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Surgical resection is one of the important means to achieve long-term survival for patients with liver malignant tumor. However, most of the liver malignant tumor has been diagnosed in the middle and late stage, and lose the chance of surgical treatment. For these patients who have lost the chance of surgery, some surgeons have proposed the concept of planned liver resection, which is to reduce tumor stage and increase future liver remnant (FLR) in a planned way, so as to improve the safety of surgery and prolong the survival time of patients after surgery. For patients with FLR insufficiency after prior evaluation or/and treatment, the technique of hepatic hyperplasia is an important part of planned hepatectomy, that is, to effectively increase FLR in a short period of time by various means. Portal vein ligation (PVL) and portal vein embolization (PVE), associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) and liver venous deprivation (LVD) are three main techniques for hepatic hyperplasia. This article reviews the principle, effect and safety of three liver augmentation techniques.
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Objective:To analyze the apply effect of radiofrequency ablation assisted associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (RALPPS) in liver cancer patients with insufficient future liver remnant (FLR).Methods:The data of 29 patients who underwent RALPPS in the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Military Medical University from June 2014 to July 2020 were analyzed, including 25 males and 4 females, aged (46.6±9.9) years. The patients were divided into the second stage group (completed the second stage operation, n=18) and the first stage group (completed only the first stage operation, n=11) according to whether they had successfully completed the second stage operation. FLR, percentage of FLR in standard liver volume (percentage of FLR), growth rate of FLR, liver function after operation, operation time and radiofrequency ablation time of first stage operation, surgical complications were compared between the two groups. Results:The percentage of FLR before the first stage operation was (30.0±7.0)% in 29 patients, and the second stage operation was completed in 18 patients (62.1%). After the first stage operation, the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the second stage group were 519.0 (362.9, 696.0) U/L and 391.8 (297.2, 591.1) U/L, which were better than those of the first stage group 931.0 (711.7, 1131.9) U/L and 851.3 (426.6, 888.0) U/L (both P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in FLR and percentage of FLR before the first stage operation, duration time, amount of bleeding and time of radiofrequency ablation of the first stage operation (all P>0.05). In the second stage group, the interval between two operations was (21.6±6.7) days, the FLR before the second stage operation was (623.2±101.8) cm 3, the FLR percentage was (49.0±7.0)%, and the FLR growth rate was (19.0±5.0)%. In the first stage group, there were 11 patients (100.0%) who developed complication after first stage operation, induding 7 patients (63.6%) with complication above Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅲb. In the second stage group, 18 patients (100.0%) developed complication after the first stage operation. There were no complication above grade Ⅲb. The causes of 11 patients who did not completed secondary surgery included poor liver function and insufficient FLR in 4 patients, tumor progression in 6 patients, and death in 1 patient. Conclusion:RALPPS is a therapeutic option for liver cancer patients with insufficient FLR, and the therapeutic effect is reasonable.
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Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) can speed up the regeneration of future liver remnant (FLR) in short period of time, and offer a chance for surgical resection for patients without sufficient FLR. However, ALPPS still remains controversy due to its high perioperative morbidity and mortality, as well as the uncertain long-term oncological benefits. How to solve these problems is the key to ensure the safety of surgery.This article focus on the indication selection, liver function reserve evaluation and timing to perform the second stage surgery, surgical mode evolution and comparison with portal venous embolization/portal venous ligation+two-stage hepatectomy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Embolization, Therapeutic , Hepatectomy/methods , Ligation , Liver/surgery , Liver Neoplasms/surgery , Liver Regeneration , Portal Vein/surgery , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
With the rapid development of liver surgery,minimally invasive techniques have been widely used in liver surgery. Many challenging liver can be performed laparoscopically to decrease the surgical trauma. At the same time,the efficiency and accuracy of liver surgeries have been highly improved by the advanced assisted technology of liver surgery. The purpose of this article is to summarize the current situation of liver surgery as well as the future of liver surgery.
