Uma análise histórico-crítica sobre o desenvolvimento das normas brasileiras relacionadas a queijos artesanais / [A critical-historical analysis of the continuous development of Brazilian legislation related to artisanal cheeses]

Diferentes tipos de queijos artesanais são produzidos, comercializados e consumidos no Brasil, o que impulsiona o constante desenvolvimento de normas por órgãos oficiais, como o Mapa. A criação do Suasa e do Sisbi-POA foi fundamental para esse setor, por permitir um sistema de equivalência na fiscalização e por ampliar a distribuição. Ainda, o Mapa passou a permitir que queijos artesanais produzidos com leite cru pudessem ser maturados em um período inferior a 60 dias, desde que comprovada sua inocuidade. A redução do tempo de maturação é um tema controverso e polêmico, já que não há critérios específicos que estudos científicos devem contemplar, o que permite múltiplas interpretações de dados. Com a criação e a regulamentação do selo Arte, a fiscalização dos produtos artesanais foi designada aos órgãos de agricultura, pecuária e de saúde pública, em complementação à atribuição já prevista pelo Mapa e pelo Sisbi-POA. Ainda, o selo Arte atribui aos órgãos de inspeção uma função orientadora, atividade que deveria ser prioritariamente executada por agências de extensão e associações. As normas que balizam a produção e comercialização de produtos artesanais devem ser frequentemente atualizadas, devido aos constantes avanços científicos na área e para assegurar a oferta de produtos com qualidade e inócuos aos consumidores.(AU)

Different artisanal cheeses are produced, commercialized and consumed in Brazil, leading to a constant development of related rules by the MAPA and other official agencies. The establishment of two national programs (SUASA and SISBI-POA) allowed an equivalence in inspection system and an expanded distribution. Also, MAPA allowed ripening time lower than 60 days for artisanal raw milk cheeses, based on scientific studies that assure their safety. However, lowering the ripening period is still controversial, once there are no proper established criteria for such scientific studies, leading to potential multiple interpretation of data. The newly established ARTE certification transferred the inspection responsibilities of artisanal products to secretaries of agriculture, livestock and health, in support of what was already predicated by MAPA and SISBI-POA. Based on ARTE certification, the inspection service must also provide orientation guidance to producers, which should be done specifically by extension organs and associations. The norms that guide the production and commercialization of these artisanal products often need to be updated, but based on well-established methodologies and procedures, to ensure the distribution of suitable products to consumers.(AU)

First molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in Brazilian artisanal cheese: a neglected food safety hazard in ready-to-eat raw-milk product

ABSTRACT Background: Global publications on Q fever have increased after the 2007 epidemic in the Netherlands. However, the epidemiology of Q fever/coxiellosis in Brazil is still poorly understood. Accordingly, there have been few studies investigating the presence of Coxiella burnetii in dairy products around the world, especially in Brazil, where consumption of fresh cheese made from raw-milk is very high. Objective: This study was a random survey to assess the prevalence of C. burnetii by PCR in traditional Minas artisanal cheese from the Serro microregion, Brazil, which is manufactured from bovine raw-milk. Methods: DNA extracted from 53 cheese samples were analyzed by nested PCR with C. burnetii-specific primers and the products confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results: Out of the 53 cheese samples five (9.43%) were C. burnetii DNA-positive, each coming from one of the respective randomly selected manufacturing agroindustries.Based on our results, it is estimated that 1.62 tons/day of ready-to-eat cheese made from raw-milk from a total of 16.2 tons produced daily in the study region are contaminated with C. burnetii. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of highly heat-resistant zoonotic pathogen in raw-milk Brazilian artisanal cheese. This food safety hazard has been completely neglected in ready-to-eat raw-milk Brazilian artisanal cheese and could imply potential threats to consumers, since C. burnetii survives in artisanal cheese submitted to long ripening periods. Thus, this work established random and representative baseline prevalence of C. burnetii in this food product in Brazil. Further epidemiological studies, monitoring trends and setting control targets are warranted. Finally, these results point out the importance of including C. burnetii in animal and public health surveillance programs.

Microbiota levaduriforme en quesos artesanales de Corrientes, Argentina / Yeast microbiota in artisanal cheeses from Corrientes, Argentina

El llamado queso artesanal de Corrientes (QAC) es un queso blando elaborado en la provincia de Corrientes a partir de leche de vaca cruda y agente coagulante artesanal. Las bacterias lácticas constituyen la flora principal de estos quesos, pero las levaduras también se encuentran en tasas elevadas como biota secundaria y podrían esempeñar un papel relevante en su maduración. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de levaduras en las materias primas y en la cuajada con la que se elabora este queso y durante su maduración en función de las variaciones estacionales. Se aislaron y purificaron levaduras a partir de la leche cruda, del agente coagulante, de la cuajada y de los quesos elaborados en las distintas estaciones del año a distintos tiempos de maduración. Los recuentos de levaduras fueron del orden de 10³ a 10(7) UFC/ml o UFC/g. Se obtuvieron e identificaron 90 cepas de levaduras: 9 de leche, 28 de agente coagulante, 10 de cuajada y 43 de quesos. En leche se observó un muy amplio predominio del género Candida, la incidencia de otros géneros fue poco significativa. En el agente coagulante también predominó netamente el género Candida, seguido por los géneros Myxozyma y Debaryomyces. Los aislamientos obtenidos de los quesos correspondieron a los mismos géneros que fueron predominantes en el agente coagulante, con el mismo orden de prevalencia.

