ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate antifungal and cytotoxic activities of four underutilised fruit species, i.e. Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Cynometra cauliflora (nam-nam), Mangifera pajang (M. pajang) (Bambangan) and Physalis minima (wild gooseberry). Methods: Extracts from the fresh flesh of Artocarpus altilis and Cynometra cauliflora, the flesh and kernel of M. pajang, and the whole fruit of Physalis minima were obtained by sequential extraction using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Each extract was assessed against six species of human fungal pathogens using a colourimetric broth microdilution method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using African monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. Results: All 30 extracts showed inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. However, none of the extracts were active against Aspergillus fumigatus. The ethanol, methanol and water extracts from the kernel of M. pajang fruit showed the strongest activity against three species of Candida and Trichophyton interdigitale, with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.001 - 0.630 mg/mL. The corresponding mean 50% cytotoxic concentrations for these three extracts were 358.7, 158.4 and 261.3 μg/mL, respectively against Vero cells. In contrast, the flesh of M. pajang fruit (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts) showed statistically significant (P<0.001; ANOVA) strong toxicity against the cells, with 30.6, 13.5 and 22.2 μg/mL of mean values of 50% cytotoxic concentrations, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that the bioactivity of the kernel of M. pajang fruit is more selective towards fungi and thus is a potential source of new antifungal agents.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate antifungal and cytotoxic activities of four underutilised fruit species,i.e. Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Cynometra cauliflora (nam-nam), Mangifera pajang (M.pajang) (Bambangan) and Physalis minima (wild gooseberry). Methods: Extracts from the fresh flesh of Artocarpus altilis and Cynometra cauliflora, the flesh and kernel of M. pajang,and the whole fruit of Physalis minima were obtained by sequential extraction using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Each extract was assessed against six species of human fungal pathogens using a colourimetric broth microdilution method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using African monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells.Results: All 30 extracts showed inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. However,none of the extracts were active against Aspergillus fumigatus. The ethanol, methanol and water extracts from the kernel of M. pajang fruit showed the strongest activity against three species of Candida and Trichophyton interdigitale, with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.001 – 0.630 mg/mL. The corresponding mean 50％ cytotoxic concentrations for these three extracts were 358.7, 158.4 and 261.3 μg/mL, respectively against Vero cells. In contrast, the flesh of M. pajang fruit (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts) showed statistically significant (P<0.001; ANOVA) strong toxicity against the cells, with 30.6, 13.5 and 22.2 μg/mL of mean values of 50％ cytotoxic concentrations, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that the bioactivity of the kernel of M. pajang fruit is more selective towards fungi and thus is a potential source of new antifungal agents.
ABSTRACT
Five new prenylated stilbenes (1 – 5), along with the known compounds cudraflavone C, trans-4-isopentenyl-3,5,2′,4′-terahydroxystilbene, trans-4-(3-methyl-E-but-1-enyl)-3,5,2′,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene, pannokin G, cycloartobiloxanthone, artonin P, morusin, artocarpin, artonin E, kuwanon C, artobiloxanthone, and artoindonesianin C (6 – 17) were isolated from the stem bark of the tropical tree Artocarpus communis. The structures were established by NMR spectroscopic analysis, MS studies, and comparison with spectral data reported in the literature.
Subject(s)
Artocarpus , Moraceae , Stilbenes , TreesABSTRACT
Objective: This research was aimed to investigate the pharmacognostical, phytochemical and total phenolic content of Artocarpus altilis(Parkinson) Fosberg leaves. Method: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical, phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography of Artocarpus altilis leaves were carried out. Folin-Coicalteau method was used to determine the total phenolic content. Results: Morphological study showed that the leaves were alternate or irregular, ovate and finger-like shaped with an average of 30.21cm in length and 24.25cm in width. Microscopy on leaves and powder showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, trichomes, xylem, starch grains, lignin, and calcium oxalate crystals. Phytochemical test showed the presence of mucilage, flavonoid, steroid, tannin and phenolic compound and anthraquinone glycosides. Physicochemical analysis showed 11.64% of loss on drying, 9% of total ash value; and water soluble extractive value of 21.32% as highest. Total phenolic content was found to be 26.22 mg GAE/g. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extracts of Artocarpus altilis leaves possess modest amount of phenolic compounds in the leaves of this plant.
