Anatomy of the abdominal aorta in the hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus,Lund, 1842) / Anatomia da aorta abdominal em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842)

The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus,Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the right and left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal branches composed of internal iliac arteries and the median sacral artery originate. In addition, five pairs of lumbar arteries originate alongside the abdominal segment of the aorta. Considering these findings, it is possible to conclude that despite the hoary fox being a wild animal, the anatomy of its abdominal aorta is very similar to that of domestic canids.(AU)

A raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus,Lund, 1842) é o menor canídeo brasileiro, cujo peso varia entre 2 e 4 quilos, possui corpo esguio, a cabeça é pequena, focinho curto e enegrecido. Considerada uma espécie endêmica, pouco se sabe a seu respeito, e é um dos sete canídeos menos estudados no mundo. Assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a anatomia da parte abdominal da artéria aorta em raposa-do-campo e comparar com dados literários pré-estabelecidos de canídeos domésticos. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados dois exemplares de raposa-do-campo, adultos, sem idade definida. Os cadáveres dos animais foram recolhidos às margens de rodovias no entorno da Catalão-Goiás, fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados na mesma solução. Os resultados mostraram que a aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo está localizada sobre a face ventral dos corpos vertebrais da região lombar, levemente deslocada para a esquerda do plano mediano. O primeiro ramo é visceral, denominado artéria celíaca, seguido por um ramo parietal, pareado, as artérias frênico-abdominais. O terceiro e quarto ramos são a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias renais direita e esquerda, respectivamente. Os ramos posteriores das artérias renais são igualmente viscerais, pareados, denominados artérias testiculares. Distal à essas últimas, originam-se a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias circunflexas ilíacas profundas. Finalmente surgem duas grandes artérias ilíacas externas e os ramos terminais compostos pelas artérias ilíacas internas e artéria sacral mediana. Ao longo do trajeto da aorta abdominal, cinco pares de artérias lombares se originam da face dorsal. Considerando esses achados, pode ser concluído que a anatomia da aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo é muito similar àquela de canídeos domésticos, embora ela seja um animal silvestre. (AU)

Variantes anatómicas de origen de los ramos viscerales de la arteria aorta descendente infradiafragmática / Anatomical variants of the origin of the infra-diaphragmatic descendent aorta artery visceral branches

Introducción: la arteria aorta es el mayor de los vasos elásticos del cuerpo humano. Las variantes a la norma anatómica de los ramos arteriales son formaciones que deben ser reconocidas por sus implicaciones durante las cirugías. Objetivo: determinar las variantes de origen a la norma anatómica de los ramos viscerales de la arteria aorta infradiafragmática. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo en 44 pacientes, mayores de 16 años, fallecidos por causas naturales en el Hospital Provincial Celia Sánchez, Manzanillo. Se observó, en el curso de la necropsia, el origen de los diferentes ramos viscerales de la arteria aorta infradiafragmática. Resultados: las variantes a la norma anatómica se constataron en el 45,45 % de los bloques predominando en el sexo femenino (59,09 %). Las arterias renales fueron las que más variantes a la norma anatómica presentaron, con el 57,69 % del total. En las arterias suprarrenales medias y gonadales se encontraron el 19,23 % del total de variantes. El tronco celiaco fue el único ramo visceral impar en el que se constataron variantes a la norma anatómica (11,54 %). El 11,54 % de las variantes se corresponden con bifurcaciones anómalas de la arteria aorta. Conclusiones: las variantes de origen a la norma anatómica, de los ramos viscerales de la arteria aorta infradiafragmática, tienen una frecuencia alta. Las mayores variantes se localizan en las arterias renales no encontrando variantes en las arterias mesentéricas. El conocimiento de estas variantes es importante en procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Background: aorta artery is the biggest of the human body elastic vases. The variants of the arterial branches anatomic norm are formations that should be recognized, because of their implications during surgeries. Aim: to determine the origin variants to the anatomic norm of the infra-diaphragmatic aorta artery visceral branches. Materials and Methods: an observational, descriptive, prospective study was carried out in 44 patients, elder than 16 years old, who died due to natural causes in the Provincial Hospital Celia Sanchez, Manzanillo. The origin of the different infra-diaphragmatic aorta artery visceral branches was observed in the course of the necropsy. Outcomes: variants to anatomic norm were stated in 45.45 % of the blocks, predominating in the female gender (59.09 %). Renal arteries were the ones presenting more variants to anatomic norm, with 57.69 % of the total. 19.23 % of the total of variants was found in the medial suprarenal and gonadal arteries. The celiac trunk was the only odd visceral branch where variants to anatomic branches were found (11.54 %). 11.54 % of the variants correspond to aorta artery anomalous bifurcations. Conclusions: the origin variants to anatomic norm of the infra-diaphragmatic aorta artery visceral branches have a high frequency. The biggest variants are located in the renal arteries. Variants were not found in the mesenteric arteries. These variants knowledge is important in surgical procedures.

