Analysis of biomechanics in athletes with disabilities: a systematic and narrative review / Análise da biomecânica em atletas com deficiência: uma revisão sistemática e narrativa

Abstract Introduction Specifically in athletes with disabilities, investigations and biomechanical understanding seem to be even more relevant, as they provide data on how a certain type of disability limits sports practice and also describe parameters that allow the suggestion of relevant adaptations capable of guaranteeing a higher level comfort to practitioners. Objective To describe patterns of biomechanical behavior during exercise in athletes with disabilities, and to discuss possible relationships between the type of disability and the sport practiced. Methods This study performed a search in five electronic databases from the oldest records available until July 2020 using a search strategy that combined terms related to "athletes with disabilities" and "biomechanical analysis." Inclusion criteria: population (amateur or professional athletes with disabilities), intervention (sports practice), study design (observational), outcome (having evaluated biomechanics during sports practice). The biomechanical variables of interest included kinematic, kinetic, or electromyographic outcome measures. Results Tewnty-six articles met the inclusion criteria (n = 705 participants). Biomechanical analysis showed that there is a greater inclination in the angle of the head and an increase in the kinematic variables in blind athletes, which result in less distance, speed, and performance; compensatory body patterns, reduced mooring strength, speed, joint amplitude, and reduced final performance are observed in amputated limbs of amputees; and there was a strong correlation between the subject's functional classification and kinematic parameters in wheelchair athletes, with this being proportional to the level of impairment. Conclusion The outcomes demonstrated that the type of disability and the level of functional limitation are proportionally related to biomechanics in athletes with disabilities.

Resumo Introdução Em atletas com deficiência, as investigações e o entendimento biomecânico parecem ser ainda mais relevantes ao fornecer dados sobre de que modo determinado tipo de deficiência limita a prática esportiva e, ainda, descrever parâmetros que permitam sugestão de adaptações pertinentes capazes de garantir maior nível de conforto aos praticantes. Objetivo Descrever padrões de comportamento biomecânico durante o exercício em atletas com deficiência e discutir possíveis relações entre o tipo de deficiência e o esporte praticado. Métodos Este estudo realizou uma busca em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas a partir dos registros mais antigos disponíveis até julho de 2020, utilizando uma estratégia de busca que combinou termos relacionados a "atletas com deficiência" e "análise biomecânica". Critérios de inclusão: população (atletas amadores ou profissionais com deficiência), intervenção (prática esportiva), desenho do estudo (observacional), resultado (ter avaliado a biomecânica durante a prática esportiva). As variáveis biomecânicas de interesse incluíram medidas de desfecho cinemáticas, cinéticas ou eletromiográficas. Resultados Vinte e seis estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão (n = 705 participantes). Os resultados mostraram que há maior inclinação do ângulo da cabeça e aumento das variáveis cinemáticas em atletas cegos, resultando em menor distância, velocidade e desempenho; padrões corporais compensatórios, redução da força de amarração, velocidade, amplitude articular e desempenho final reduzido são observados em membros amputados de amputados; e parece haver relação entre a classificação funcional do sujeito e os parâmetros cinemáticos em atletas de cadeira de rodas, sendo esta proporcional ao grau de comprometimento. Conclusão Os resultados demonstraram que o tipo de deficiência e o nível de limitação funcional estão proporcionalmente relacionados à biomecâ-nica em atletas com deficiência.

Functional exercise evaluation on athletes' cervicalgia management / Avaliação do exercício funcional no tratamento de cervicalgia em esportistas / Evaluación del ejercicio funcional en el tratamiento de la cervicalgia en deportistas

