A Conceptual Study on Buddhi, Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti, Smritikaaranas and Medha in Comparison to Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Factors

Building intricate scenarios and sharing these ideas with others, A full-fledged language capacity, as well as reasoning and planning skills are among the many cognitive abilities that distinguish man from other living beings. One of the tools of cognition and perception used to establish the precise qualities of an object according to Ayurveda is Buddhi (intellect). Perception occurs when the Indriyas (cognitive organs) perceives their objects along with Manas (mind), which subsequently analyze and forwards those to Buddhi producing knowledge. Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti are the components of Buddhi which aids for this and Medha is a type of intellect having the power to retain this knowledge. As per modern, cognition is the mental action or process that involves thought experiences, and the senses to acquire knowledge and understanding. The cognitive development is established through schema, assimilation, accommodation and equilibrium according to Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory. Buddhi, Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti, Smritikaarana, Medha can be correlated to these factors. Although the components of cognitive development theory were articulated for a developing kid, Ayurveda views these concepts as that which may be implied at any stage of life. One has to pass through each of these stages to achieve cognition. Hence, the present conceptual study thus focus on interpreting these Ayurvedic observations on the basis of modern theory of cognitive development and its factors.

Identification, expression and DNA variation analysis of high affinity nitrate transporter NRT2/3 gene family in Sorghum bicolor / 生物工程学报

Nitrate is the main form of inorganic nitrogen that crop absorbs, and nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) is a high affinity transporter using nitrate as a specific substrate. When the available nitrate is limited, the high affinity transport systems are activated and play an important role in the process of nitrate absorption and transport. Most NRT2 cannot transport nitrates alone and require the assistance of a helper protein belonging to nitrate assimilation related family (NAR2) to complete the absorption or transport of nitrates. Crop nitrogen utilization efficiency is affected by environmental conditions, and there are differences between varieties, so it is of great significance to develop varieties with high nitrogen utilization efficiency. Sorghum bicolor has high stress tolerance and is more efficient in soil nitrogen uptake and utilization. The S. bicolor genome database was scanned to systematically analyze the gene structure, chromosomal localization, physicochemical properties, secondary structure and transmembrane domain, signal peptide and subcellular localization, promoter region cis-acting elements, phylogenetic evolution, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) recognition and annotation, and selection pressure of the gene family members. Through bioinformatics analysis, 5 NRT2 gene members (designated as SbNRT2-1a, SbNRT2-1b, SbNRT2-2, SbNRT2-3, and SbNRT2-4) and 2 NAR2 gene members (designated as SbNRT3-1 and SbNRT3-2) were identified, the number of which was less than that of foxtail millet. SbNRT2/3 were distributed on 3 chromosomes, and could be divided into four subfamilies. The genetic structure of the same subfamilies was highly similar. The average value of SbNRT2/3 hydrophilicity was positive, indicating that they were all hydrophobic proteins, whereas α-helix and random coil accounted for more than 70% of the total secondary structure. Subcellular localization occurred on plasma membrane, where SbNRT2 proteins did not contain signal peptides, but SbNRT3 proteins contained signal peptides. Further analysis revealed that the number of transmembrane domains of the SbNRT2s family members was greater than 10, while that of the SbNRT3s were 2. There was a close collinearity between NRT2/3s of S. bicolor and Zea mays. Protein domains analysis showed the presence of MFS_1 and NAR2 protein domains, which supported executing high affinity nitrate transport. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that SbNRT2/3 were more closely related to those of Z. mays and Setaria italic. Analysis of gene promoter cis-acting elements indicated that the promoter region of SbNRT2/3 had several plant hormones and stress response elements, which might respond to growth and environmental cues. Gene expression heat map showed that SbNRT2-3 and SbNRT3-1 were induced by nitrate in the root and stem, respectively, and SbNRT2-4 and SbNRT2-3 were induced by low nitrogen in the root and stem. Non-synonymous SNP variants were found in SbNRT2-4 and SbNRT2-1a. Selection pressure analysis showed that the SbNRT2/3 were subject to purification and selection during evolution. The expression of SbNRT2/3 gene and the effect of aphid infection were consistent with the expression analysis results of genes in different tissues, and SbNRT2-1b and SbNRT3-1 were significantly expressed in the roots of aphid lines 5-27sug, and the expression levels of SbNRT2-3, SbNRT2-4 and SbNRT3-2 were significantly reduced in sorghum aphid infested leaves. Overall, genome-wide identification, expression and DNA variation analysis of NRT2/3 gene family of Sorghum bicolor provided a basis for elucidating the high efficiency of sorghum in nitrogen utilization.