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Objective@#To study the application of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) in hepatocellular carcinoma with mild-to-moderate liver cirrhosis.@*Methods@#There are 14 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent ALPPS at the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hong Kong University-Shenzhen Hospital from April 2014 to December 2017. The clinical data was retrospectively studied. The studying objects consisted of 9 males and 5 females, aged from 26 to 71 years old with the average age of 51, all cases were of Child-Pugh grade A. The degree of liver cirrhosis, operation and postoperative complications were analyzed.@*Results@#All 14 patients completed the ALPPS, 1 patient died post stage 2 operation with liver failure. Comparing the groups with no liver cirrhosis (n=4) with the groups of mild liver cirrhosis (n=5) and moderate liver cirrhosis (n=5), the future liver remnant liver volume growth rates were 58%, 46% and 45.6%, respectively. The average operation intervals were 9.0, 11.2 and 12.8 days, respectively. Postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients: 2 patients with liver failure, 1 patient with intestinal obstruction, and 1 patient with hepatic ascites.@*Conclusion@#ALPPS for Child-Pugh grade A, hepatocellular carcinoma with mild-to-moderate liver cirrhosis treatment is safe and feasible.
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Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of hepatic artery ringed and restriction operation-associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (HARO-ALPPS) in the treatment of giant hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted.Clinical data of a 45-year-old male patient with giant hepatocellular carcinoma who was admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University in July 2018 were collected.In the first stage operation,right portal vein ligation+ in situ liver partition + right hepatic artery ringed operation was performed on the patient.In the second stage operation,right hemihepatectomy was performed on the patient.Observation indicators:(1) surgical and postoperative situations of the first stage operation;(2) surgical and postoperative situations of the second stage operation;(3) postoperative pathological examination;(4) changes in future liver remnant (FLR) and tumor volume;(5) perioperative hemodynamic changes of right hepatic artery,proper hepatic artery and left hepatic artery;(6) perioperative hemodynamic changes of left-portal vein and main portal vein;(7) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examination was performed to detect the prognosis of patients up to February 2019.Count data were described as absolute number.Results (1) Surgical and postoperative situations of the first stage operation:the patient underwent right portal vein ligation+ in situ liver partition+ right hepatic artery ringed operation successfully.The operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were 376 minutes and 400 mL.Inflammatory indicators including body temperature,white blood cells (WBC),C-reactive protein,procalcitonin,and liver function indices including total bilirubin (TBil),albumin (Alb),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),ascites,indocyanine green retention rate at15 min (ICG R15),score of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) before the second stage operation were improved after symptomatic supportive treatment.Prothrombin time (PT) was in the normal range after the first stage operation.There was no complication of Clavien-Dindo classification Ⅱ or above.(2) Surgical and postoperative situations of the second stage operation:the patient underwent right hemihepatectomy successfully.The operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were 322 minutes and 900 mL.The patient received 300 mL of fresh frozen plasma infusion.Inflammatory indicators including body temperature,C-reactive protein,and liver function indices including Alb,ALT,AST,ascites,were recoved to normal level after symptomatic supportive treatment.WBC,procalcitonin,TBil,and PT were in the normal range.There was no complication of Clavien-Dindo classification Ⅱ or above.(3) Postoperative pathological examination:① Ⅱ stage hepatocellular carcinoma was confirmed,mass-like type,with tissue necrosis and microvascluar invasion.There was no distal metastasis and tumor did not invade liver capsule or surgical margin.Ishak score of surrounding tissues was 3 in the inflammation and 2 in the fibrosis.② Chronic inflammation was detected in the gallbladder mucosa.③ Reactive hyperplasia was found in the 2 lymph nodes of the group 8.④ One in the group 12 lymph nodes showed reactive hyperplasia.Immunohistochemistry showed positive Glypican-3,Hepatocyte,Arginase-1,NM23,weakly positive vascular endothelial growth factor,and negative Ki-67,vascular endothelial cell marker CD34,biliary epithelial marker CK19 and CK 7,tumor suppressor gene P21 and P23.