Hipertrofia lipomatosa del septum interatrial: reporte de un caso / Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum. A case report

Resumen La hipertrofia lipomatosa del septum interauricular (HLSI) es una entidad cardiaca rara y benigna, que se caracteriza por la acumulación de tejido adiposo dentro de algunos segmentos del septum interatrial. Generalmente, los pacientes son asintomáticos y estas lesiones se descubren de manera incidental mediante estudios de imagen realizados por otras razones, o en el contexto de una autopsia. Se han descrito casos de muerte súbita por alteración del ritmo cardiaco en estos pacientes. El diagnóstico diferencial de la HLSI incluye principalmente tumores cardiacos. Se expone el caso de un paciente de 61 años que, después de un estudio de resonancia magnética cardiaca, realizado por una alteración del ritmo cardiaco, presenta una masa en el septum auricular. El paciente es llevado a cirugía y el estudio histopatológico de la lesión confirma el diagnóstico. Se realiza una revisión de las características clínicas y patológicas de la HLSI.

Abstract Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum (LHIS) is a rare and benign cardiac entity that is characterized by the accumulation of adipose tissue within some segments of the interatrial septum. Patients are generally asymptomatic, and these lesions are discovered incidentally by imaging studies performed for other reasons, or in the context of an autopsy. In these patients, there have been described cases of sudden death due to disturbance of the heart rhythm. The differential diagnosis of LHIS mainly includes cardiac tumors. Here we present a case of a 61-year-old patient in whom, after a cardiac magnetic resonance study performed for an abnormal heart rhythm, it was documented a mass in the atrial septum. The patient was taken to surgery, and the histopathological study of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis. We conduct a review of the clinical and pathological characteristics of LHIS.

Application of 3830 electrode in atrial septal pacing / 心血管康复医学杂志

:Traditional apical or atrial appendage pacing have adverse impact on myocardial function ,while atrial sep‐tum is a relatively physiological pacing site .M3830 electrode is a kind of active fixing ,bipolar and hormone‐relea‐sing electrode ,which can effectively reduce diameter of pacing wire up to 40%,and effectively reduce incidence of complications .The present article made a review on application of 3830 pacing electrode in atrial septal pacing .

Surgical treatment of atrial septum lipomatous hypertrophy associated with syncopal attacks

Lipomatous hypertrophy of atrial septum (LHAS) is a rare benign cardiac condition characterized by fatty tissue infiltration located in the atrial septum. We presented a rare case of LHAS resulting in recurrent syncopal attacks.

The application of 3D-reconstruction technique of atrial septum puncture trajectory in radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the safety and feasibility of reconstruction technique of atrial septum puncture trajectory with the help of three - dimensional mapping system in performing radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Methods Sixty- eight consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation received two times of atrial septum puncture under fluoroscopic guidance to perform radiofrequency catheter ablation. Carto 3, a three - dimensional mapping system, was employed to construct the real time left atrium and pulmonary vein anatomy by using a rapid anatomical mapping (FAM) model. Then, FAM model was used to construct the trajectory, along which the ablation catheter passed from left atrium through the long sheath to the right atrium and finally into the inferior vena cava. The safety and the feasibility of this catheter trajectory, which could allow the catheter repeatedly enter the left atrium, were evaluated. Results By using 3D-reconstruction technique of atrial septum puncture trajectory, the ablation catheter could repeatedly enter the left atrium at right anterior oblique position as well as at left anterior oblique position under zero X-ray fluoroscopy. The average time spent for the procedure was (12. 18±2. 28) seconds. No any complication occurred. Conclusion The reconstruction technique of atrial septum puncture trajectory with the help of three-dimensional mapping system is simple and feasible, the ablation catheter can repeatedly enter the left atrium, the X-ray exposure time spent for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation can be greatly reduced. (J Intervent Radiol, 2018, 27: 204-206)

Clinical research advances for pacing in interatrial septum / 心血管康复医学杂志

Cardiac pacing site has an important impact on the activation sequence and systolic synchrony of heart , which is an important factor determining clinical effect of cardiac pacing .Along with expanding and use of active fixed electrode in clinic ,especially adjustable bending delivery sheath ,it makes right atrial pacing of non -tradition‐al site possible .But whether changing atrial pacing site can reduce atrial fibrillation load after pacemaker implanta‐tion is still controversial .Now the present article made a simple review about research progress of interatrial septum pacing .