The impact of cow dung augmentation on soil restoration and bio-accumulation of metals (Lead and Cadmium) in Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata) / O impacto do aumento de esterco de vaca na restauração do solo e bioacumulação de metais (chumbo e cádmio) em Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata)

To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T¹ of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.

Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis e nível de metais pesados de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.

The impact of cow dung augmentation on soil restoration and bio-accumulation of metals (Lead and Cadmium) in Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata)

Abstract To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T1 of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.

RESUMO Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis e nível de metais pesados de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.

The impact of cow dung augmentation on soil restoration and bio-accumulation of metals (Lead and Cadmium) in Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata) / O impacto do aumento de esterco de vaca na restauração do solo e bioacumulação de metais (chumbo e cádmio) em Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata)

Abstract To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T1 of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.

RESUMO Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados ​​em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis ​​e nível de metais pesados ​​de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.

Digestibilidad aparente de materia seca, proteína y carbohidratos de la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz en Cryphiops (C.) caementarius / Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and carbohydrate of the diet with biological corn meal silage in Cryphiops (C.) caementarius

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca, proteína y carbohidratos de la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz en Cryphiops (C.) caementarius. Camarones adultos (4.50 a 7.20 cm de longitud total), se colectaron del río Pativilca (Lima, Perú) y en laboratorio se mantuvieron en recipientes individuales instalados dentro de seis acuarios (cuatro camarones por acuario). La dieta control fue sin ensilado y para la dieta experimental se reemplazó el 75% de la harina de maíz por el ensilado biológico de harina de maíz; ambas dietas tuvieron 1% de óxido crómico como marcador inerte. Los camarones fueron alimentados dos veces por día (40% a las 08:00 h y 60% a las 18:00 h) con el 6% del peso húmedo, durante 10 días. Para la colección de heces, los camarones fueron trasladados a un sistema de caja cribada (12 compartimentos) instalada dentro de un acuario. La digestibilidad aparente se determinó en base seca. Los camarones alimentados con la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz tuvieron altos coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de carbohidratos (95.69%), proteína cruda (80.02%) y materia seca (76.19%), que aquellos alimentados con la dieta sin ensilado (p<0.05) que fue de 93.48, 78.21 y 74.36%, respectivamente. Los camarones adultos digieren con eficiencia los carbohidratos de la dieta con ensilado biológico de harina de maíz, en vez de la proteína de dicha dieta.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and carbohydrates of the diet with biological corn meal silage in Cryphiops (C.) caementarius. Adult prawn (4.50 to 7.20 cm total length) was collected from the Pativilca river (Lima, Peru) and in the laboratory each shrimp was kept in individual containers set up in six aquaria (four prawn per aquarium). The experimental diet was supplemented with corn meal biological silage and the control diet was without silage; both diets had 1% chromic oxide. Each diet had three replicates. Prawn was fed twice a day (40% at 08:00 h and 60% at 18:00 h) at 6% of wet weight for 10 days. For feces collection, the prawn was transferred to a system of sieved boxes (12 compartments) installed inside an aquarium. Apparent digestibility was determined on a dry basis. Prawn fed the diet with corn meal biological silage had higher apparent digestibility coefficient for carbohydrates (95.69%), crude protein (80.02%) and dry matter (76.19%) than those fed the diet without silage (p<0.05), which was 93.48, 78.21 and 74.36%, respectively. The adult prawn digested efficiently the carbohydrates of the corn meal biological silage diet, instead of the protein of this diet.

