Comparison of Different Producing Areas and Parts on the Contents of Heavy Metals in Vespae Nidus / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for simultaneous determination of 5 heavy metals in Vespae Nidus,and to dis-cuss the effects of difterent producing area and part on the contents of heavy metals in Vespae Nidus. METHODS: The contents of arsenic(As),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd)and copper(Cu)were determined by atomic spectrophotometry(hydride generation method,cold vapor method,graphite furnace method and flame method). The difference in the contents of heavy metals in samples were compared among different producing areas by analyzing data. RESULTS:The linear range of As,Hg,Pb,Cu, Cd were 0-40 ng/mL(r=0.9930),0-0.9 ng/mL(r=0.9974),0-80 ng/mL(r=0.9955),0-8 ng/mL(r=0.9927),0-800 ng/mL(r=0.9966),respectively. Limit of quantitation were 4.473,2.35×10 - 3 ,8.380,2.128,54 ng/mL,limit of detection were 1.342,0.701× 10 - 3,2.514,0.632,16 ng/mL. RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5.0%. The recoveries were 84.26% -102.25%(RSD=7.71% ,n=6),90.90% -115.31%(RSD=9.38% ,n=6),92.16% -105.70%(RSD=6.19% ,n=6), 90.81%-113.99%(RSD=8.86%,n=6),91.63%-102.79%(RSD=5.09%,n=6). The phenomenon that heavy metals of sample from Shandong and Hebei exceed the standard was the most serious. Main heavy metal which exceed the standard was Pb. The con-tent of Pb in Chamber was higher than other parts. CONCLUSIONS: The method is simple,precise,stable and reproducible,and can be used for simultaneous determination of 5 heavy metals in Vespae Nidus. There are different contents of heavy metal in Ves-pae Nidus of different producing areas and parts.

Variación en contenido de minerales en frutos de variedades autóctonas de Chile (Capsicum annuum L), cultivadas en invernadero / Variation in minerals content in fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) landraces, grown in greenhouse

Antecedentes: La malnutrición es un problema tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo, y en Latinoamérica, una opción viable es reconsiderar las dietas precolombinas tradicionales basadas en las especies endémicas. En Mesoamérica el chile o chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) desempeñó una función esencial, y perdura en la gastronomía mexicana. Objetivo: evaluar la variación entre y dentro de cinco morfotipos de chile (C. annuum L.) nativo de Oaxaca, México, en relación al contenido de minerales en fruto. Métodos: Una colección de 45 muestras poblacionales de chile, agrupadas en cinco morfotipos, nominados como chile de Agua, Tabiche, Piquín, Solterito y Nanche, fueron sembradas en invernadero bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. A la cosecha se obtuvo una muestra de 300 a 500 g de frutos por población, a partir de la que se obtuvieron cenizas solubilizadas en medio ácido, y la determinación de Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, Na, K, y Ca se hizo por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, y S y P se cuantificó mediante un espectrofotómetro UV-visible. Resultados: En el análisis de varianza se determinaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre y dentro de morfotipos de C. annuum para todos los macro y microelementos evaluados. Solterito sobresalió en ocho elementos minerales, le siguen Piquín y de Agua. En contenido de Fe sobresalieron Piquín y Solterito con 8,0 y 8,5 mg/100 g de pesos seco de muestra. Dentro de cada morfotipo sobresalen diferentes poblaciones: CAG03 y CAG10 en chile de Agua; CNA02 de Nanche; CPI02 y CPI09 de Piquín; CSO01, CSO02 y CSO03 de Solterito; y CTA02 y CTA05 del tipo Tabiche. Las diferencias entre morfotipos se confirmaron mediante un análisis discriminante múltiple y las distancias de Mahalanobis. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran diferencias entre y dentro de morfotipos de C. annuum, y los valores del contenido de minerales reportados muestran que, el chile es un alimento con alto valor nutricional porque 100 g de peso seco potencialmente pueden suplir las necesidad diarias de Cu, Mg, P, y una proporción importante de Fe, Zn y K, entre otros elementos.

Background: Malnutrition is a major health problem in developed and developing countries, and in Latino American, a viable option is reconsider the pre-Columbian and traditional diets based on endemic species. In Mesoamerica, the chilli or pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) played an important role, and its contribution remain until today in the Mexican gastronomy. Objective: the aim of the present work was to evaluate the variation among and within five morphotypes of pepper (C. annuum L.) native of Oaxaca, Mexico, in relation to minerals content in fruits. Methods: a collection of 45 population samples of chilli pepper, which were grouped in five morphotypes named as chile de Agua, Tabiche, Piquin, Solterito and Nanche, and later planted in greenhouse conditions under a complete blocks randomized design with three replications. At harvest time a fruit samples from 300 to 500 g per population were obtained, and later the samples were incinerated to obtain ashes, which were solubilized in acid medium. The determinations of Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, Na, K, and Ca were done by atomic absorption spectrometry, and the S and P elements were quantified by an UV-vis spectrometer. Results: in the analysis of variance, significant differences (P < 0.05) were determined among and within morphotypes of C. annuum over all macro and trace elements. Solterito presented the highest values in eight mineral elements, after Piquin and chile de Agua were the second more important. In Fe content, Piquin and Solterito showed high values between 8.0 and 8.5 mg/100 g of dry sample weight. Into each morphotype, the outstanding populations were: CAG03 and CAG10 from chile de Agua; CNA02 of Nanche; CPI02 and CPI09 of Piquin type; CSO01, CSO02 and CSO03 from Solterito; and CTA02 and CTA05 from Tabiche type. The differences among morphotypes were confirmed in the multiple discriminant analysis and the Mahalanobis' distances. Conclusions: The results showed differences among and within morfotypes of C. annuum, and the minerals content reported indicate that, the chilli pepper is a food with high nutritional values. In fact 100 g of dry weight, potentially can supply the dairy needs of Cu, Mg, P and an important proportion of the needs of Fe, Zn and K, among other nutritional elements.