Branching pattern of aortic arch in the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) / Ramescência do arco aortico no gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris)

Knowledge of the aortic arch main and collateral branches is important because these arteries supply vital organs found in the head, neck, thoracic cavity and forelimbs of domestic and wild animals. This study aimed to contribute to the anatomical knowledge in opossums and collaborate with veterinary medical and surgical clinics. Thus, the anatomy of aortic arch was described in eighteen opossums. The results indicated that the aortic arch gives off the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery in all animals studied. The branching pattern of the aortic arch is similar to that reported in the guinea pig, chinchilla, paca, raccoon, nutria, red squirrel, and ocelot. The brachiocephalic trunk showed as collateral branches, the right subclavian artery and the bicarotid trunk, that originated in the right and left common carotid arteries (77.7%). Bicarotid trunk was absent in four animals (22.2%). The right and left subclavian arteries originated in the vertebral artery, costocervical trunk, internal thoracic artery, and superficial cervical artery. Collateral branches of the subclavian artery showed similarities to that observed in other wild animals such as paca, ocelot and rock cavy.(AU)

O conhecimento do comportamento das artérias que emergem do arco aórtico é importante, pois estas artérias irrigam órgãos vitais encontrados na cabeça, pescoço, cavidade torácica e membros torácicos de animais domésticos e selvagens. Com o objetivo de contribuir com o conhecimento anatômico em gambás e colaborar com a clínica médica e cirúrgica de animais selvagens, descreveu-se neste estudo, a ramescência do arco aórtico em dezoito gambás. Os resultados indicaram que o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda se originaram do arco aórtico em todos os animais estudados. Este padrão de ramescência do arco aórtico é similar ao descrito para a cobaia, chinchila, paca, mão-pelada, nutria, esquilo-vermelho e jaguatirica. O tronco braquiocefálico apresentou como ramos colaterais, a artéria subclávia direita e o tronco bicarotídeo, o qual se bifurcou nas artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda (77,7%). O tronco bicarotídeo não apareceu em quatro animais (22,2%). As artérias subclávias direita e esquerda originaram a artéria vertebral, o tronco costocervical e, as artérias torácica interna e cervical superficial. A ramescência encontrada nas artérias subclávias do gambá mostrou similaridades quando comparada com a descrita para outros animais selvagens como a paca, jaguatirica e o mocó.(AU)

Respuesta cardiovascular a la administración crónica de péptido natriurético tipo C en ratas espontáneamente hipertensas / Cardiovascular Response to Chronic Administration of C-type Natriuretic Peptide in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Introducción: El péptido natriurético tipo C (CNP) ha cobrado relevancia por sus efectos sobre la regulación de la función y la morfología del corazón y los vasos sanguíneos. Previamente demostramos in vitro que el CNP incrementa la actividad del sistema del óxido nítrico (NO) en ratas espontáneamente hipertensas (SHR). Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto del tratamiento crónico con CNP sobre la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la función cardíaca y vascular y el sistema del NO en ratas espontáneamente hipertensas y normotensas. Material y métodos: Se emplearon ratas Wistar macho de 12 semanas de edad normotensas y espontáneamente hipertensas. Los animales recibieron infusión crónica de solución salina o CNP (0,75 mg/hora/rata) durante 14 días mediante la implantación de bombas osmóticas subcutáneas. Se midió la PAS y se realizaron un electrocardiograma y un ecocardiograma. Se extrajeron el ventrículo izquierdo y la arteria aorta torácica y se determinó la actividad, con L-[U14C]-arginina, de la óxido nítrico sintasa (NOS) y se realizaron estudios de reactividad vascular. Resultados: La administración crónica de CNP disminuyó la PAS en las SHR. Se observó menor volumen minuto en las SHR y el CNP incrementó dicho volumen, en tanto que no indujo cambios en las ratas normotensas. En las SHR se observó un desequilibrio en las respuestas vasodilatadora y vasoconstrictora en la arteria aorta y el tratamiento con CNP mejoró la función vascular respecto de las ratas normotensas. En ambos tejidos, la actividad de la NOS fue mayor en las SHR y se incrementó con la infusión durante 14 días de CNP. Sin embargo, dicho incremento fue menor en las SHR. Conclusión: El CNP induce cambios a nivel cardiovascular y en el sistema del NO que podrían resultar beneficiosos en este modelo de hipertensión arterial.

Background: C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular function and morphology. We have previously demonstrated that CNP increases nitric oxide (NO) system activity in vivo in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of chronic CNP administration on systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiovascular function and the NO system in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Methods: Twelve-week-old normotensive male Wistar rats and SHR were used. They received chronic infusion of saline or CNP (0.75 mg/h/rat) for 14 days via subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps. Systolic blood pressure was measured and an electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were performed. The left ventricle and the thoracic aorta were resected; nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was determined using L-[U14C]-arginine and vascular reactivity was assessed. Results: Chronic administration of CNP decreased SBP in SHR. Cardiac output was lower in SHR and increased with CNP; however, CNP had no effect in normotensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats had unbalanced aortic vasodilation and vasoconstriction responses, and CNP improved the vascular function. Nitric oxide synthase activity was greater in SHR and increased with the 14-day CNP infusion, but this increase was lower than in normotensive rats. Conclusion: C-type natriuretic peptide induces cardiovascular and NO system changes which may be beneficial in this model of hypertension.