La asimilación de técnicas estadísticas en la formación del profesional en cultura física y deporte

La asimilación de las técnicas estadísticas tiene gran importancia durante la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte, dada la necesidad de su aplicación en los trabajos científicos investigativos desde los cuatro perfiles de egreso y de forma transversal en todas las disciplinas de la carrera. La implementación de estrategias de aprendizaje como herramientas para su asimilación, representa numerosos beneficios en virtud de formar profesionales competentes. El diagnóstico realizado a 107 estudiantes del curso diurno y siete profesores de la asignatura Informática y Análisis de Datos en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte Manuel Fajardo permitió detectar, en los estudiantes, insuficiencias en la asimilación de estas técnicas lo que impide su correcta aplicación. Los profesores manifiestan falta de dominio sobre las estrategias de aprendizaje como herramientas que potencian el autoaprendizaje y la autorregulación. En el estudio, se propone como objetivo diseñar una estrategia didáctica que contribuya a la asimilación de técnicas estadísticas en la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte. Entre los métodos empleados se utilizaron el analítico-sintético, la modelación, el sistémico estructural funcional, las encuestas y las tablas de distribución empírica de frecuencia. La valoración teórica de la propuesta, declarada por los especialistas en las matrices ATJ, permitió pronosticar, con criterios satisfactorios, la validez de la estrategia didáctica presentada para su posterior puesta en práctica.

A assimilação de técnicas estatísticas é de grande importância durante a formação dos profissionais de Cultura Física e Desporto, dada a necessidade da sua aplicação em trabalhos de investigação científica dos quatro perfis de pós-graduação e em todas as disciplinas da carreira. A implementação de estratégias de aprendizagem como ferramentas para a sua assimilação, representa inúmeros benefícios em virtude da formação de profissionais competentes. O diagnóstico feito a 107 alunos do curso diurno e sete docentes da disciplina de Informática e Análise de Dados da Universidade Manuel Fajardo de Cultura Física e Ciências do Desporto permitiu detectar, nos alunos, insuficiências na assimilação destas técnicas, o que impede a sua correcta aplicação. Os professores mostram falta de domínio sobre as estratégias de aprendizagem como ferramentas que potencializam a autoaprendizagem e a autorregulação. O objetivo do estudo é: desenhar uma estratégia didática que contribua para a assimilação de técnicas estatísticas na formação de profissionais de Cultura Física e Esportes. Entre os métodos utilizados estão analítico-sintético, modelagem, funcional estrutural sistêmica, levantamentos e tabelas empíricas de distribuição de frequência. A avaliação teórica da proposta, declarada pelos especialistas das Matrizes ATJ, permitiu prever, com critérios satisfatórios, a validade da estratégia didática apresentada para sua posterior implementação.

The assimilation of statistical techniques is of great importance during the training of Physical Culture and Sports professionals, given the need for their application in scientific research work from the four graduate profiles and across all disciplines of the career. The implementation of learning strategies as tools for their assimilation, represents numerous benefits by virtue of training competent professionals. The diagnosis made to 107 students of the dau course and seven professors of the Computer Science and Data Analysis subject at the Manuel Fajardo University of Physical Culture and Sports Sciences allowed to detect, in the students, insufficiencies in the assimilation of these techniques, which prevents their correct application. Teachers show lack of mastery over learning strategies as tools that enhance self-learning and self-regulation. The objective of the study is to: design a didactic strategy that contributes to the assimilation of statistical techniques in the training of Physical Culture and Sports professionals. Among the methods used are analytical-synthetic, modeling, functional structural systemic, surveys and empirical frequency distribution tables. The theoretical assessment of the proposal, declared by the specialists in the ATJ Matrices, allowed to predict, with satisfactory criteria, the validity of the didactic strategy presented for its subsequent implementation.

Analysis of students' learning behavior in the teaching practice of the presentation-assimilation-discussion class based on Xuexitong platform / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze students' learning behavior in the teaching practice of the presentation-assimilation-discussion (PAD) class based on Xuexitong platform.Methods:The PAD class based on Xuexitong platform was applied to the course of child and adolescent health in the specialty of preventive medicine. And the data were collected from the platform to analyze students' learning behavior, including the number of visits and its rules, the completion rate and duration of homework submission, the completion rate of task points, and the number of students participating in discussions. Questionnaires were used to investigate students' evaluation of the learning effect. SPSS 17.0 was used for Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis H, and Chi-square test. Results:A total of 99 students visited the platform 40 322 times over 84 days, with a peak on the day of the discussion class, with the highest number of visits from 16:00 to 20:00, and 29.3% (29/99) of them visited the platform for less than 40 days. The completion rate of homework submission was 98.0% (582/594), with 31.1% (181/582) of the person-times less than 6 hours of homework submission duration. The completion rate of task points was 99.0% (3 919/3 960), and the number of students participating in discussions was 3 (2,7). In total, 86.9% to 90.9% of the students thought that the five aspects of learning effect were partly or basically achieved.Conclusion:Students' learning behavior is good on the whole, but their participation in discussion is few, and some of them learn passively, which needs to be further improved.