(4) Changes in FLR and tumor volume:FLR was 565 mL and 580 mL at the 5th and 14th day after the first stage operation respectively,accounting for 54％ and 57％ of total liver volume.The FLR to body weight ratio was 0.96 and 0.98,and the growth rate of FLR was 194％ and 202％.Tumor volume was 1 210 mL and 1 297 mL at the 5th and 14th day after the first stage operation respectively.Tumor necrosis volume was 635 mL and 500 mL at the 5th and 14th day after the first stage operation respectively.At the 5th and 14th day after the first stage operation,the liver CT examination showed that HARO was successfully underwent and the blood supply of remnant liver was good.Preoperative CT aothgraphy (CTA) examination showed that the right hepatic tumor had rich arterial blood supply.At the 5th day after the first stage operation,the CTA examination confirmed the ringed site of right hepatic artery,and the blood supply of the tumor gradually decreased.At the 14th day after the first stage operation,CTA examination showed significant decrease in the blood supply of liver tumors.Liver CT examination showed rich supply of the remnant liver and the liver volume of 829 mL at the 7th day after the second stage operation.(5) Perioperative hemodynamic changes of the right hepatic artery,proper hepatic artery and left hepatic artery.① Blood flow of right hepatic artery was 224.3,574.7,827.5,222.7,153.0,282.5,279.1,247.9 and 150.2 mL/min before the first stage operation,before right portal vein ligation,after right portal vein ligation and before right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,after right portal vein ligation and right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,at the 1st,3th,5th and 7th day after the first stage operation.Blood flow of right hepatic artery in the second stage operation was 505.0 mL/min.② Blood flow of proper hepatic artery was 399.7,793.5,830.5,1 075.4,784.7.5,821.2,722.8,467.4 and 555.4 mL/min before the first stage operation,before right portal vein ligation,after right portal vein ligation and before right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,after right portal vein ligation and right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,at the 1st,3th,5th and 7th day after the first stage operation.Blood flow of proper hepatic artery was 505.0,473.3,158.5,627.0,103.8 and 139.8 mL/min before right hepatectomy in the second stage operation,after right hepatectomy,at the 1st,3th and 5th day after the second operation,respectively.③ Blood flow of left hepatic artery was 147.5,13.8,19.4,16.2,62.1,93.9,67.1,30.8 and 106.1 mL/min before the first stage operation,before right portal vein ligation,after right portal vein ligation and before right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,after right portal vein ligation and right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,at the 1st,3th,5th,7th and 10th day after the first stage operation.Blood flow ot left hepatic artery was 52.0,43.2,112.4,103.6,80.7 and 56.1 mL/min before right hepatectomy in the second stage operation,after right hepatectomy,at the 1st,3th and 5th day after the second operation,respectively.(6) Perioperative hemodynamic changes of left-portal vein and main portal vein.① Blood flow of left portal vein was 552.6,181.2,412.2,320.0,1 777.7,1 284.7,749.5 and 484.2 mL/min before the first stage operation,before right portal vein ligation,after right portal vein ligation and right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,at the 1st,3th,5th,7th and 10th day after the first stage operation,respectively.Blood flow of left portal vein was 793.3,979.0,485.2,1 042.5,803.5 and 548.3 mL/min before right hepatectomy in the second stage operation,after right hepatectomy,at the 1st,3th,5th and 7th day after the second operation respectively.② Blood flow of main portal vein was 1 186.0,696.7,833.7,431.7,1 319.1,668.4,890.7,550.8 mL/min before the first stage operation,before right portal vein ligation,after right portal vein ligation and right hepatic artery ringed and restriction,at the 1st,3th,5th,7th and 10th day after the first stage operation,respectively.Blood flow of main portal vein was 846.4,937.4,891.2,1 671.0,2 697.8,and 1 230.0 mL/min before right hepatotectomy in the second stage operation,after right hepatectomy,at the 1st,3th,5th and 7th day after the second stage operation,respectively.(7) Follow up:the patient was followed up for 6 months and survived well,with Child A of liver function and normal alpha fetoprotein level.Liver contrast CT examination showed increase in the remnant liver,good blood supply,and no tumor recurrence.The FLR was 727 mL at the 2 months after operation.Conclusion For patients with giant hepatocellular carcinoma,HARO-ALPPS can be performed to decrease blood supply of tumor,increase tumor necrosis area,and reduce the incidence of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistula,which ensure blood supply of remnant liver hyperplasia.