ABSTRACT Introduction Cervicalgia generally refers to the pain syndrome caused by the cervical spine, joints, muscles, ligaments, fascia, soft tissues around the shoulder joint, and visceral diseases. Evidence suggests that resistance exercises are beneficial in solving this dysfunction in various groups, but there is no consensus in athletes. Objective This paper examines functional exercises' effect on athletes' cervicalgia. Methods Using mathematical statistics, the article randomizes equally the intensity of cervicalgia in the control and experimental groups, involving 60 individuals aged 18 to 20 years (31 males). While the control group received conventional rehabilitation treatment, the experimental group had a functional exercise training protocol three times a week, of 10 weeks. The pain was assessed by visual analog scale and self-assessment of functional limitation. Results Differences in shoulder and neck pain were found between the two groups of volunteers before and after the training rehabilitation. A complete improvement was seen in 15 subjects in the experimental group versus 8 in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Functional exercise effectively treats cervicalgia in athletes. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução A cervicalgia geralmente refere-se à síndrome de dor causada pela coluna cervical, articulações, músculos, ligamentos, fáscia, tecidos moles ao redor da articulação do ombro e doenças viscerais. Há evidências de que exercícios de resistência são benéficos para a resolução dessa disfunção em vários grupos, mas não há consenso da eficácia dos exercícios de resistência no combate à cervicalgia em esportistas. Objetivo Este artigo analisa o efeito dos exercícios funcionais na cervicalgia em esportistas. Métodos O artigo usa estatísticas matemáticas para controle randomizado equalitário na intensidade da cervicalgia nos grupos controle e experimental, envolvendo 60 indivíduos com idade entre 18 a 20 anos (31 homens). Enquanto o grupo controle passa por um tratamento de reabilitação convencional, o grupo experimental passa por um protocolo de treinamento em exercícios funcionais, na frequência de 3 vezes semanais por 2 meses e meio. A dor foi avaliada pela escala visual analógica e auto-avaliação de limitação funcional. Resultados Houve diferenças nas dores no ombro e pescoço entre os dois grupos de voluntários, antes e depois do treinamento de reabilitação. Houve melhora completa do quadro em 15 indivíduos no grupo experimental contra 8 no grupo controle (P<0,05). Conclusão O exercício funcional trata efetivamente cervicalgia nos esportistas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción La cervicalgia se refiere generalmente al síndrome de dolor causado por la columna cervical, las articulaciones, los músculos, los ligamentos, la fascia, los tejidos blandos alrededor de la articulación del hombro y los trastornos viscerales. Existen pruebas de que los ejercicios de resistencia son beneficiosos para la resolución de esta disfunción en varios grupos, pero no hay consenso sobre la eficacia de los ejercicios de resistencia para combatir la cervicalgia en los deportistas. Objetivo Este artículo analiza el efecto de los ejercicios funcionales sobre la cervicalgia en los deportistas. Métodos El artículo utiliza estadísticas matemáticas para el control aleatorio de la intensidad del dolor de cuello en los grupos de control y experimental, en el que participaron 60 individuos de entre 18 y 20 años (31 hombres). Mientras que el grupo de control se somete a un tratamiento de rehabilitación convencional, el grupo experimental se somete a un protocolo de entrenamiento de ejercicios funcionales, con una frecuencia de 3 veces por semana durante 2 meses y medio. El dolor se evaluó mediante una escala analógica visual y la autoevaluación de la limitación funcional. Resultados Hubo diferencias en el dolor de hombro y cuello entre los dos grupos de voluntarios antes y después del entrenamiento de rehabilitación. Hubo una mejora completa en 15 individuos del grupo experimental frente a 8 del grupo de control (P<0,05). Conclusión El ejercicio funcional trata eficazmente la cervicalgia en los deportistas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Effect of sports fatigue on plantar pressure distribution of healthy male college students / Efeito da fadiga esportiva na distribuição da pressão plantar de estudantes universitários masculinos saudáveis / Efecto de la fatiga deportiva sobre la distribución de la presión plantar en estudiantes universitarios masculinos saludables