El valor del cuidado del ambiente potenciado desde el vínculo didáctico madre-Tierra en estudiantes de la educación media colombiana / The value of caring for the environment enhanced from the mother-Earth didactic bond in students of Colombian high school / O valor de cuidar do meio ambiente aprimorado a partir do vínculo de ensino mãe-Terra em estudantes da média colombiana

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa, que se apoya en el paradigma hermenéutico, es analizar desde la perspectiva de estudiantes de la educación media el reconocimiento del "valor del cuidado" que realizan sus madres cotidianamente para sostener la vida en el hogar como fundamento en el diseño de estrategias basadas en procesos de aprendizaje de asimilación y acomodación de Piaget, a fin de potenciar el vínculo didáctico madre-Tierra. Se entrevistaron 45 estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Alfonso Builes Correa, del municipio de Planeta Rica, departamento de Córdoba, y se identificaron sus conocimientos sobre el tema ambiental, el valor del cuidado en sus acciones cotidianas y la asociación con la madre-Tierra. Los resultados muestran que pocos estudiantes asumen una postura sistémica del ambiente e, igualmente, que en sus prácticas diarias no relacionan el cuidado materno como potencialidad para cuidar el ambiente; sin embargo, al someterlos a situaciones problematizadoras fueron capaces de relacionarlo. Se concluye que el análisis de las realidades del contexto desde una reflexión crítica permite armonizar la relación humanidad-naturaleza hacia nuevas formas de habitar para sustentar la vida en y del planeta.

ABSTRACT The objective of this qualitative research, which is based on the hermeneutical paradigm, is to analyze from the perspective of high school students the recognition of the "value of care" that their mothers carry out on a daily basis to sustain life at home as a foundation in the design of strategies based on Piaget's assimilation and accommodation learning processes, in order to enhance the mother-Earth didactic bond. 45 students from the Alfonso Builes Correa Educational Institution, from the municipality of Planeta Rica, state of Córdoba, were interviewed and their knowledge on the environmental issue, the value of care in their daily actions and the association with mother-Earth were identified. The results show that few students assume a systemic position of the environment and, likewise, that in their daily practices they do not relate maternal care as a potential to care for the environment; however by subjecting them to problematic situations, they were able to relate it. It is concluded that the analysis of the realities of the context from a critical reflection allows harmonizing the relationship between humanity and nature towards new ways of inhabiting to sustain life on and of the planet.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa qualitativa, que se baseia no paradigma hermenêutico, é analisar na perspectiva de estudantes do ensino médio o reconhecimento do "valor do cuidado" que suas mães realizam no dia a dia para sustentar a vida em casa como uma fundação em desenho de estratégias a partir dos processos de aprendizagem de assimilação e acomodação de Piaget, de forma a potencializar o vínculo didático mãe-Terra. Foram entrevistados 45 alunos da Instituição de Ensino Alfonso Builes Correa, do município de Planeta Rica, departamento de Córdoba, e identificados seus conhecimentos sobre a questão ambiental, o valor do cuidado no cotidiano e a associação com a mãe-Terra. Os resultados mostram que poucos alunos assumem uma postura sistémica do meio ambiente e, da mesma forma, que em suas práticas cotidianas não relacionam o cuidado materno como uma potencialidade para cuidar do meio ambiente; no entanto, ao submetê-los a situações problemáticas, eles foram capazes de relaciona-lo. Conclui-se que a análise das realidades do contexto a partir de uma reflexão crítica permite harmonizar a relação entre a humanidade e a natureza para novas formas de habitar para sustentar a vida no e no planeta.