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Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is an innovation in liver surgery in recent years.It provides opportunities of surgery for those with inadequate remnant liver volume by rapidly remnant liver hypertrophy.Comparing with conventional two stage hepatectomy (TSH),such as portal vein embolization,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and hepatic artery ligation,ALPPS has advantages of fastened future liver remnant hypertrophy,shortened waiting time for the second stage of surgery and higher resection rate.But as for long-term curative effect,no strong evidence shows ALPPS is better than TSH.
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Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) which represented a new two-steps liver resection procedures has been considered a revolutionary innovation for liver surgery technique in recent 10 years, it was first discovered by Professor Lang in Germany in 2007.The first step of the classic surgical procedures for portal vein ligation and liver parenchyma, until the future liver remnant (FLR) increased to a sufficient remnant then resect the right three-leaf liver.With the development of ALPPS, the method of hepatic parenchyma separation and isolation materials have been modified, which improves the safety of operation.ALPPS can speed up the regeneration of FLR in short period of time and therefore accurate assessment of FLR and liver reserve function preoperatively, which also can effectively prevent postoperative liver failure.However, it still remains controversy due to the high incidences of mobility and mortality perioperatively, how to solve this problem and chose the indications is the key.In China, 80% of liver cancer patients are associated with liver cirrhosis which the potential of FLR regeneration is limited. Whether ALPPS is applicable to the liver cancer patients in China remains to be further investigated, looking forward to a large number report of cases to give a more objective assessment.
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Objective To study the combined use of ALPPS (associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy) with hepatic artery reconstruction in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with hepatic arterial involvement.Methods The clinical data of 7 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent ALPPS combined with hepatic arterial resection and reconstruction were analyzed retrospectively.The technical points and the perioperative management were analyzed.Methods At the first stage,the relationship between the tumor and the vessels were explored,the portal vein of the part of the liver to be resected was ligated and the liver was transected with a CUSA (Cavitron Ultrasound Surgical Aspirator).Then the bile duct was cut and a hepaticojejunostomy was completed.Finally,under ultrasound guidance,a bile duct drainage tube was inserted transhepatically into the part of the liver which was to be resected.Two to three weeks later,and after enough hypertrophy of the liver remnant size was confirmed,tumor resection was completed with reconstruction of the hepatic artery.Results Seven patients underwent the second stage operation,with no perioperative death.Six patients developed pulmonary infection and were treated successfully with conservative treatment.Two patients developed postoperative bile leak with secondary abdominal infection.One patient developed postoperative hepatic artery thrombosis secondary to biliary tract infection.Conclusion ALPPS combined with hepatic artery reconstruction was safe and feasible in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with hepatic arterial involvement.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and future liver remnant (FLR) growth after associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS).Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 15 patients who underwent ALPPS at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between March 2017 and May 2018 were collected.Observation indicators:(1) intraoperative situations in the first staged ALPPS and the second staged ALPPS;(2) postoperative situations:① postoperative complications and duration of hospital stay,② results of pathological examination;(3) IL-6 concentration in the peripheral blood before and after operation;(4)follow-up situations.Follow-up using outpatient examination,telephone interview and internet was performed to detect life quality and survival of patients.Imaging examination was done to detect tumor recurrence and metastasis.Follow-up was done up to May 2018.Measurement data with normal distribution or similar normal distribution were represented as (x)±s.