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the influence of sports fatigue on plantar pressure distribution of healthy male college students and provide a theoretical basis for improving their awareness of foot health. Methods: Forty-nine ordinary male college students jogged along the 800-meter runway to moderate fatigue. All the subjects took off their shoes and socks and walked naturally with their usual gait. The dynamic plantar pressure of each foot was measured twice in one step. FootscanUSB2 Belgian flat-plate plantar pressure testing system was used for testing. Results: The average dynamic peak plantar pressure was (206.38 44.59) N for boys, and the changes of AA and CB walking speed in the arch did not change significantly. After fatigue, the peak pressure of FM, AA, RH5 in left foot and FM, AA, CB in right foot decreased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The peak time of RH and CB in the left foot was significantly shorter than that before fatigue (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), while FMF, AA, C areas had no significant change but tended to be delayed. There were significant differences in peak force-time between boys' left and right feet except for the fifth metatarsal bone (P < 0.05). There is a significant difference in the peak force-time between the second and fifth toes of the left foot (P< 0.01), and there is a gender difference in the peak force-time between the second metatarsal and the third metatarsal (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Sports fatigue leads to the decrease of physiological functions such as muscle strength of lower limbs, which leads to the corresponding changes in gait stages, plantar pressure distribution parameters, and foot balance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Entender a influência da fadiga esportiva na distribuição da pressão plantar de estudantes universitários masculinos saudáveis e fornecer uma base teórica para melhorar sua consciência sobre a saúde dos pés. Métodos: Quarenta e nove estudantes universitários masculinos comuns correram ao longo da pista de 800 metros para moderar a fadiga. Todos os sujeitos tiraram seus sapatos e meias e caminharam naturalmente com sua marcha habitual. A pressão plantar dinâmica de cada pé foi medida duas vezes em um único passo. O sistema de teste de pressão plantar de placa plana belga FootscanUSB2 foi usado para testes. Resultados: A pressão plantar dinâmica média de pico foi (206.38 44.59) N para meninos, e as alterações de velocidade de caminhada AA e CB no arco não mudaram significativamente. Após a fadiga, a pressão de pico de FM, AA, RH5 no pé esquerdo e FM, AA, CB no pé direito diminuiu significativamente (P < 0,05, P < 0,01). O tempo de pico de RH e CB no pé esquerdo foi significativamente menor do que antes da fadiga (P < 0,05, P < 0,01), enquanto as áreas FMF, AA, C não tiveram nenhuma mudança significativa, mas tenderam a ser atrasadas. Havia diferenças significativas no tempo de pico de força entre o pé esquerdo e direito dos meninos, exceto para o quinto metatarso (P < 0,05). Houve uma diferença significativa no tempo de pico de força entre o segundo e o quinto dedos do pé esquerdo (P< 0,01), e há uma diferença de gênero no tempo de pico de força entre o segundo metatarso e o terceiro metatarso (P < 0,05). Conclusão: A fadiga esportiva leva à diminuição das funções fisiológicas, tais como a força muscular dos membros inferiores, o que leva às mudanças correspondentes nos estágios de marcha, parâmetros de distribuição da pressão plantar e equilíbrio do pé. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la influencia de la fatiga deportiva en la distribución de la presión plantar de los estudiantes universitarios varones sanos y proporcionar una base teórica para mejorar su conciencia sobre la salud de los pies. Métodos: Cuarenta y nueve estudiantes universitarios varones normales trotaron a lo largo de una pista de 800 metros hasta alcanzar una fatiga moderada. Todos los sujetos se quitaron los zapatos y los calcetines y caminaron de forma natural con su marcha habitual. Se midió la presión plantar dinámica de cada pie dos veces en un único paso. Para las pruebas se utilizó el sistema belga de pruebas de presión plantar FootscanUSB2. Resultados: El promedio de la presión plantar dinámica máxima fue de (206.38 44.59) N para los niños, y los cambios de la velocidad de marcha AA y CB en el arco no cambiaron significativamente. Después de la fatiga, la presión máxima de FM, AA, RH5 en el pie izquierdo y de FM, AA, CB en el pie derecho disminuyó significativamente (P < 0,05, P < 0,01). El tiempo de pico de RH y CB en el pie izquierdo fue significativamente menor que antes de la fatiga (P < 0,05, P < 0,01), mientras que las áreas FMF, AA, C no tuvieron cambios significativos, pero tendieron a retrasarse. Hubo diferencias significativas en el pico de fuerza-tiempo entre los pies izquierdo y derecho de los niños, excepto en el quinto hueso metatarsiano (P < 0,05). Hay una diferencia significativa en el pico de fuerza-tiempo entre el segundo y el quinto dedo del pie izquierdo (P < 0,01), y hay una diferencia de género en el pico de fuerza-tiempo entre el segundo metatarsiano y el tercer metatarsiano (P < 0,05). Conclusión: La fatiga deportiva conduce a la disminución de funciones fisiológicas como la fuerza muscular de los miembros inferiores, lo que conlleva los correspondientes cambios en las fases de la marcha, los parámetros de distribución de la presión plantar y el equilibrio del pie. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Characteristics and prevention of sports injuries in taekwondo training / Características e prevenção de lesões esportivas no treinamento de taekwondo / Características y prevención de lesiones deportivas en el entrenamiento de tae kwon do