Bioacumulación de níquel en encía, saliva y hueso alveolar de paciente con aparatología ortodóncica fija: reporte de un caso / Bioaccumulation of nickel in gingiva, saliva and alveolar bone in a patient with a fixed orthodontic appliance: a case report

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 28 años, con tratamiento ortodóncico activo, que acudió a consulta odontológica por motivos estéticos. Luego del examen intraoral se le diagnosticó agrandamiento gingival y exostosis maxilar. El plan de tratamiento consistió en cirugía estética periodontal y exéresis de la exostosis. Durante el tratamiento quirúrgico se tomaron muestras de encía, saliva y hueso alveolar, previo consentimiento informado. Una vez procesadas las muestras se midieron las concentraciones de níquel en ng/ml mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica; el promedio de dichas concentraciones en cada una de las muestras fueron: 986,4 ng/ml en saliva, 779,5 ng/ml en hueso y 620,5 ng/ml para el caso de la encía. La acumulación de níquel evidenciada en cada una de las muestras resulta de especial interés, pues la exposición a metales contenidos en la aparatología ortodóncica constituye actualmente un importante tema de investigación.

A case is reported of a 28-year-old female patient, with active orthodontic treatment, who was treated in the dental practice for aesthetic reasons. The diagnosis was gingival overgrowth, induced by orthodontic treatment, and maxillary exostosis. The treatment consisted of periodontal cosmetic surgery and removing the exostosis. During surgery, samples of gingiva, saliva and alveolar bone were obtained. Before take the samples, the patient signed an informed consent. Nickel concentrations in ng/mL were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean nickel concentration in the samples were: 986.4 ng/ml in saliva, 779.5 ng/ml in alveolar bone, and 620.5 ng/ml in the case of gingiva. The high accumulation of nickel observed in each sample type is of particular interest because exposure to metals contained in orthodontic appliances is currently an important public health problem in dentistry.

Níquel en cavidad oral de individuos con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento ortodóncico / Nickel in oral cavity of individuals with gingival overgrowth induced by orthodontic treatment

El agrandamiento gingival es una de las alteraciones orales generadas por el uso de aparatología ortodóncica fija. Inicialmente fue descrito como producto de la respuesta alérgica del huésped al níquel, y estudios recientes demostraron que este metal induce proliferación fibroblástica. Sin embargo, se desconoce el grado de bioacumulación de este metal en la cavidad oral. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en cuantificar la concentración de níquel en muestras de saliva, placa dental y encía de individuos con aparatología ortodóncica fija con y sin agrandamiento gingival. El tamaño de la muestra se estableció según tendencia histórica, evaluando un total de 24 individuos con tratamiento ortodóncico activo, los cuales fueron clasificados en 2 grupos: 12 con agrandamiento gingival (grupo A) y 12 sin agrandamiento gingival (grupo B). De cada participante se obtuvieron muestras de: encía, saliva estimulada y placa dental. Una vez procesadas las muestras se midieron las concentraciones de níquel en mg/l, mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (Thermo Scientific. Atomic absorption spectrometer iCE 3000, Reino Unido). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software SPSS v20. Al comparar los niveles de níquel en muestras de saliva estimulada, placa dental y encía entre los individuos con y sin agrandamiento gingival, se observaron niveles significativamente mayores de níquel en las muestras de encía del grupo A (medias = 0,61 mg/l vs 0,36 mg/l; p = 0,001). Sin embargo, no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar las concentraciones de Ni en saliva entre el grupo A y B (medias = 0,502 mg/l vs 0,473 mg/l; p = 0,178, respectivamente). A partir de estos resultados se concluye que el uso de aparatología ortodóncica fija conlleva distintos niveles de bioacumulación de iones níquel en la encía al comparar ambos grupos. Es probable que altas concentraciones de este metal estén relacionadas con la etiología del agrandamiento gingival, por lo que se requieren nuevos estudios para establecer causalidad.

Gingival overgrowth is an oral condition generated by the use of fixed orthodontic appliances. It was initially described as a product of the allergic response of the host to Nickel, and recent studies showed that this metal induces fibroblast proliferation. However, the degree of bioaccumulation of this metal in the oral cavity is unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the concentrations of nickel in samples of saliva, dental plaque, and gingiva of individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances with and without gingival overgrowth. The sample size was established according to historical trends, evaluating 24 individuals with active orthodontic treatment, which were classified in two groups: 12 with gingival overgrowth (Group A) and 12 without gingival overgrowth (Group B). Samples of gingival, stimulated saliva and dental plaque were obtained from each participant. Once the sample were processed, nickel concentrations were measured in [mg/L] by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Thermo Scientific. Atomic absorption spectrometer iCE 3000, UK). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v20. The levels of Nickel in samples of stimulated saliva, dental plaque and gingiva were compared between individuals in group A and group B. There were significantly higher levels of nickel in gingiva samples in group A (mean = 0.61 mg/L vs. 0.36 mg/L, P = .001). However, no statistical difference was observed when comparing the concentrations of nickel in saliva between groups A and B (mean = 0.502 mg/L vs. 0.473 mg/L, P = .178, respectively). The use of fixed orthodontic appliances leads to different levels of bioaccumulation of nickel in gingiva when comparing both groups. High concentrations of this metal are probably associated with the origin of gingival overgrowth. Further studies are required to establish causation.