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Repeated measures data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA.Correlation comparison was done using Pearson bivariate correlation test.Results (1) Intraoperative situations.① The first staged ALPPS:15 patients had liver parenchymal transection via anterior approach combined with selective hepatic vascular exclusion,without allogenic blood transfusion.The operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,FLR at postoperative 16 days,interval time to the second staged ALPPS,growth rate of liver volume,ratio of FLR and standard liver volume (SLV) were respectively 324 minutes (range,240-387 minutes),356 mL (range,200-600 mL),(582± 134) cm3,24 days (range,9-34 days),35％±20％ and 53％±7％.② The second staged ALPPS:of 15 patients,13 underwent the second staged ALPPS successfully including 11 undergoing middle hepatic vein preserved right hepatectomy and 2 undergoing expanded right hemihepatectomy or right trisegmentectomy,1 underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) due to FLR/SLV =31％,1 was detected yellow-white nodules at left lobe and confirmed as hepatocellular carcinoma by frozen section pathological examination,and then improved and discharged after 5-FU abdominal local chemotherapy combined with postoperative TACE.The operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss of 13 patients undergoing the second staged ALPPS were 324 minutes (range,140-515 minutes) and 639 mL(range,100-1 400 mL).Two patients had blood transfusion including 1 with 800 mL of fresh frozen plasma and 4.0 U of red cells and 1 with 600 mL of plasma and 9.5 U of de-leucocytes and red cells.(2) Postoperative situations.① Postoperative complications and duration of hospital stay:15 patients had no perioperative death,9 and 6 were detected grade A and grade B liver failure respectively,15 had grade Ⅰ complications of Clavien-Dindo classification and no patient had grade Ⅱ and above complications,10 had pleural effusion including 1 with volume of effusion ＞500 mL.Of 13 patients undergoing the second staged ALPPS,4 and 9 were detected grade A and grade B liver failure respectively,8 and 5 had grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ complications of Clavien-Dindo classification and no patient had grade Ⅲ and above complications,11 had few pleural effusion with volume of effusion ＜500 mL.Patients with grade B liver failure and grade Ⅱ complications were recovered and discharged after treatments of liver protection,gastric protection,reinforced dressing change,continuous use of Alb,fresh frozen plasma transfusion.The patient with volume of pleural effusion ＞ 500 mL was improved after closed thoracic drainage and other patients with pleural effusion were improved after symptomatic and supportive treatment.Duration of total hospital stay was 31 days (range,22-49 days) in 15 patients.② Results of pathological examination:13 patients undergoing complete ALPPS were diagnosed as hepaticocellular carcinoma with R0 resection and without cancer cells involving surgical margin,including 7 with grade Ⅱ portal vein tumor thrombus.Ishak score for postoperative pathological fibrosis and liver cirrhosis was 7.7±1.4 in 15 patients,including 1 case of 5,1 case of 6,2 case of 7,6 case of 8,5 case of 9.(3) IL-6 concentration in the peripheral blood before and after operation:IL-6 concentration in the peripheral blood before surgery was (8±3)ng/L in 15 patients,and (207±150)ng/L,(104±65)ng/L,(45±38)ng/L,(26±9)ng/L,(18±10)ng/L at 1,3,5,7,10 days after the first staged ALPPS,showing a statistically significant difference in changing trend before and after surgery (F=25.877,P＜0.05) and statistically significant differences in paired comparison between 1,3,5,7,10 days after the first staged ALPPS and before surgery respectively (P＜0.05).There was correlation between IL-6 concentration in the peripheral blood at 1,3 days after the first staged ALPPS and growth of FLR (r=0.766,0.881,P＜0.05),and also between IL-6 concentration in the peripheral blood at 1,3 days after the first staged ALPPS and growth rate of FLR (r =0.810,0.879,P＜ 0.05).(4) Follow-up:15 patients were followed up for 1-14 months with a median time of 7 months.Of the 15 patients,1 without the second staged ALPPS died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome at 7 months after the first staged ALPPS,14 survived and took care of theirselves in daily life during follow-up with improved life quality,including 1 detected multiple lung metastases at 12 months after complete ALPPS with mild increased AFP and 13 undetected new lesions in the remnant liver on contrast-enhanced CT and liver contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with normal AFP.Conclusion The peak of IL-6 concentration in peripheral blood at 1,3 days after the first staged ALPPS is significantly correlated with the hyperplasia of FLR,which may be used to predict the hyperplasia of FLR.