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the extensive and in-depth development of Taekwondo in China, more and more people participate in Taekwondo training. Due to the lack of experience of some coaches and the misunderstanding of scientific sports training by young athletes, injuries occur from time to time. This has a bad effect on Taekwond itself, and it can also damage the health of athletes. Objective: This article discusses joint injuries in Taekwondo and analyzes the characteristics of Taekwondo sports injuries and preventive methods. Methods: This article uses a questionnaire applied to young athletes to gain an understanding of the sports injuries situation. Results: The most common injury sites were feet and joints. The nature of the injuries is mostly soft tissue injury, ligament laceration, and muscle strain. The most serious injuries are kidney and perineal damage. Conclusion: Improving the level of training, strengthening medical supervision, and paying attention to the timely treatment of acute injuries are important ways to reduce the occurrence of trauma. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento extenso e profundo do Taekwondo na China, cada vez mais pessoas participam do treinamento nesse esporte. Com a falta de experiência de alguns treinadores e a compreensão errônea de jovens atietas quanto ao treinamento esportivo científico, de vez em quando ocorrem lesões. Isso tem efeito negativo sobre o próprio Taekwondo e também pode prejudicar a saúde dos atletas Objetivo: Este artigo discute lesões articulares no Taekwondo e analisa as características das lesões do esporte, bem como os métodos de prevenção. Métodos: Este artigo aplicou um questionário a jovens atletas para obter uma compreensão da situação das lesões esportivas. Resultados: Os locais de lesão mais comuns foram pés e articulações. A natureza das lesões é principalmente nos tecidos moles, laceração de ligamento e tensão muscular. As lesões mais graves são danos renais e perineais. Conclusões: Melhorar o nível de treinamento, fortalecer a supervisão médica e prestar atenção ao tratamento oportuno de lesões agudas são maneiras importantes de reduzir a ocorrência de traumas. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el amplio y profundo desarrollo del Tae Kwon Do en China, cada vez más personas participan en el entrenamiento de este deporte. Debido a la falta de experiencia de algunos entrenadores y a la comprensión errónea de jóvenes atletas sobre el entrenamiento deportivo científico, ocasionalmente se producen lesiones. Esto tiene un efecto negativo en el propio Tae Kwon Do y también puede perjudicar la salud de los atletas. Objetivo: Este artículo trata de las lesiones articulares en el Tae Kwon Do y analiza las características de las lesiones en este deporte, así como los métodos de prevención. Métodos: En este artículo se aplicó un cuestionario a jóvenes atletas para conocer la situación de las lesiones deportivas. Resultados: Los lugares más comunes de las lesiones fueron los pies y las articulaciones. La naturaleza de las lesiones es principalmente en los tejidos blandos, rotura de ligamentos y tensión muscular. Las lesiones más graves son los daños renales y perineales. Conclusiones: Mejorar el nivel de entrenamiento, reforzar la supervisión médica y prestar atención al tratamiento oportuno de las lesiones agudas son formas importantes de reducir la incidencia de traumatismos. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigatión de los resultados del tratamiento.