La asimilación de técnicas estadísticas: una necesidad en la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte / A assimilação de técnicas estatísticas: uma necessidade na formação do profissional de Cultura Física e Desporto / Assimilation of statistical techniques: a necessity in the formation of the Physical Culture and Sports professional

RESUMEN El dominio de técnicas estadísticas representa numerosos beneficios en virtud de la formación de profesionales competentes. En la rama de la Cultura Física y el Deporte, adquiere mayor significación por su aplicabilidad en los cuatro perfiles de egreso, de ahí la importancia que tiene la asimilación de esta ciencia en el proceso de formación de sus profesionales. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar el estado de la asimilación de las técnicas estadísticas en la formación del profesional de Cultura Física y Deporte en Cuba. La investigación exigió la utilización de diversos métodos entre los que se deben enunciar: revisión de documentos, encuestas, una prueba pedagógica y la triangulación metodológica. Asimismo, como parte de los métodos estadísticos se emplearon las tablas de distribución empíricas de frecuencias. Todos ellos permitieron determinar el nivel en que se enmarcaba el estado de la asimilación de las técnicas estadísticas en la formación de estos profesionales, así como el conocimiento de los docentes sobre las estrategias de aprendizaje, como resultado crucial de la investigación. Con la identificación de los elementos más influyentes en esta problemática, se constata la necesidad e importancia de implementar acciones en el sistema de trabajo científico, docente y metodológico para mejorar los niveles de asimilación de esta ciencia.

RESUMO O domínio das técnicas estatísticastrazmuitosbenefíciosemvirtude do treinamento de profissionais competentes. No ramo da Cultura Física e do Esporte, adquiremaiorrelevânciadevido à suaaplicabilidade nos quatroperfis de graduação, daí a importância da assimilaçãodestaciência no processo de formação de seusprofissionais. O objetivo desteestudofoi determinar o estado de assimilação de técnicas estatísticasnaformação de profissionais de Cultura Física e Esportesem Cuba. A pesquisa exigiu a utilização de vários métodos, entre os quais se destacam: revisão documental, inquéritos, prova pedagógica e triangulação metodológica. Da mesma forma, como parte dos métodos estatísticos, foram utilizadas as tabelas empíricas de distribuição de frequência. Todos eles possibilitaram determinar o nível de assimilação de técnicas estatísticasnaformaçãodessesprofissionais, bem como o conhecimento dos professores sobre estratégias de aprendizagem, resultado fundamental da pesquisa. Com a identificação dos elementos mais influentes neste problema, confirma-se a necessidade e a importância de implementar ações no sistema de trabalho científico, pedagógico e metodológico para melhorar os níveis de assimilaçãodestaciência.

ABSTRACT Mastering statistical techniques has many benefits by virtue of training competent professionals. In the branch of Physical Culture and Sports, it acquires greater significance due to its applicability in the four graduation profiles, hence the importance of assimilation of this science in the training process of its professionals. The objective of this study was to determine the state of the assimilation of statistical techniques in the training of Physical Culture and Sports professionals in Cuba. The research required the use of various methods, among which they should be mentioned: document review, surveys, a pedagogical test and methodological triangulation. Likewise, as part of the statistical methods, the empirical frequency distribution tables were used. All of them made it possible to determine the level of the assimilation of statistical techniques in the training of these professionals, as well as the knowledge of teachers about learning strategies, as a crucial result of the research. With the identification of the most influential elements in this problem, the need and importance of implementing actions in the scientific, teaching and methodological work system to improve the levels of assimilation of this science is confirmed.

Exploration and practice in ideological education in the course of "Protein and Enzyme Engineering" / 生物工程学报

Protein and Enzyme Engineering is the core and required course for colleague students majored in biotechnology, which plays an important role in the professional training system. In accordance with the "Guidelines for the Development of Ideological Education in Higher Education Institutions" issued by the Ministry of Education, we explored the combination of course teaching with ideological education by considering the features of the biotechnology major and the course and setting up rational teaching objectives. This paper described the strategy, design, implementation and evaluation approaches that were used in the course of "Protein and Enzyme Engineering" to achieve a good integration. The practice starts from story-telling, discussion of life, case study, hot issues discussion, literature discussion and presentations. The scientific spirits, civic character, global vision, eco-civilization and legal consciousness, as well as their native land emotion and cultural confidence, were boosted. The natural integration of the ideological education into the whole process of this course helped to better achieve the goal of curriculum education while promoting teaching excellence.