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Objective To investigate the safety and clinical effect of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with cirrhosis.Methods The retrospective cohort study was adopted.The clinical data of 5 patients with primary HCC with cirrhosis who underwent ALPPS at the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University between October 2014 and August 2015 were collected.The surgical plan was determined according to preoperative liver function and liver functional reserve.The patients underwent portal vein (PV) ligation and liver partition in the first staged surgery.The second staged surgery was performed when growing future live remnant (FLR) came up to the standard of safe section by rescan of computed tomography (CT) at 10,14,18 days after the first staged surgery,and hemihepatectomy and hepatic segmentectomy were applied to patients.(1) The intraoperative situations were observed,including the severity of liver cirrhosis,first staged surgery time,volume of intraoperative blood loss and FLR in the first staged surgery,interval time of surgery,growth rate of liver volume,ratio of FLR and standard liver volume (SLV),time and volume of intraoperative blood loss in the second staged surgery.(2) Pre-and postoperative biochemical indicators in the first and second staged surgeries were detected,including total bilirubin (TBil) and alanine phosphatase (ALT).(3) Postoperative situations were observed,including occurrence of complications,results of pathological examination and duration of hospital stay.(4) The follow-up using telephone reservation and outpatient examination was performed to detect tumors recurrence and metastasis and survival of patients by imaging examination and tumor marker test up to November 2015.Count data were represented as mean (range).Results (1) Intraoperative situations:of 5 patients,there were 1 patient with F3 of liver cirrhosis and 4 with F4 of liver cirrhosis.One patient was complicated with lots of peritoneal effusion,followed by acute renal failure,and didn't receive the second staged surgery.Four patients underwent successful ALPPS.The first staged surgery of 5 patients:average operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,FLR,interval time of surgery,growth rate of liver volume,ratio of FLR and SLV were 282 minutes (range,240-320 minutes),500 mL (range,300-700 mL),457 em3(range,338-697 cm3),15 days (range,14-18 days),58％ (range,46％-67％) and 42％ (range,32％-44％),respectively.Average operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss in second staged surgery were 220 minutes (range,200-260 minutes) and 412 mL (range,300-600 mL).(2) Pre-and post-operative biochemical indicators:levels of TBil and ALT of 5 patients from pre-operation to postoperative day 12 in the first staged surgery were from 4.9-30.4 μmol/L to 9.8-56.1 μmol/L and from 12.9-156.1 U/L to 46.3-207.3 U/L,respectively.Levels of TBil and ALT of 4 patients from pre-operation to postoperative day 10 in the second staged surgery were from 10.1-21.2μmol/L to 6.9-38.0 μmol/L and from 30.8-55.5 U/L to 19.8-72.8 U/L,respectively.(3) Postoperative situations:there were no perioperative death and postoperative complications of liver failure and intraperitoneal infection.One patient complicated with bile leakage was cured by non-operative treatment for 30 days.Results of pathological examination:5 patients were confirmed as Ⅱ-Ⅲ stage HCC,and 4 tumors had vascular tumor thrombi and negative resection margin with tumor size of 8-13 cm.Duration of hospital stay of 5 patients was 36 days (range,28-48 days).(4) Results of follow-up:4 patients undergoing successful ALPPS were followed up for 4-12 months.One patient was emerged with a new lesion of 2 cm in left half liver at postoperative month 7,level of AFP of which was 512 μg/L before the first staged surgery reduced to normal level at postoperative month 2,and then the patient received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radio frequency ablation (RFA) treatments without tumor recurrence up to postoperative month 12.No tumor recurrence and new lesions in liver were detected in other 3 patients by abdominal enhanced scan of CT,with a normal level of AFP.Conclusion ALPPS is safe and feasible for HCC with cirrhosis,with a satisfactory short-term outcome.