The artisanal cheese from Corrientes (from the Spanish acronym QAC-Queso Artesanal de Corrientes/Artisanal Cheese from Corrientes) is a soft cheese elaborated with raw cow milk and an artisanal coagulant agent. Lactic bacteria contitute the main flora of this cheese although yeasts are also present in high quantities as secondary microbiota and might play a relevant role in cheese ripening. The aim of this work was to evaluate yeast occurrence during QAC elaboration and ripening, and the effect of seasonal variation. Yeasts were isolated and purified from raw materials and cheese at different ripening stagesl elaborated during the different seasons. Yeast sample counts were in the order of 10³ - 10(7) UFC/ml o UFC/g. Ninety yeast strains were classified: 9 from milk, 28 from the coagulant agent, 10 from curd and 43 from cheese. Candida predominated in milk samples while other yeast genera had low incidence. Candida also predominated in the coagulant agent samples, followed by genera Myxozyma and Debaryomyces. The isolates obtained from cheese belonged to the same genera predominating in the coagulant agent, and showed the same order of prevalence.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijos coloniais da região de Cascavel - PR

A produção artesanal de queijos é bastante tradicional no Brasil, sendo mais comum no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do País, apesar da evolução tecnológica e higienicossanitária na produção de queijos. Além disso, apesar das inúmeras ferramentas elaboradas para garantir a qualidade dos alimentos projeções da ABIQ (Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Queijo) mostram que apenas 60% da produção nacional de queijos são inspecionadas, sendo os 40% restantes, produzidos e comercializados com qualidade microbiológica e condições higienicossanitárias desconhecidas. Diante dessa situação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a qualidade microbiológica dos queijos coloniais comercializados na feira livre da cidade de Cascavel,através da observação da incidência Staphylococcus auerus, Salmonella sp. e coliformes 45°C, além de fazer um comparativo com o trabalho"Avaliação Microbiológica de Queijos Coloniais Produzidos no Estado do Paraná" (KOTTWITZ e GUIMARÃES, 2003), para verificar as condições higienicossanitárias e queijos coloniais do interior do estado do Paraná são semelhantes às encontradas em 2001, por Kottwitz e Guimarães.

The artisan cheese production is quite traditional in Brasil, being more common in South, Southeast and Midwest of this country, despite the technological and hygienic production of cheeses. Furthermore, despite numerous tools designed to ensure the quality of food, projections of ABIQ (Brazilian Association of Cheese Industries) show that only 60% of the national production of cheese are inspected, and being the remaining 40% produced and marketed with microbiological quality and unknown higienicossanitárias conditions. Before the situation, the objective of this study was to verify the microbiological quality of the cheeses sold at the free market in Cascavel city, by observation of the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp. and coliforms 45ºC, and beyond this, to make a comparison with the work "Evaluation of Microbiological of Colonial Cheese produced in Paraná" (KOTTWITZ and GUIMARÃES, 2003), in order to verify if the hygienic conditions of colonial cheeses in State of Paraná are similar those found in 2001 by Kottwitz and Guimarães.

Potencial probiótico in vitro de bactérias ácido-láticas isoladas de queijo-de-minas artesanal da Serra da Canastra, MG / Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from minas artisanal cheese from Serra da Canastra, MG

O potencial probiótico in vitro de 12 amostras de bactérias ácido-láticas (11 Lactobacillus spp. e uma Weissella paramesenteroides), isoladas de queijo-de-minas artesanal da Serra da Canastra, foi investigado. Essas amostras foram caracterizadas in vitro quanto à susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos, antagonismo contra microrganismos de referência patogênicos e não patogênicos e sensibilidade a pH gástrico e sais biliares. Apenas L. rhamnosus B4, W. paramesenteroides C10 e L. rhamnosus D1 apresentaram resistência a menor número de antimicrobianos (ceftazidima, oxacilina, estreptomicina e vancomicina). Todas as amostras apresentaram atividade antagonista frente a todas as bactérias patogênicas testadas e não inibiram as bactérias não patogênicas. Todas as amostras foram resistentes ao pH gástrico (2.0). Alguns microrganismos mostraram pouca inibição do crescimento em presença de sais biliares, enquanto outros foram moderadamente ou altamente inibidos. L. rhamnosus B4, W. paramesenteroides C10 e L.rhamnosus D1 apresentaram o melhor potencial probiótico de acordo com os testes in vitro realizados.

The in vitro probiotic potential of twelve samples of lactic acid bacteria (eleven Lactobacillus spp. and one Weissella paramesenteroides) isolated from Minas artisanal cheese from Serra da Canastra was evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility, antagonistic activity against pathogenic and lactic acid bacteria, as well as for their tolerance to gastric pH and biliary salts. Only L. rhamnosus B4, W. paramesenteroides C10, and L. rhamnosus D1 showed resistance to tested antimicrobials (ceftazidime, oxacillin, streptomycin, and vancomycin). All samples showed antagonism against all pathogenic bacteria tested and did not inhibit the growth of nonpathogenic samples. Regarding gastric pH tolerance, all samples showed low inhibition at pH 2. The tolerance to biliary salts varied from low to great among tested samples. L. rhamnosus B4, W. paramesenteroides C10, and L. rhamnosus D1 showed the best probiotic potential revealed by their in vitro test results.