Interatrial septal thickness as a marker of structural and functional remodeling of the left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There have been reports that interatrial septal (IAS) thickness is increased in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This study was performed to investigate whether IAS thickness determined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) represents the amount of left atrium (LA) structural and functional remodeling. METHODS: The study population consisted of 104 consecutive patients who underwent catheter ablation (CA) for AF (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation [PAF], 82; persistent atrial fibrillation [PeAF], 22). IAS thickness and left atrium volume (LAV) using TTE, and LA voltage (LAVOL) using 3-dimensional electroanatomical mapping system were assessed during sinus rhythm. RESULTS: IAS thickness was significantly correlated with maximal LAV (LAVmax) (r = 0.288, p = 0.003), mean LAVOL (r = -0.537, p or = 2) compared to other groups according to CHA2DS2-VASc score (p = 0.019). During a follow-up of 19.6 months, 23 subjects (22.1%; PAF, 17; PeAF, 6) had recurrence of arrhythmia. Univariate analysis showed that LAVmax, minimal LAV, mean LAVOL, LVEFtotal, LVEFactive, and IAS thickness were associated with recurrence of arrhythmia. However, on multivariate analysis, only mean LAVOL and LAEFactive were independent risk factors for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Although IAS thickness showed significant correlations with parameters for LA structural and functional remodeling, this parameter alone could not independently predict recurrence of arrhythmia after CA for AF.

Comparison of superior septal approach with left atriotomy in mitral valve surgery / Comparação da abordagem septal superior com atriotomia esquerda em cirurgia valvar mitral

Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare clinical outcomes of superior transseptal approach with the conventional left atriotomy in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Methods: Between January 2010 and November 2012, a total of 91 consecutive adult patients (39 males, 52 females; mean age: 54.0±15.4 years; range, 16 to 82 years) who underwent mitral valve surgery in the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery at Koşuyolu Training Hospital were included. The patients were randomized to either superior transseptal approach (n=47) or conventional left atriotomy (n=44). Demographic characteristics of the patients, comorbidities, additional interventions, intraoperational data, pre- and postoperative electrophysiological study findings, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: Of all patients, 86.7% (n=79) were in New York Heart Association Class III, while 12 were in New York Heart Association Class IV. All patients underwent annuloplasty (42.9%) or valve replacement surgery (57.1%). There was no significant difference in pre- and postoperative electrocardiogram findings between the groups. Change from baseline in the cardiac rhythm was statistically significant in superior transseptal approach group alone (P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality rate between the groups. Permanent pacemaker implantation was performed in 10.6% of the patients in superior transseptal approach group and 4.5% in the conventional left atriotomy group. No statistically significant difference in bleeding, total length of hospital and intensive care unit stay, the presence of low cardiac output syndrome was observed between the groups. Conclusion: Our study results suggest that superior transseptal approach does not lead to serious or fatal adverse effects on sinus node function or atrial vulnerability, compared to conventional approach. .