Effect of shading and nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen metabolism, essential oil content and antimicrobial activity of Achillea millefolium

The Achillea millefolium L. is a perennial herb with important antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, and antioxidant properties. This research aimed to investigate the effect of shading (75%; black net) and nitrogen fertilization (0, 75 and 150 kg urea ha-1) on the nitrogen metabolism, essential oil yield and antimicrobial activity of A.millefolium at vegetative- and reproductive-stage. The evaluated parameters varied depending on the organ and the phenological stage of the plant considered. Overall, our findings indicated that shading decreased nitrogen assimilation. Decreased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were observed on shaded plants during reproductive and vegetative stages, respectively. Nitrate and total amino acid levels increased in shaded plants at the vegetative stage. Regarding nitrogen supply, the improved nitrogen metabolism and essential oil yield values were accompanied by intermediate concentrations of urea (75 kg ha-1). Plants fertilized with 75 kg urea ha-1 produced the highest amino acids concentration (vegetative stage), ammonium concentration (vegetative stage) and essential oil yield (reproductive stage). Shading or nitrogen supply did not influence the microbial activity of A. millefolium essential oil.However, the essential oil of leaves and flowers were highly effective against fungi and bacteria, especially gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the current study showed that full light and 75 kg urea ha-1 enhanced the nitrogen metabolism of A. millefolium in both vegetative and reproductive stages.

Photosynthetic index and nitrogen assimilation in rapeseed seedlings transplanted in soil with ammonium glufosinate / Índice fotossintético e assimilação de nitrogênio em plântulas de colza transplantadas em resposta a resíduos de glufosinato presentes no solo

ABSTRACT: Herbicide application is an effective weed control method for mitigating crop yield loss; however, herbicide overuse can cause toxicity in non-target plants. The present study evaluated the effects of glufosinate at recommended dose for agricultural application (0.45 kg ha-1) and at overuse dose (0.90 kg ha-1) glufosinate application on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen assimilation of the rapeseed varieties D148 and Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11). Both glufosinate concentrations significantly decreased the content of chlorophyll and nitrogenous compounds, except free proline, and the activity of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, and increased the activity of glutamic acid dehydrogenase in both varieties. When the concentration of glyphosate was 0.45kg ha-1, the nitrogen assimilation of the two varieties decreased, which indicated that the recommended dosage inhibited the nitrogen assimilation of the two varieties; however, the increase of net photosynthetic rate of D148 and the decrease of that of ZS11 mean that D148 is more tolerant to the recommended dose of glyphosate than ZS11. The 0.90 kg ha-1 dosage was toxic to both rapeseed varieties. Overall, our results indicated that herbicide overuse inhibited the photosynthetic rate and nitrogen assimilation in rapeseed seedlings, and it is essential to apply a suitable glufosinate dose based on the variety grown to minimize adverse effects on crops and environment.

RESUMO: A aplicação de herbicidas é um método eficaz de controle de ervas daninhas para mitigar a perda de produtividade das culturas. No entanto, o uso excessivo de herbicidas pode causar toxicidade em plantas não alvo. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da dose recomendada para aplicação agrícola (0.45 kg ha-1) e dose excessiva (0.90 kg ha-1) de glufosinato no desempenho fotossintético e assimilação de nitrogênio das variedades de colza D148 e Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11). Ambas as concentrações de glutamato diminuíram significativamente o teor de clorofila e compostos azotados, exceto a prolina livre, e a atividade de síntese da glutamina e de síntese de glutamato, e aumentaram a atividade de desidrogenase do ácido glutâmico em ambas as variedades. Quando a concentração de glifosato foi 0.45 kg ha-1, a assimilação de azoto das duas variedades diminuiu, o que indicou que a dosagem recomendada de glifosato inibiu a assimilação de azoto das duas variedades de colza. Entretanto, a taxa fotosintética líquida do D148 aumentou enquanto o do ZS11 diminuiu, o que significa que o D148 é mais tolerante a dose recomendada de glifosato do que o ZS11. A dose de 0.90 kg ha-1 de glifosato foi prejudicial para as mudas de duas variedades de colza. Em geral, os nossos resultados indicam que o uso excessivo de glufosinato inibe a taxa fotossintética e a assimilação de nitrogênio em mudas de colza, sendo essencial aplicar uma dose adequada deste herbicida com base na variedade cultivada para minimizar os efeitos adversos nas culturas e no meio ambiente.