Epidemiology of injury in a male collegiate volleyball team in Japan / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to examine epidemiology of injury in a male collegiate volleyball team in Japan during 2019 season. Thirty-six collegiate male volleyball players were followed during 2019 season. Injuries that required more than 24 hours to recover were classified as Time Loss (TL) injury, and those that required less than 24 hours were classified as Non-Time Loss (NTL) injury. Exposure was calculated by total number of players and hours of participation. Then, we computed injury rate per 1000 Player Hour (PH) and 1000 Athlete Exposure (AE) as outcome measures. A chi-square test was utilized to statistically compare. Eighteen injuries occurred and the overall injury rate was 1.28/1000PH and 2.05/1000AE, respectively. Of which, 11 cases were NTL injuries (0.78/1000PH, 1.26/1000AE) and 7 cases were TL injuries (0.50/1000PH, 0.80/1000AE). Within the 7 TL injuries, 5 (0.36/1000PH, 0.57/1000AE) were of minor severity. Most TL injury were classified as chronic in nature (n=5, 0.36/1000PH, 0.57/1000AE). There was no statistically significant difference between injury rate of match (n=2, 1.33/1000PH, 2.88/1000AE) and training (n=16, 1.27/1000PH, 1.98/1000AE). The most frequently injured body part in training was lower back (n=7, 0.56/1000PH, 0.87/1000AE). In match, highest injury rate was observed in ankle (n=2, 1.33/1000PH, 2.88/1000AE). In conclusion, our results showed relatively low injury rate, and majority of reported injuries were categorized as minor severity. Our study also demonstrated injury characteristics of Japanese male collegiate players that lower back injuries were prevalent in training, and acute ankle injury rate was highest in match.

Factores asociados a fractura por estrés: estudio de casos y controles en un centro médico de la marina de guerra de Perú / Factors associated with stress fracture: a case-control study in a Peruvian navy medical center

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fracturas por estrés son lesiones producidas por el sobreuso de ciertas extremidades, generando fatigas repetitivas en el hueso con insuficientes periodos de descanso, trastornos hormonales, entre otras. Se produce una elevada actividad osteoclástica y una menor actividad de los osteoblastos a nivel cortical. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados a fractura por estrés en un centro médico de la Marina de Guerra de Perú. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una investigación de tipo observacional analítica de casos y controles. La variable dependiente fue la fractura por estrés, confirmada por resonancia magnética de los pacientes. Las variables independientes fueron edad, sexo y nivel de calcemia tomadas a partir de la historia clínica; el nivel socioeconómico y tiempo de actividad física diaria fueron datos recogidos mediante encuesta. Se obtuvieron los Odds ratio crudos y ajustados con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS: Se trabajó con un total de 238 pacientes (119 casos y 119 controles), de los cuales 79,8% fueron varones y 20,2% fueron mujeres; la media de edad fue de 20,25 años. En el análisis bivariado se encontró asociación de fracturas por estrés con el sexo masculino (Odds ratio: 3,00; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,51 a 5,95), hipocalcemia (Odds ratio: 2,83; intervalo de confianza 95%: 2,32 a 3,44), más de dos horas de actividad física diaria (Odds ratio: 24,74; intervalo de confianza 95%: 12,51 a 48,95) y un nivel socioeconómico C (Odds ratio: 6,66; intervalo de confianza 95%: 2,82 a 15,74). Mantuvieron su asociación en el análisis multivariado el tiempo de actividad física (Odds ratio: 44,46; intervalo de confianza 95%: 17,93 a 110,22) y el nivel socioeconómico C (Odds ratio: 22,57; intervalo de confianza 95%: 7,03 a 72,74). CONCLUSIÓN: Las fracturas por estrés estuvieron asociadas al tiempo de actividad física y a un nivel socioeconómico menor. Son necesarios más estudios para evaluar la relación con otros factores en la población militar de Perú.

INTRODUCTION: Stress fractures are injuries produced by the overuse of certain extremities, generating repetitive fatigue in the bone with insufficient rest periods and hormonal disorders, among others. High osteoclastic activity and lower activity of the osteoblasts at the cortical level occurs. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with a stress fracture in a single medical center of the Peruvian navy. METHODS: We conducted an observational, analytical case-control study. The dependent variable was stress fracture confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging of the patients; the independent variables were age, sex, calcemia, socioeconomic status, and time of daily physical activity. All data were extracted from the medical records. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The sample was comprised of 238 patients (119 cases and 119 controls), of which 79.8% were male, and 20.2% were female; the average age was 20.25. In the bivariate analysis, stress fractures were associated with male sex (odds ratio 3.00; 95% confidence interval 1.51 to 5.95), hypocalcemia (2.83; 2.32 to 3.44), more than two hours of daily physical activity (24.7; 12.51 to 48.95) and socioeconomic level C (6.66; 2.82 to 15.74). Time dedicated to physical activity (adjusted odds ratio 44.46; 95% confidence interval 17.93 to 110.22) and socioeconomic level C (adjusted odds ratio 22.57; 95% confidence interval 7.03 to 72.74) were associated in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: We found that stress fractures were associated with physical activity time and a lower socioeconomic level. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship with other factors in the military population of Peru.