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os resultados clínicos da abordagem septal superior com a atriotomia esquerda convencional em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar mitral. Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2010 e novembro de 2012, foi incluído um total de 91 pacientes adultos consecutivos (intervalo de 16 a 82 anos, média 54,0±15,4 anos; 39 homens, 52 mulheres) submetidos à cirurgia valvar mitral no Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiovascular no Hospital Training Koşuyolu. Os pacientes foram randomizados para abordagem septal superior (n=47) ou atriotomia esquerda convencional (n=44). Foram registradas características demográficas dos pacientes, comorbidades, intervenções adicionais, dados intraoperatórios, achados do estudo eletrofisiológico pré e pós-operatório e complicações pós-operatórias. Resultados: Do total de pacientes, 86,7% (n=79) estavam na Classe III e 12 na Classe IV da New York Heart Association. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à anuloplastia (42,9%) ou cirurgia de troca valvar (57,1%). Não houve diferença significativa nos resultados do eletrocardiograma pré e pós-operatórios entre os grupos. Mudança da linha de base no ritmo cardíaco foi estatisticamente significativa apenas no grupo abordagem septal superior (P<0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na taxa de mortalidade entre os grupos. Marca-passo definitivo foi implantado em 10,6% dos pacientes no grupo abordagem septal superior e em 4,5% dos pacientes no grupo atriotomia esquerda convencional. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no sangramento, tempo total de internação e de permanência na UTI, tendo sido observada síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco entre os grupos. Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que a ...

Tratamiento quirúrgico en el manejo de los defectos del septum atrial / Surgical treatment in the management of atrial septal defects

Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas y los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de los defectos septales atriales en los pacientes intervenidos por esta patología en un centro de alta complejidad en Colombia. Métodos: estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo, de una cohorte que incluye todos los pacientes intervenidos mediante cirugía por defectos septales atriales en el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 1996 y julio de 2012. Resultados: se incluyeron en total 329 pacientes, de los cuales 216 (65,6%) pertenecía al género femenino. La mediana de la edad fue de 34 años (RIC 15-49). El 77,8% de los defectos fueron tipo ostium secundum. En 80% se realizó reparo del defecto mediante parche de pericardio autólogo. En 7,6% de los casos se utilizó técnica de cirugía cardiaca mínimamente invasiva. Se realizaron cuatro cirugías de rescate (1,21%) por complicaciones relacionadas con la colocación de dispositivos percutáneos. Se documentó una sola muerte intraoperatoria (tasa de mortalidad del 0,3%) y una morbilidad global asociada de 7,6%, sin ninguna secuela y representada por: reintervención por sangrado en ocho casos (2,4%), infección profunda de la herida esternal en tres pacientes (0,9%), empiema en tres pacientes (0,9%), colecciones pleurales residuales en cuatro pacientes (1,2%), infecciones superficiales en cinco pacientes (1,5%), disección arterial femoral secundaria a canulación arterial en un paciente (0,3%) y bloqueo cardiaco completo con necesidad de marcapaso permanente en un paciente (0,3%). La mediana del tiempo de estancia en UCI fue de 24 horas (RIC 20 – 25). La mediana del tiempo de ventilación mecánica fue de 3 horas (RIC 0-5). La mediana del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue de 4 días (RIC 3-5). Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos reflejan que en nuestro medio la corrección quirúrgica de los defectos septales atriales es segura y efectiva, con una tasa de mortalidad con tendencia al 0% y una muy baja morbilidad asociada, acorde con los estándares internacionales. De igual forma, la cirugía cardiaca mínimamente invasiva ha permitido mejorar los resultados del procedimiento y ha tenido gran aceptación por parte de los pacientes, por lo que constituye el abordaje de elección actual para el manejo quirúrgico de esta patología en el servicio de Cardiología de la institución.

Objective: to describe the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of surgical treatment of atrial septal defects in patients operated for this condition on a tertiary care center in Colombia. Methods: an observational, descriptive, retrospective study of a cohort including all patients undergoing surgery for atrial septal defects in the period between October 1996 and July 2012. Results: we included a total of 329 patients, were 216 (65.6%) were female. The mean age was 34 years (IQR 15-49). 77.8% of the defects were ostium secundum type. In 80% the defect repair was performed using autologous pericardial patch. In 7.6% of cases we used minimally invasive cardiac surgery technique. Four rescue surgeries (1.21%) were performed due to complications related to the placement of percutaneous devices. We documented only one operative death (mortality rate 0.3%) and an associated overall morbidity of 7.6% without any sequelae and represented by re-operation for bleeding in eight cases (2.4%), deep sternal wound infection in three patients (0.9%), empyema in three patients (0.9%), residual pleural collections in four patients (1.2%), superficial infections in five patients (1.5%), femoral arterial dissection secondary to arterial cannulation in one patient (0.3%) and complete heart block requiring permanent pacemaker in one patient (0.3%). The median length of stay in ICU was 24 hours (IQR 20-25). The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 3 hours (IQR 0-5). The median hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-5). Conclusions: the results obtained show that in our environment, surgical correction of atrial septal defects is safe and effective, with a mortality rate tending to 0% and a very low associated morbidity, in line with international standards. Similarly, minimally invasive cardiac surgery has improved the results of the procedure and has been widely accepted by the patients, thus constituting the current preferred approach in the Cardiology service of the institution for the surgical management of this pathology.