ABSTRACT
Artocarpus altilis (Family: Moraceae) is commonly referred to as breadfruit as it is similar to freshly baked bread. Synonyms of Artocarpus altilis are Artocarpus communis and Artocarpus incisus. Basically Artocarpus species consists of phenolic compounds which include flavonoids, stilbenoids, arylbenzofurons and Jacalin, a lectin. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is originated from A. camansi Blanco (bread nut) which is native to New Guinea, Moluccas (Indonesia) and the Philippines. Many on-going researches are testing the pharmacological activities of Artocarpus altilis. Some of the researches that are being carried out on this plant includes antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, sexual behavior, immunomodulatory effect, antidiabetic effect and antibacterial effect. This review will help to provide detailed information on recent researches done on this plant.
ABSTRACT
Endophytic microorganisms are recognized as potential source of novel chemical molecules that might be useful in the treatment of infectious diseases. In this study, six medicinal plants (Morinda citrifolia, Plumeria rubra, Artocarpus altilis, Musa nana, Sansevieria trifasciata and Saccharum officinarum) traditionally. They are used for treatment or management of symptoms such as cough, fever and skin diseases, were investigated for the antimicrobial activity of metabolites produced by endophytic microorganisms. Seven endophytes were isolated using the mycological media, potato dextrose agar (PDA). Three of the endophytes were identified as fungi from the Aspergillus species, three as actinomycetes and one as a gram negative bacterium. All endophytic isolates were subjected to anti-bacterial, anti-tuberculosis (TB), anti-fungal, anti-HIV, and cytotoxicity assays using micro-broth dilution assay technique in sterile 96-well plates. All isolates displayed antimicrobial activity inhibiting at least one of the test pathogens at the concentration of 100μg/ml. Of the 7 endophytic isolates, 6 isolates were active against TB, 7 were active against the bacterial test pathogens, and 2 were active against fungi while none were active against HIV. From the 7 isolates, 3 were non-toxic to mammalian cells at a concentration of 100μg/ml.
ABSTRACT
El almidón extraído de las semillas del fruto de pan (Artocarpus altilis) fue modificado químicamente por acetilación y oxidación, y sus propiedades funcionales evaluadas y comparadas con las del almidón nativo. El análisis proximal reveló que los almidones modificados presentaron contenidos de humedad más altos que el nativo. El contenido de cenizas, proteínas, fibra cruda, y amilosa aparente fue reducido con las modificaciones. Las modificaciones no alteraron la morfología de los gránulos de almidón nativo de A. altilis, presentando forma irregular, en su mayoría ovalados y con superficie lisa. La absorción de agua, poder de hinchamiento y sólidos solubles variaron con las modificaciones químicas realizadas, resultando mayores en el almidón acetilado. En comparación con el almidón nativo, los dos tipos de modificación redujeron la temperatura inicial de gelatinización; el pico de máxima viscosidad se redujo en el almidón oxidado pero aumentó en el acetilado; la viscosidad de la pasta en caliente disminuyó para los almidones modificados, mientras que la viscosidad en frío fue menor en el almidón oxidado y mayor en el almidón acetilado. La estabilidad se incrementó con la acetilación y se redujo con la oxidación. El almidón acetilado presentó el valor más bajo de setback o asentamiento, por lo que hubo una menor tendencia a la retrogradación.
Effect of acetylation and oxidation on some properties of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seed starch. Starch extracted from seeds of Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit) was chemically modified by acetylation and oxidation, and its functional properties were evaluated and compared with these of native starch. Analysis of the chemical composition showed that moisture content was higher for modified starches. Ash, protein, crude fiber and amylose contents were reduced by the modifications, but did not alter the native starch granules irregularity, oval shape and smooth surface. Acetylation produced changes in water absorption, swelling power and soluble solids, these values were higher for acetylated starch, while values for native and oxidized starches were similar. Both modifications reduced pasting temperature; oxidation reduced maximum peak viscosity but it was increased by acetylation. Hot paste viscosity was reduced by both modifications, whereas cold paste viscosity was lower in the oxidized starch and higher in the acetylated starch. Breakdown was increased by acetylation and reduced with oxidation. Setback value was reduced after acetylation, indicating it could minimize retrogradation of the starch.