Upper Extremity Injuries in Youth Baseball Players / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The elbow and shoulder in young baseball players are prone to injuries. The internal factors of sports injuries are the fragility of the bones and joints of growing children and adolescents. The main external factors of injuries are the competition and eagerness of adolescent players and the motivation of hard-work. Baseball injuries have many causes, including fast rotation and movement of a load from the trunk to arm, repetitive incorrect placement of the arm in the throwing position, too-many throwing practices, etc. Orthopedic surgeons have generally focused on surgical procedure to cure, but it is time to consider and share the methods of injury prevention.

The Clinical Outcomes and Assessment of Quality of Life in Arthroscopic Repair of Isolated Type II Superior Labral Anterior and Posterior Lesion Caused by Sports Injuries from Public / 대한스포츠의학회지

The purpose of this study was to morphologically classify the superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesion in people with athletic injuries and further research into the clinical result of arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP lesions. January 2005 to June 2012 occurred after sports activity in patients with shoulder pain diagnosed with isolated SLAP lesion by magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy were classified according to the tear type. Of these patients, 40 cases of type II SLAP patients were evaluated using American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire and range of motion. Also satisfaction of surgery was evaluated by following up through phone calls using translated short form-36 (SF-36). At average of 35 months postoperatively, external rotation decreased slightly from 60.4 degrees to 56.2 degrees, forward elevation and internal rotation were both recovered to a range of pre-surgery but no significant changes were noticed statistically (p>0.05). Visual analogue scale, ASES scores, physical component summary, and mental component summary of SF-36 improved from 5, 1 to 1.2 (p=0.01), from 65.4 to 91.5 (p=0.017), 42.6 to 52.5 (p=0.047), and from 48.5 52.6 to (p=0.036), respectively. In comparison of a group of patients over forty years and less than forty, both groups showed good results, but group of patients less than forty years showed more improvement in pain relief, functional test, and postoperational satisfaction (p=0.004). Arthroscopic repair showed good results in patients with type II SLAP lesion due to athletic injuries especially when they were less than 40 years and it can be regarded as a good treatment with high satisfaction.

Muscular Injury of Iliacus and Gluteus Maximus after Mountain Climbing / 대한스포츠의학회지

Iliacus muscle is the strongest hip flexor of gluteal region that acts with psoas muscle, whereas gluteus maximus muscle is the largest muscle engaged in extension and external rotation of the hip. Mountaineering requires strong contractile force of both flexor and extensor around the hip. A 57-year-old man presented to our hospital with severe pain in left groin after mountaineering for 5 hours without a break. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed incomplete rupture of iliacus muscle and strain of gluteus maximus muscle. Conservative treatment was done. At 3 months of follow-up, he returned to normal life. If we are going to climb mountain, it is important to start warming up with some stretches, take a break while climbing, and use climbing sticks. There have been no report about athletic injury of both iliacus and gluteus maximus after mountaineering. So we report this case with a review of the literature.

Evaluation of the Kinetic Chain in Little League Elbow / 대한스포츠의학회지

This study is to evaluate the abnormalities in the kinetic chain in the players with little league elbow during the medical screening of middle school baseball teams. Ninety-three players were examined with elbow ultrasonography in the field. Using kinetic chain evaluation test, 27 players sonogrphically diagnosed of little league elbow in dominant arm were compared with 25 players who were normal as control. Scapular-spine distance, horizontal flexion test, combined abduction test, and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit were used for evaluating kinetic chain in the upper extremities, while tightness of quadriceps and hamstring muscles, internal rotation of stance leg, and external rotation of stride leg were used for lower extremities. Also, the single leg stance test and finger-floor distance were used for core stability and flexibility. Twenty-five of 27 players (93%) having little league elbow showed kinetic chain abnormalities of either upper or lower extremities or trunk. This rate was significantly higher for the players having the little leaguer's elbow than control (28%) (p=0.017). Each specific tests for evaluating kinetic chain were also more prevalent in little league elbow group than control, and the abnormalities in the upper extremity were more common than those in lower extremity (p=0.026). Combined abduction test (23/27) and limitation of internal rotation of stance leg (16/27) were the most prevalent abnormalities in upper and lower extremity test, respectively. Our findings showed that there are many abnormalities in kinetic chain in players having the little league elbow and it may be associated with pathogenesis of little league elbow.