The Case of Isolated Double Atrial Septum with Persistent Interatrial Space

Double atrial septum is very rare atrial septal malformation which has double layered atrial septum with persistent interatrial space between the two atria. Clinically, most cases of this anomaly are asymptomatic unless manifest as thromboembolic complications, such as stroke, or transient ischemic attack, that thrombus may be originated from this interatrial space. We report a case of a 69-year-old man who was diagnosed with isolated double atrial septum by transthoracic echocardiography.

Defecto de septación auricular: un desafío para el cardiólogo de adultos / Atrial septal defect: a challenge for the adult's cardiologist

Fundamento: el defecto de septación auricular, también conocido con el término de comunicación interauricular es la cardiopatía congénita más frecuente en la edad adulta con predominio en el sexo femenino sobre el masculino. Muchos de los niños y jóvenes con comunicación interauricular se encuentran asintomáticos y los hallazgos físicos son insignificantes, por lo que la supervivencia hasta la edad adulta es la norma. Objetivo: profundizar en los diversos aspectos anatómicos, fisiopatológicos y clínicos de los pacientes adultos con defecto de septación auricular, con vistas a facilitar un diagnóstico precoz y un manejo adecuado por sus médicos de asistencia. Desarrollo: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica acerca del tema en las que se utilizaron las bases de datos de Medline e Hinari. La sobrecarga volumétrica crónica de las cavidades derechas puede tener efectos deletéreos, tales como arritmias auriculares, enfermedad vascular pulmonar irreversible y, eventualmente insuficiencia cardiaca y embolismos paradójicos. La ecocardiografía transesofágica constituye la técnica de elección para evaluar la localización anatómica de la comunicación interauricular y su relación con las estructuras vecinas. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de una comunicación interauricular se realiza a partir de criterios clínicos, ecocardiográficos y angiográficos. El cierre de una comunicación interauricular ostium primum y seno venoso se realiza exclusivamente a través de la vía quirúrgica. La vía de elección para el cierre de una comunicación interauricular ostium secundum, siempre y cuando cumpla con determinados criterios, es la percutánea donde el Amplatzer septal occluder el dispositivo más utilizado. El cierre de un defecto septal auricular esta contraindicado en pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar secundaria también denominada fisiología de Eisenmenger.

Background: atrial septal defect also known as atrial communication is the most frequent congenital cardiopathy in adults with marked prevalence in women. Many of children and young people with atrial septal defects are asymptomatic and physical findings are insignificant, that´s why survival until the adulthood is the norm. Objective: to deepen knowledge on the diverse anatomical, psychopathological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of the adult’s patients with atrial septal defects with a view to provide an early diagnosis and an appropriate management by their primary physicians. Development: a bibliographic review on the subject was performed. Medline and HINARI databases were used. The chronic volumetric overdrive of the right cardiac cavities may cause deleterious effects such as atrial arrhythmias, irreversible lung vascular disease and, possibly heart failure and paradoxical embolisms. The transesophageal echocardiography constitutes the election technique to evaluate the anatomical localization of the atrial septal defect and its relationship with neighbour’s structures. Conclusions: the diagnosis of an atrial septal defect is carried out starting from clinical, echocardiography and angiography criteria. The closure of an atrial septal defect ostium primum and sinus venosus types is carried out exclusively through the surgical way. The closure of an atrial septal defect ostium secundum provided it meets certain criteria, is the percutaneous one, being the Amplatzer septal occluder device the most commonly used. The closure of atrial septal defect is contraindicated in patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension also called Eisenmenger physiology.

