Translation and validation of a scale on the health care providers’ Attitudes Towards Persons Living With Leprosy (AT-PLWL)

Introduction@#Leprosy is a chronic, progressive, and complex disease. One of the factors contributing to the quality of case detection and treatment compliance is the attitudes of health care providers towards leprosy patients. Assessment of the attitudes of HCP towards leprosy patients is crucial because this is where leprosy patients base their care-seeking behaviors; hence, the creation of this scale.@*Objectives@#To create and validate a functionally equivalent Filipino translation of the HCP AT-PLWL scale.@*Methods@#A validity study was conducted into two phases. In Phase I, the AT-PLWL scale was translated (forward-back method) into Filipino, which underwent a cognitive debriefing (face validity) and pre-testing to 30 health care providers. In Phase 2, the reconciled forward translation underwent face and content validity and was pilot-tested to 100 health care providers. Reliability, both internal consistency and test-retest, were assessed via calculating Cronbach’s α and intra-class correlation coefficient, respectively.@*Results@#Content and face validity showed that all items in the scale were relevant. Cronbach’s α showed an adequate internal consistency of greater than 0.7 while the intra-class correlation coefficient of responses was greater than 0.80, indicating good correlation.@*Conclusion@#Overall, the final translated Filipino version of AT-PLWL scale is valid and reliable; hence, could serve as a tool to evaluate HCP’s attitudes.

Medical Professionalism: the Effects of Sociodemographic Diversity and Curricular Organization on the Attitudinal Performance of Medical Students / Profissionalismo Médico: Efeito da Diversidade Sociodemográfica e da Organização Curricular no Desempenho Atitudinal dos Estudantes de Medicina

ABSTRACT Introduction: Socioeconomic and demographic diversity in the educational environment and the development of professional attitudes enhance the quality of health care delivery. Despite the importance of diversity for equity and accessibility to health care, its repercussions for students' attitudinal learning have not been adequately evaluated. Purpose: Evaluate the influence of academic sociodemographic diversity and curricular organization in the development of professional attitudes in different phases of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Method: In 2012, the attitudinal performance of 310 socioeconomically diverse medical students was evaluated by the administration of a five-point professional attitudes scale. The participants were at different points in their education at a Brazilian public school of medicine in Brasília, Federal District. The scale comprised 6 factors: communication, ethics, professional excellence, self-assessment, beliefs, social determinants; and a general factor called medical professionalism and was validated for the purpose of this research. The reliability coefficients (aCronbach) ranged from 0.65 to 0.87, according to different scale dimensions. Student diversity was analyzed according to differences in gender, age, religious affiliation, system of student selection and socioeconomic background. Results: The authors observed a decline in the mean attitude scores during the clinical phase compared to the preclinical phase of the curriculum. Female students displayed more positive attitudes than male students, and the students who declared a religious affiliation recorded higher attitude scores compared to those who declared themselves atheist, agnostic or non-religious. There was no correlation between family income or the system of student selection and the students' attitude scores. The students who had attended public schools expressed a greater interest in working in the public health system compared to the other students. Age and marital status had no relevant effect on attitude scores. Conclusions: The attitude scores of medical students declined as the curriculum progressed. Female students had more positive attitudes than male students. Religious affiliation appeared to positively influence the observed attitude scores.

RESUMO Introdução: A diversidade socioeconômica e demográfica no ambiente educacional e o desenvolvimento de attitudes profissionais estão associados ao aumento na qualidade da assistência em saúde. Apesar da importância dessa diversidade para a equidade e acessibilidade ao sistema de saúde, sua repercussão no aprendizado atitudinal dos estudantes em nosso meio ainda é muito pouco estudada e avaliada. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência das diferenças demográficas, sociais e económicas e da organização curricular no desempenho atitudinal de estudantes de graduação em Medicina em diferentes fases do curso. Método: Em 2012, o desempenho atitudinal de 310 estudantes de Medicina foi avaliado mediante a aplicação de uma escala de atitudes profissionais de cinco pontos. Os participantes eram de diferentes séries do curso de graduação em Medicina de uma escola pública de Medicina de Brasília (DF). A escala de atitudes utilizada era composta por seis fatores — Comunicação; Ética; Excelência Profissional; Autoavaliação; Crenças; Determinantes Sociais; e um fator geral chamado Profissionalismo Médico — e foi validada para as finalidades desta pesquisa. O coeficiente de fidedignidade (a de Cronbach) para as diferentes dimensões da escala variou de 0,65 a 0,87. A diversidade dos estudantes foi avaliada de acordo com gênero, idade, religião, sistema de ingresso no curso (cotistas sociais/não cotistas) e condições socioeconómicas. Resultados: Os autores observaram um declínio nos escores médios de atitude em várias dimensões da escala durante a fase clínica, comparada à fase pré-clínica do currículo. Estudantes do gênero feminino obtiveram escores de atitudes mais positivos do que os do gênero masculino. Estudantes que declararam ter uma religião tiveram melhores escores do que os que se declararam ateus, agnósticos ou sem religião. Não houve correlação entre idade, estado civil e renda familiar e o desempenho atitudinal medido pela escala. Estudantes que ingressaram no curso pelo sistema de cotas expressaram maior interesse em trabalhar no sistema público de saúde. Conclusões: Houve um declínio do escore de atitude dos estudantes de Medicina com a progressão do curso. Estudantes do gênero feminino apresentaram escores de atitudes mais positivos que os do gênero masculino. Filiação religiosa parece influenciar positivamente o desempenho atitudinal dos estudantes.