Feline aortic thromboembolism: first case reported in Colombia / Tromboembolismo aórtico felino: primer caso reportado en Colombia / Tromboembolismo aórtico felino: relato do primeiro caso na Colômbia

Anamnesis and treatment approach: a cross-breed tomcat, 5 years old, with bilateral pelvic limb paresis was treated with saline solution hydration (20 drops/in), tramadol (2 mg/kg IV every 8 h), methylprednisolone succinate (18 mg, every 6 h), dimethyl sulphoxyde (0.36 mg diluted in sodium chloride, twice a day, IV) and ketoprofen (2 mg/kg, every 24 h) with no response to this treatment schedule. Clinical and laboratory findings: according to results of thorax and abdomen radiological tests, coldness in pelvic limbs and lack of bleeding after a deep nail cutting, clinical diagnosis of feline aortic thromboembolism was established and the cat was subjected to euthanasia after informed consent. A hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and thrombus in the lumbar abdominal aorta were found at necropsy. Conclusion: the first case of feline aortic thromboembolism in Colombia is reported and the most relevant findings and treatment schedule are discussed.

Anamnesis y aproximación terapéutica: un felino mestizo de 5 años de edad, con cuadro neurológico fue tratado con solución salina (20 gotas/min), tramadol (2 mg/kg i.v. cada 8 horas), succinato de metilprednisolona (18 mg totales cada 6 horas), dimetilsulfoxido (0.36 mg diluidos en cloruro de sodio cada 12 horas e.v.) y ketoprofeno (2 mg/kg cada 24 horas), sin responder al tratamiento. Hallazgos clinicos y de laboratorio: ante los resultados de las radiografìas de tórax y el abdomen, las extremidades pelvianas frías y el no sangrado ante corte profundo de uña, se estableció el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo aórtico felino. El gato fue sometido a eutanasia previo consentimiento informado. A la necropsia fue hallada una cardiomiopatía hipertrófica y un coágulo en la porción lumbar de la aorta abdominal. Conclusiones: este es el primer reporte de un caso de tromboembolismo felino en Colombia, se discuten los hallazgos clínicos y el esquema de tratamiento más relevante.

Anamnese e abordagem de tratamento: um felino mestiço de 5 anos de idade com quadro neurológico foi tratado com solução salina (20 gotas / min), tramadol (2 mg / kg iv c / 8 horas), succinato de metilprednisolona (18 mg c total / 6 h), sulfóxido de dimetilo (0.36 mg de cloreto de sódio diluído em q12h ev) e cetoprofeno (2 mg / kg C/24 h), não respondendo ao tratamento. Achados clínicos e laboratoriais: com os resultados do exame radiológico de tórax e abdôme, membros pelvianas frios e falta de sangramento ao corte profundo da unha, foi diagnosticado com tromboembolismo aórtico felino. O gato foi eutanasiado prévio consentimento informado. Na necropsia foi encontrada cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e um coágulo na porção lombar da aorta abdominal. Conclusões: Este é o primeiro reporte de tromboembolismo felino na Colômbia, neste artigo se discutem os achados clínicos e o cronograma de tratamento mais relevante.

Anomalías congénitas de la arteria aorta: Evaluación mediante tomografía computada multicorte en neonatos y niños / Congenital abnormalities of aortic artery: Assessment in neonates and early childhodd with multislice tomography

Para la evaluación de los defectos congénitos de la arteria aorta, los métodos de imágenes utilizados tradicionalmente son la ecocardiografia y la radiología simple. La angiotomografía computada multicorte aparece como un método de relevancia en el diagnóstico de estas entidades, permitiendo evaluar en forma no invasiva, rápida y precisa las distintas anormalidades, otorgando de esta manera información sumamente útil a los cirujanos cardiovasculares para definir la estrategia quirúrgica. En el presente artículo revisamos las aplicaciones de la angiotomografia computada multicorte en la evaluación de las malformaciones congénitas de la arteria aorta más frecuentes en el periodo neonatal y en la primera infancia.

In the evaluation of aortic artery congenital abnormalities, the echocardiography and the plain X ray are the traditionally used imaging methods. Multislice angiotomography appears as an important method in diagnosis of these different diseases allowing evaluate these entities in a non invasive, fast and accurate form, giving to cardiovascular surgeons very important information to delineate the surgical strategy. In this article, we review the applications of multislice angiotomography in the evaluation of most frequent congenital anomalies of aorta artery, performed in neonates and early childhood.