Experience With Using a Safe Landmark the Fossa Ovalis in Transseptal Procedures

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pressure monitoring and injection of contrast media after piercing the fossa ovalis are used to avoid life-threatening complications during transseptal procedures. However, when performing those maneuvers, the information provided can only be obtained after having pierced structures that may not have been the intended target. When we injected the contrast media through a Brockenbrough needle before piercing the fossa, the dye that had collected under the membranous septum tented by the transseptal equipment (tenting) was observed on the left anterior oblique (LAO) projection and this indicated the fossa ovalis. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness and safety of tenting in order to identify the membranous septum during transseptal procedures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Contrast injections were performed on the fossa ovalis and the septal wall surrounding it during 64 transseptal procedures. The rates of dye staining and tenting in both the muscular and membranous septums were compared. RESULTS: No areas of the muscular septum exhibited any tenting. Various rates of dye staining of those areas were observed. However, the membrane of the fossa exhibited tenting without dye staining in all 64 cases. The sensitivity of the tenting without dye staining to identify the Fossa was 98%, and the specificity was 100%. CONCLUSION: Tenting without dye staining could differentiate the membranous septum from the muscular one with high diagnostic accuracy. This method could be used as a safe landmark for the fossa ovalis before piercing it during transseptal procedures.

Implantation of Lumenless Pacing Leads at the Inter-atrial Septum and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract with Deflectable Catheter-sheath / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Current permanent fight ventricular and fight atrial endocardial pacing leads are implanted utilizing a central lumen stylet. Right ventricular apex pacing initiates an abnormal asyno chronous electrical activation pattern, which results in asynchronous ventricular contraction and re-laxation. When pacing from right atrial appendage, the conduction time between two atria will be prolonged, which results in heterogeneity for both depolarization and repolarization. Six patients with Class Ⅰ indication for permanent pacing were implanted with either single chamber or dual chamber pacemaker. The SelectSecure 3830 4-French (Fr) lumenless lead and the SelectSite C304 8.5-Fr steerable catheter-sheath (Medtronic Inc., USA) were used. Pre-selected pacing sites included inter-atrial septum and right ventricular outflow tract, which were defined by ECG and fluoroscopic criteria. All the implanting procedures were successful without complication. Testing results (mean atrial pacing threshold: 0.87 V; mean P wave amplitude: 2.28 mV; mean ventricular pacing threshold:0.53V; mean R wave amplitude: 8.75 mV) were satisfactory. It is concluded that implantation of a 4-Fr lumenless pacing lead by using a streerable catheter-sheath to achieve inter-atrial septum or right ventricular outflow tract pacing is safe and feasible.

Assessment of Atrial Septum Morphology by Live Three-dimensional Echocardiography / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To evaluate the morphology of atrial septum by the live three-dimensional echocardi- ography (L3DE) and its value of clinical application, L3DE was performed in 62 subjects to observe the morphological characteristics and dynamic change of the overall anatomic structure of atrial sep- tum. The study examined 49 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD), including 3 patients with atrial septal aneurysm, and 10 healthy subjects. ASD in the 35 patients was surgically confirmed. The maximal diameters of ASD were measured and the percentages of area change were calculated. The parameters derived from L3DE were compared with intraoperative measurements. The results showed that L3DE could directly and clearly display the morphological features of overall anatomic structure of normal atrial septum, repaired and artificially-occluded atrial septum, atrial septal aneu- rysm. The defect area in ASD patients changed significantly during cardiac cycle, which reached a maximum at end-systole and a minimum at end-diastole, with a mean change percentage of 46.6%,ranging from 14.8% to 73.4%. The sizes obtained from L3DE bore an excellent correlation with in-traoperative findings (r=0.90). It is concluded that L3DE can clearly display the overall morphologi- cal features and dynamic change of atrial septum and measure the size of ASD area accurately, which is important in the decision to choose therapeutic protocols.