Valoración actitudinal frente a temas ambientales / Attitude assessment to environmental issues

Se aplicó la Escala de Actitudes de Moreno, Corraliza & Ruiz (2005) a 367 estudiantes de la ciudad de Talca. Se confirmó una adecuada consistencia interna de la Escala, a Cronbach = 0,776. Se detectó que en las variables actitudinales, correspondientes al marco personal, es donde se producen las mayores diferencias significativas en sus respuestas, esto es valoración y obligación moral, y las menores diferencias significativas se presentaron en las variables del ámbito contextual: norma social, facilitación e información. Esto es relevante, ya que indica que las variables pertenecientes al ámbito contextual son las que se deben reforzar, lo cual se puede realizar robusteciendo el Currículum a través del fortalecimiento de la educación ambiental. Por otra parte, se concluye que las personas construyen sus actitudes hacia temas emergentes por referencia a sus conocimientos, valores y creencias generales, dando soporte a un modelo de orden jerárquico sobre conocimiento-conciencia-valor-actitud-acción.

The scale of attitudes by Moreno, Corraliza & Ruiz (2005) was applied to 367 students from the city of Talca. An adequate internal consistency of the scale is confirmed; a Cronbach = 0.776. It was detected that it is in the attitudinal variables, corresponding to the personal framework, where the major differences occur i.e., assessment and moral obligation, and the minor differences were found in the contextual scope variables: social norm, facilitation and information, respectively. This is relevant, since it tells us that the contextual scope variables are the ones that must be strengthened by enhancing the Curriculum through the reinforcing of the environmental education. On the other hand, we believe that people build their attitudes towards emerging issues by making reference to their knowledge, values, and general beliefs, giving support to a hierarchical order model based on knowledge-awareness-value-attitude and action.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale Revised in Colombian undergraduates / Estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Revisada en universitarios colombianos

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) is a classic, 40-item measure of dysfunctional schema - a key construct of the cognitive model of depression. However, some controversy exists regarding the factorial structure of the DAS. Accordingly, a revised version of the DAS (hereafter, the DAS-R) has been recently proposed using confirmatory factor analysis and consisting of 17 items. The DAS-R contains two correlated factors: Perfectionism/Performance evaluation and Dependency. In a previous study with a Spanish sample, a hierarchical factor model with these two first-order factors and a general factor showed the best fit of the data. This study analyses the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the DAS-R in a sample of 762 Colombian undergraduates. The results were very similar to the ones obtained in the Spanish sample. The hierarchical factor structure showed the best fit of the data, and the DAS-R showed good internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity. In conclusion, the DAS-R seems a good option to measure dysfunctional schema in Colombia. Furthermore, the replication of the hierarchical factor structure indicates that the DAS-R provides general and specific measures of dysfunctional schema that are theoretically meaningful.

La Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales (DAS) es una medida clásica de 40 items de los esquemas disfuncionales, un constructo central en el modelo cognitivo de la depresión. Sinembargo, existe alguna controversia en torno a su estructura factorial. Recientemente se ha Análisis factorial propuesto una versión revisada del DAS (de aquí en adelante DAS-R), consistente en 17 items, usando un análisis factorial confirmatorio. El DAS-R contiene 2 factores correlacionados: perfeccionismo/evaluación del rendimiento y dependencia. En un estudio previo con una muestra española, una estructura jerárquica con estos 2 factores de primer orden y un factor general mostró el mejor ajuste a los datos. Este estudio analiza la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas del DAS-R en una muestra de 762 estudiantes universitarios colombianos. Los resultados fueron muy similares a los obtenidos en la muestra española. La estructura factorial jerárquica mostró el mejor ajuste a los datos y el DAS-R mostró buena consistencia interna y validez discriminante y convergente. En conclusión, el DAS-R parece una buena opción para medir los esquemas disfuncionales en Colombia. Además, la replicación de la estructura factorial jerárquica indica que el DAS-R provee medidas generales y específicas de los esquemas disfuncionales que son teóricamente significativas.

Attitudes and Dispositions toward Doping in Adolescent Elite Athletes / 대한스포츠의학회지

For effective prevention of doping, individual and situational factors that make an elite athlete more susceptible to doping than others should be investigated. The aim of this study was to quantitatively measure doping related attitudes and dispositions of adolescent competitive athletes at elite level. Data were collected by questionnaires among athletes (n=123) who were participating in the 2nd Asian Youth Games. Outcome measures included doping knowledge, behavior and attitude (performance enhancement attitude scale, PEAS). One athlete admitted the past use of doping and 2 athletes reported that they knew others who had doped. Athletes were mainly provided with anti-doping information from anti-doping agency (16.3%), coaches (11.4%) or medical staffs (10.6%). The average PEAS score was 38.39+/-11.36. High school (elder) athletes showed higher PEAS score (39.63+/-11.35) than middle school (younger) athletes (34.53+/-10.67) and team sport athletes showed lower PEAS score (35.11+/-9.80) than athletes in endurance (45.08+/-15.49) or motor skill sports (43.25+/-9.08). This study suggests that many factors play an important role in athlete's decisions regarding the use of doping. Further research should incorporate these factors to understand the complexity of doping and to identify points for effective anti-doping program.

Escala de atitudes face ao lazer em adolescentes e jovens adultos / Leisure attitude scale in adolescents and young adults

Atualmente, o lazer e as atitudes face ao lazer têm sido alvo de interesse na investigação psicológica, concretamente no domínio da Psicologia Social. O objetivo do presente estudo foi adaptar a escala Leisure Attitude Scale de Raghb e Beard, construída para avaliar as atitudes face ao lazer em função das três componentes de atitude (cognitiva, afetiva e comportamental) para a população de estudantes, adolescentes e jovens adultos portugueses. Participaram no estudo 462 sujeitos (57,8 por cento do sexo feminino e 42,2 por cento do sexo masculino), com uma média de idades de 19,97 (desvio padrão de 4,85). Os resultados obtidos confirmam a estrutura e as características psicométricas da versão original, refletindo valores largamente aceitáveis de fidelidade (consistência interna) e validade (validade de conteúdo) quer para a escala total quer para as várias sub-escalas (cognitiva, afetiva e comportamental). Conclui-se pela adequação da escala na medida das atitudes face ao lazer, no contexto português.

Nowadays, the leisure and its attitudes constitute an important issue in Social Psychology research. The aim of this study was to realize the adaptation of the Leisure Attitude Scale (Ragheb and Beard) for Portuguese individuals, including adolescents and young adults. This scale measures leisure attitude according to the three components (cognitive, affective and behavioural). A sample of 462 students (57.8 percent girls and 42.2 percent boys) with a mean age of 19.97 (standard deviation of 4.85). The results confirm the original scale. Validity measures of internal consistency and content validity in the total scale and in the three subscales (Cognitive, affective and behavioural). The scale is an adequate instrument to measure leisure attitudes in the Portuguese context.

La diversión y las actitudes frente a ella vienes siendo objeto de interés en la investigación de la Psicología Social. Nuestro objetivo fue adaptar la escala Leisure Actitudes Scale de Raghb y Beard, que evalúa actitudes frente a la diversión en función de tres componentes (cognitivo, afectivo , y comportamental), para la población de estudiantes, adolescentes y jóvenes adultos portugueses. Participaron 462 sujetos (57,8 por ciento del sexo femenino y 42,2 por ciento del sexo masculino), con media de edades de 19,97 (desviación standar de 4,85). Se confirmó la estructura y características psicométricas de la versión original, reflejando valores de fidelidad (consistencia interna) y validad (validad de contenido) en la escala total y en las varias sub-escalas (cognitiva, afectiva y comportamental). Concluimos que fue realizada la adaptación de la escala en el contexto portugués.