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The associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) procedure is a new surgical strategy.ALPPS is mainly used in the patients with insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) and advanced liver tumor.ALPPS provides fast and effective growth of FLR,so as to meet the normal liver function after surgery.The preliminary studies of liver regeneration of ALPPS rat model also have obtained certain achievements,a synergistic activation of the liver regeneration-associated signaling pathways,such as cytokines and transcription factors,contribute to the significant liver regeneration after ALPPS.In this paper,the advantages of ALPPS and preliminary research progress are summarized.
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Laparoscopic associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALPPS) is an innovative surgical procedure with technical challenges and the risk of surgery,its use in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis is still at an early and exploratory stage.Based on the clinical data and follow-up results of 11 cases of laparoscopic ALPPS for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis,the author summarized the indications,techniques,complications,perioperative and oncology results of the procedure preliminarily.This study has provided technical experience and implementation plan in clinical practice of laparoscopic ALPPS for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis.
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An innovative approach,named associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS),has made possible a marked increase in future liver remnant (FLR) over a short period of time,and has challenged the concept of unresectability.To date,ALPPS has been employed for a variety of primary and metastatic liver tumors from many centers across the world.Many technical variations of ALPPS have been described.However,much controversy has surrounded this procedure,and many problems remain to be solved,such as the reasons for rapid hypertrophy,the technical feasibility,safety and long-term oncologic outcomes,and the result compared with the conventional two-stage hepatectomy.These aspects are needed to be evaluated further in large-scale studies.We believe that the ALPPS procedure will has much room for further development.
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Compared to portal vein embolization and traditional two-stage hepatectomy,associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) can induce the proliferation of liver rapidly,concomitantly with high incidence of complications and mortality in the perioperative period.The feasibility and safety have been improved gradually as the improvement of technology and the accumulation of experience.But it is still controversial on its efficacy for malignant tumors,especially with insufficiency of medium-and long-term out-comes.The mechanism of rapid proliferation induced by ALPPS needs more studies with further steps.
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Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is introduced as a modified two staged hepatectomy for advanced liver malignancies,which requires extended hepatectomy with very small future remnant liver volume.It is characterized by rapid and large growth of future remnant liver and potential of widening the indication of curative resection with extended major hepatectomy for liver malignancies.However,it showed much higher morbidity of complications and mortality than extended hepatectomy after portal vein embolization.The development of ALPPS is often controversial.In this article,the development and problems of ALPPS are retrospected and summarized,in order to reflect the role of ALPPS in Japan where zero mortality after hepatectomy is highly expected.
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility,safety and effectiveness of modified associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS).Methods The published literatures associated with modified ALPPS were pooled from Embase,Pubmed,Medline,Google Scholar databases.The studies were included or excluded depends on our predetermined criteria.We selected data and performd descriptive analysis from the included studies.Results Five articles were included and reviewed.A total of 62 patients underwent five modified procedures,including monosegment ALPPS (m-ALPPS),anterior approach ALPPS,partial-ALPPS,radiofrequency-assisted liver partition with portal vein ligation (RALPP) and associating liver tourniquet and portal ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALTPS).There were 50 (80.6％) patients diagnosed liver metastatic colorectal cancer.The average operation interval of modified ALPPS was between 8 ～ 22 days and growth rate of future liver remnant (FLR) ranged from 48.7％ to 62.3％,the feasibility to perform ALPPS stage 2 was 98.4％.The incidence of severe postoperative complications were between 11.8％ ～33.3％.The 90-day mortality for monosegment ALPPS,partial-ALPPS and RALPP was 0,while the figure was 8.3％ in ALTPS.The in-hospital morbidities were 5.9％ and 8.3％ for anterior approach ALPPS and ALTPS,respectively,which were 0 in the other three modified groups.Clinical response evaluation,including R0 resection rate,overall survival rate,disease-free and recurrence rates were merely presented 83.3％,80％,50％,50％ in m-ALPPS group,while 100％,100％,95％,5％ in modified ALTPS group.Conclusion Modified ALPPS with improved safety is feasible in clinical practice.However,the effectiveness still needs further studies.