The secreted acid trehalase encoded by the CgATH1 gene is involved in Candida glabrata virulence

BACKGROUND Candida glabrata yeast is the second cause of candidiasis worldwide. Differs from other yeasts since assimilates only glucose and trehalose (a characteristic used in rapid identification tests for this pathogen) by secreting into the medium a highly active acid trehalase encoded by the CgATH1 gene. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterise the function of the acid trehalase in the physiopathology of C. glabrata. METHODS Gene deletion was performed to obtain a mutant ath1Δ strain, and the ability of the ath1Δ strain to grow in trehalase, or the presence of trehalase activity in the ath1Δ yeast cells, was verified. We also tested the virulence of the ath1Δ strain in a murine model of infection. FINDINGS The ath1Δ mutant strain grows normally in the presence of glucose, but loses its ability to grow in trehalose. Due to the high acid trehalase activity present in wild-type cells, the cytoplasmic neutral trehalase activity is only detected in the ath1Δ strain. We also observed a significantly lower virulence of the ath1Δ strain in a murine model of infection with either normal or immunocompromised mice. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The acid trehalase is involved in the hydrolysis of external trehalose by C. glabrata, and the enzyme also plays a major virulence role during infectivity.

Advances in microbial degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons / 生物工程学报

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CAHs) threaten human health and the ecological environment due to their strong carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and heritable properties. Heterotrophic assimilation degradation can completely and effectively degrade CAHs, without secondary pollution. However, it is crucial to comprehensively understand the heterotrophic assimilation process of CAHs for its application. Therefore, we review here the characteristics and advantages of heterotrophic assimilation degradation of CAHs. Moreover, we systematically summarize current research status of heterotrophic assimilation of CAHs. Furthermore, we analyze bacterial genera and metabolism, key enzymes and characteristic genes involved in the metabolic process. Finally, we indicate existing problems of heterotrophic assimilation research and future research needs.

Historic migration to South Asia in the last two millennia: A case of Jewish and Parsi populations

The South Asian populations have a mosaic of ancestries likely due to the interactions of long-term populations of the landmassand those of East and West Eurasia. Apart from prehistoric dispersals, there are some known population movements to India. Inthis study, we focussed on the migration of Jewish and Parsi populations on temporal and spatial scales. The existence of Jewishand Parsi communities in India are recorded since ancient times. However, due to the lack of high-resolution genetic data, theirorigin and affiliation with other Indian and non-Indian populations remains shrouded in legends. Earlier genetic studies onpopulations of Indian Jews have found evidence for a minor shared ancestry of Indian Jews with Middle Eastern (Jews)populations, whereas for Parsis, the Iranian link was proposed. Recently, in our high-resolution study, we were able to quantifythe admixture dynamics of these groups, which has suggested a male-biased admixture. Here, we added the newly availableancient samples and revisited the interplay of genes and cultures. Thus, in this study we reconstructed a broad genetic profile ofIndian Jews and Parsis to paint a fine-grained picture of these ethnic groups.

Educação física escolar e a assimilação das ações mentais / School physical education and the assimilation of mental actions / Educación física escolar y asimilación de las acciónes mentales

No desenvolvimento deste estudo buscamos investigar as possibilidades de êxito no ensino de Educação Física escolar utilizando como base para o planejamento pedagógico a Teoria da Assimilação das Ações Mentais por Etapas propostas por Galperín. Nosso objetivo é verificar em que sentido essas etapas podem promover melhorias no ensino em aulas de Educação Física para crianças pequenas e identificar suas relações com a Psicologia Histórico-cultural no ensino dos conteúdos dessa disciplina. O trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio de análise documental em textos de estudiosos da psicologia soviética, tais como, Vigotski (2005); (2003); Talizina(1988) e Galperín (1986) tratando-se de uma revisão teórica, porém crítica e inter-relacionada às abordagens pedagógicas para a Educação Física. Compreendemos que, como parte da Psicologia Educacional de origem russa, essa teoria amplia as possibilidades de aprendizagem pois compreende o aluno em seu contexto social e com isso as atividades propostas são desenvolvidas dentro da realidade concreta do aluno, um fim objetivo para a ação planejada resultando na redução do tempo empreendido no processo de ensino e aprendizagem e superando comportamentos fossilizados no fazer pedagógico do componente curricular.

