / 中国药师

Objective:To analyze the components of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium from different habitats to provide refer-ence for the quality evaluation in artemisiae argyi folium from different areas. Methods:The volatile oil of artemisiae argyi folium was extracted by steam distillation,and the components of volatile oil were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The relative percentage of each component of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium from different habitats was calculated by area normalization method. The com-ponent contents of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium produced in Qichun and some other areas were analyzed by stechiometry. Re-sults:A total of 155 components were identified,mainly including compounds of ketones,olefins and alcohols,and the volatile compo-nents of artemisiae argyi folium from different areas were different. The quality of artemisiae argyi folium produced in Qichun was the best. Conclusion:The quality of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium produced in Qichun Hubei is better than that produced in other areas. The components of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium in the same habitat are also different. The different varieties of artemisi-ae argyi folium need to be further distinguished.

Preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers for volatile oils from Artemisiae argyi Folium / 中成药

AIM To prepare nanostructured lipid carriers for volatile oils from Artemisiae argyi Folium.METHODS Heated melting-ultrasonic dispersion method was applied to preparing lipid carriers.Taking solid/liquid lipid ratio,amounts of lipid,emulsifier and volatile oils as influencing factors,and average paticle size as an evaluation index,the formulation was optimized by orthogonal test.With cineole,camphor and borneol as indices,GC-MS was adopted in the content determination of volatile oils.RESULTS The optimal formulation was determined to be 5 ∶ 5 for solid/liquid lipid ratio,1％,3％ and 0.5％ for amounts of lipid,emulsifier and volatile oils,respectively.The obtained clear and transparent lipid carriers demonstrated the average particle size of (72.33 ±1.93) nm,PDI of 0.273 ± 0.004 5,and Zeta potential of (-30.59 ± 1.42) mV,whose in vitro release rate was lower than that of raw medicine within 120 h,along with a higher stability under 4 ℃ than that under 25 ℃.The entrapment efficiencies of cineole,camphor and borneol were 87.49％,86.45％ and 92.12％ with the drug loadings of 8.25％,2.00％ and 3.38％,respectively.CONCLUSION It is suggested that nanostructured lipid carriers for volatile oils from Artemisiae argyi Folium should be stored under 4 ℃ with the features of sustainedrelease and stable physicochemical properties.

Rapid identification of chemical components in Artemisiae argyi folium by RRLC-TOFMS / 药学实践杂志

Objective To identify the chemical components in Artemisiae argyi folium by rapid resolution liquid chromatog-raphy-time of flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-TOFMS).Methods The separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse C18 column (2.1 mm ×100 mm,1.8 μm ).The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid (B) were in gradient elu-tion.The flowing rate was 0.35 ml/min, the injection volume was 1μl and the temperature of column was 40℃.Time of flight mass spectrometer ( TOFMS) with electro spray ion source ( ESI) was applied to qualitative analysis under the positive ion mode, and mass scan range was m/z 100-1 500 .Results 31 chemical compounds in Artemisiae argyi folium were identified unequivocally .Conclu-sion A rapid and efficient RRLC-TOFMS approach for identifying the chemical constituents of Artemisiae argyi folium had been suc-cessfully established,which paved a way for quality control and further in vivo studies of Artemisiae argyi folium.