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Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a breakthrough in the field of hepatobiliary surgery.The remnant liver regeneration was stimulated during the first stage of the operation,and the radical resection of the tumor could be successfully carried out during the second stage of the operation.ALPPS is a new approach for patients with tumor which is previously considered unresectable during one hospital stay.In April 2014,a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the right liver and liver cirrhosis was admitted to the Southwest Hospital.Preoperative examination confirmed that the ratio of the remnant liver volume to the standard liver volume was 26.9％,which indicated that the patient was inappropriate to receive radical resection of HCC.Therefore,totally laparoscopic ALPPS was applied.In the first stage of the operation,the portal vein ligation associated with liver hanging tape placement and in situ splitting of liver were carried out after hanging the Glisson's pedicle under the laparoscope.Thirteen days after the first stage of the operation,the ratio of the remnant liver volume to the standard liver volume was 40.6％.The second stage of the operation was carried out 14 days after the first stage of the operation.The right hepatic pedicle and right hepatic vein were transected with a stapler.The tumor was removed after full mobilization of the right liver.The distance between the resection margin to the tumor was 1.5 cm.No complications were detected after the first stage of the operation,while the patient was complicated with pleural effusion after the second stage of the operation and was cured by pleural puncture and drainage.The patient was discharged at postoperative day 9 and followed up at postoperative month 1.The results of follow-up confirmed that the hepatic function was normal,and no mass occupying lesions and pleural effusion were detected.Totally laparoscopic ALPPS is safe and feasible with satisfactory short-term efficacy.
ABSTRACT
Complete resection of liver cancer is the main approach for achieving radical resection,and sufficient remnant liver is essential for avoiding hepatic failure after operation.With the aim of increasing remnant liver volume,a new two-stage technique,associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS),recently has been developed.In this article,the initial experience with 1 case of hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent ALPPS at the Zhongshan Hospital in April 2013 was reported.In the first stage,the right portal vein branch was ligated and subsequently the liver parenchyma was dissected along the falciform ligament to isolate the segment Ⅳ and the left lateral lobe.On postoperative day 7,the remnant liver volume was increased from 291 ml to 579 ml,and on postoperative day 8,the second stage operation was performed.During the second stage,the extended right lobe was removed.ALPPS induces a great and fast hypertrophy of the remnant liver,and R0 resection could be performed on patients which was considered unresectable because of small remnant liver volume,without severe postoperative liver failure and has a low mortality.
ABSTRACT
Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a recently developed 2-stage operation designed for patients with an advanced T stage hepatobiliary malignancy in the liver who cannot tolerate extensive liver resection because of the low future liver remnant volume.The dramatic liver regenerative response after the first staged operation results in dramatic and rapid hypertrophy in the future liver remnant.As a consequence,the second staged operation aiming to remove all tumors (R0 resection) can be carried out,usually,in about a week's time.This article traces the history of development of ALPPS,analyses its short term results,describes how the classical ALPPS is carried out,and lists out its modifications,techniques and variations.There are obvious advantages and disadvantages of ALPPS,which has its indications and contraindications.Initial results show ALPPS to have relatively high operative mortality and morbidity rates,although 0 mortality has been reported.The long-term oncological result of ALPPS is unknown.There is also lack of data on ALPPS carried out on cirrhotic patients.