In the development of this study we seek to investigate the possibilities of success in the teaching of school Physical Education using as basis for pedagogical planning the Theory of Assimilation of Mental Actions by Stages proposed by Galperin. Our goal is to verify how these steps can promote didactic success in Physical Education classes for young children and to identify its relations with Cultural-Historical Psychology in this discipline content teaching. The work was developed through document analysis in texts of Soviet psychology scholars, such as, Vigotski (2005); (2003); Talizina (1988) and Galperín (1986), dealing with a theoretical revision, but critical and interrelated to the pedagogical approaches to Physical Education. We understand that, as part of educational psychology from Russia, this theory expands the possibilities of learning because it understands the student in its social context and with that the proposed activities are developed within the students concrete reality, an objective end for the planned action resulting in the reduction of the time taken in the teaching and learning process and in overcoming fossilized behaviors in the pedagogical accomplishment of the curricular component.

Para este estudio hemos tratado de investigar las posibilidades de éxito en la enseñanza de la educación física utilizando como base para la planificación pedagógica la Teoría de la Asimilación de las Acciones Mentales por etapas propuesta por Galperin. Nuestro objetivo es verificar cómo os pasos por esta teoria pueden promover mejoría en la enseñanza en las clases de educación física para los niños pequeños e identificar sus relaciones con la psicología histórico-cultural en la enseñanza de los contenidos de la asignatura. El estudio se llevó a cabo a través del análisis documental de los eruditos textos de psicología soviética, como Vygotsky (2005); (2003); Talizina (1988) y Galperin (1986) tratándose de una revisión teórica, pero crítica y con el enfoque pedagógico para la educación física. Entendemos que, como parte de la psicología educativa de origen ruso, esta teoría amplia las possibilidades de aprendizaje para el estudiante por considerarlo en su contexto social o que facilita que las actividades propuestas se desarrollen dentro de la realidad concreta del estudiante, objetivo final de la acción planificada que resulta en una reducción del tiempo llevado a cabo en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y la superación de la conducta fosilizada en la acción pedagógica de la asignatura.

Bile salt hydrolase activity and cholesterol assimilation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from flowers

A total of 16 isolates of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from flowers were screened for the bile salt hydrolase activity on MRS(de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe; Difco) agar supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) taurodeoxycholic acid. The isolates were dividedinto two groups based on their phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the representativeisolates. Group I isolates were cocci as the members of genus Enterococcus. Isolates FM1-1, FM1-2, FM12-1, andFM12-2 were identified as Enterococcus durans (100% similarity), isolate FM2-3 was identified as Enterococcusgallinarum (99.92% similarity), while the isolate FM11-2 was identified as Enterococcus lactis (99.77% similarity).Group II isolates were rods as the members of genus Lactobacillus. They were identified as Lactobacillus plantarumsubsp. plantarum (the representative isolates, FM3-1 and FM16-2, showed 100% similarity). Eleven isolates, includingFM1-1, FM1-2, FM2-3, FM3-1, FM4-2, FM11-2, FM12-1, FM12-2, FM14-1, FM14-2, and FM16-2, exhibited bilesalt hydrolase activity. All LAB isolates showed the cholesterol assimilated ability ranged from 9.57% to 51.69%. Theisolate FM11-2 efficiently assimilated the cholesterol with 51.69%.

Growth, Carbon Assimilation and Quality of Kesum (Persicaria minor) as Exposed to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles towards the Persicaria minor that can be used as a guidance for further toxicity investigation of ZnO-NPs. Study Design: A Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replication. Each unit was consisted with eight plants and the total of 96 plants were used in this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in plot 1, Vegetables Field plot for Teaching and Research, Taman Pertanian Universiti, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Selangor, Malaysia, from May 2018 until August 2018. Methodology: Persicaria minor were exposed to four different concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) which were (50,100 and 150 mg/L) and 0 mg/L as a control. The ZnO-NPs was dissolved in distilled water before being applied to plants. 40 mL of ZnO-NPs solution was applied to each plant. The growth, carbon assimilation and also secondary metabolites were measured in this experiment. Results: The results showed that the treatment of zinc oxide nanoparticles enhanced growth of the Persicaria minor as the plant treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles had higher plant height and total biomass when compared to control treatment. However, the analysis revealed that the treatment of zinc oxide nanoparticles highly and significantly influenced the carbon assimilation and quality of this plant as the treated plants showed reduction in chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate but increased in production of secondary metabolites. The increased in production of plant secondary metabolites may be attributed by the plant protection mechanism due to metabolic stress caused by high concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Conclusion: This research will progressively help in contributing some reliable and valid data on the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), towards the Persicaria minor that can be used as guidance for further experimental investigation regarding this field.