Perception of Balance Training and Evaluation / 대한스포츠의학회지

The purpose of this study was to survey the athletic trainers' recognition, need and evaluation for balance training and to investigate training and evaluation methods in the actual implementation. One hundred fifty trainers were participated in the survey. The study questionnaire of 24 encompassed five separated issues; basic characteristics of trainers, awareness and the need for balance, balance assessment and training content, assessment and training equipment, and education and need. Balance training were recognized as simple balance training in 20.7% of trainers, and as proprioception in 64.9%. Trainers with high needs of balance training were 69.4%. The percentage of trainers with protocol of balance training were 73.9%, and the trainers with complex equipments including software and hardware were 66.7%. Trainers with needs of education for training protocol, theoretical education for balance, and training equipment were 79.3%, 56.8%, and 63.1%. The results showed that educations for concept of balance training and sports injury rehabilitation, and research opportunities had to be provided to athlete trainers. We think that the results of this study can help athlete trainers to apply high-quality sports rehabilitation for athletes.

Medial Malleolar Stress Fracture in Athlete / 대한스포츠의학회지

The stress fracture is a disease which results from the repeated application of an abnormal stress to the normal bone, typically occurs in metatarsal bone, tibia, fibular and femur, but medial malleolus is rare. We report a case of stress fracture of medial malleolus in 22-year old wrestler.

A follow-up study on athletic injury and physical fitness in a nationally ranked high school boy's water polo team by orthopedist / 体力科学

A six-month follow-up study of athletic injury and physical fitness was conducted on ten players in a nationally ranked boys' high school water polo team. The first medical check-up was conducted on May 28th, 1995, and the second just 4 days before the national athletic meet on September 2 nd. The final check-up was done on November 18 th. A thorough examination in addition to X-ray evaluation by an orthopedist was done on June 26th after the first medical check-up.<BR>In our check-ups, athletic injuries were defined as injuries due to water polo or disorders which prevented individuals from playing. In the thorough examination, athletic injuries included any physical conditions that required further investigations or treatment by the doctor.<BR>Six players had taken part in swimming before taking up water polo, and seven had played water polo since junior high school. Of the athletic injuries sustained, 55% occurred at the age of 13-14 yr. Injuries due to carelessness and over-enthusiasm amounted to six. Motion pain in the pes anserius, iliotibial tract, and hip joints without traumatic episodes were thought to originate from the characteristic leg action under the water.<BR>Although body weight and height varied among the players, the differences in the values of body fat percentage, body mass index, and lean body mass were slight.<BR>Since the players had few complaints, athletic injuries were difficult to find. However, with periodic medical check-ups and a thorough examination, we are able to prevent some problems such as pain in the pes anserius or iliotibialtract.

Protective effect of Losartan and vitamin E against military overtraining-induced kidney injury in a rats model / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the preventive and therapeutic effects of losartan and vitamin E on kidney injury induced by overtraining in a rat model. Methods Forty SD male rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 each): control group, model group, losartan group and vitamin E group. Rats in control group were fed with conventional diet. Rats in other three groups were forced to run on the treadmill for 8 weeks, once a day for 20 minutes and 5 days for each week, till exhaustion to induce the kidney injury. Rats in losartan group and vitamin E group were gavaged either with losartan or vitamin E everyday. Urine was collected at the end af each week, urine protein and N-acety-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were detormined, and the serum urea nitrogen, creatinine (SCr), angiotensin Ⅱ, Na+-K+-ATP-ase activity in kidney were analyzed after 8 weeks' training. Results After 8 weeks' training, the urine protein, NAG in urine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), SCr were obviously increased in model group, losartan group and vitamin E group as compared with that in control group, while those in model group were higher than that in losartan group and vitamin E group (P0.05). Na+-K+-ATP-ase activity of renal tissue were obvionsly lower in model group and losartan group than that in control group and vitamin E group (P