ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La medición y evaluación de las competencias laborales, en el personal farmacéutico ambulatorio, debe combinar aspectos relacionados con los conocimientos (que sabe), habilidades (como lo hace) y actitudes (de que modo lo hace). Objetivo: Identificar y seleccionar las directrices y recomendaciones sobre las competencias laborales que requiere el personal farmacéutico ambulatorio, y construir un instrumento para su medición. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión estructurada en dos fases: a) se revisaron y seleccionaron las funciones/dominios, los criterios de desempeño (habilidades y actitudes), los conocimientos, los marcos de competencias establecidas a nivel internacional, y los instrumentos de medición reportados en la literatura; y b) se identificaron las competencias laborales necesarias de acuerdo con la normatividad colombiana y con los procesos de los Establecimientos Farmacéuticos ambulatorios (droguerías y farmacias-droguerías). Finalmente, se construyó el instrumento de medición por un panel de expertos. Resultados: Se identificaron las competencias laborales establecidas por las organizaciones de regulación internacional. Se revisaron 993 artículos que reportaban la medición y evaluación de las competencias, seleccionándose y analizándose 9 referencias. Se analizaron los marcos de competencias de diferentes países. Se analizaron las regulaciones en Colombia sobre el tema. El instrumento construido contiene 101 competencias distribuidas en los siguientes componentes: a) suministro de cuidados al paciente; b) personales; c) solución de problemas; y d) gestión y organización. Conclusión: Directrices y recomendaciones internacionales, además, la normatividad colombiana para identificar las competencias laborales que requiere el personal farmacéutico para el correcto funcionamiento de los Establecimientos Farmacéuticos ambulatorios, y partir de esto, se construye un instrumento de medición para evaluarlas.
Abstract Introduction: The measurement and evaluation of labor competencies, in outpatient pharmacy staff, must combine aspects related to knowledge (who knows), skills (as it does) and attitudes (in what way it does). Objective: Identify and select the guidelines and recommendations on labor competencies required by outpatient pharmacy staff and build an instrument for their measurement. Methodology: A structured review was carried out in two phases: a) the functions/ domains, performance criteria (skills and attitudes), knowledge, competency frameworks established internationally, and measurement instruments reported were reviewed and selected in the literature; and b) the necessary labor competencies were identified in accordance with Colombian regulations and with the processes of the outpatient Pharmaceutical Establishments (drugstores and pharmacies-drugstores). Finally, the measuring instrument was built by a panel of experts. Results: Labor competencies established by international regulation organizations. were identified. A total of 993 articles were reviewed that reported the measurement and evaluation of competencies, selecting and analyzing 9 references. Competency frameworks from different countries were analyzed. The regulations in Colombia on the subject were analyzed. The constructed instrument contains 101 competencies distributed in the following components: a) provision of patient care; b) personal; c) troubleshooting; and d) management and organization. Conclusion: The international guidelines and recommendations were reviewed and analyzed, in addition, the Colombian regulations to identify the labor competencies required by the pharmacy staff for the correct functioning of the outpatient Pharmaceutical Establishments, and from this, an instrument was built of measurement to evaluate them.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pharmacy , Knowledge , Professional Role , Pharmacies , Work EngagementABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of episiotomy and the factors associated with the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of Brazilian obstetricians in relation to this procedure. Methods A KAP survey was conducted with obstetricians working in Brazil. An electronic form containing structured questions previously evaluated using the Delphi method was created in Google Docs and sent by e-mail. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the principal factors associated with adequate KAP. For each dependent variable (knowledge, attitude and practice) coded as adequate (1 = yes; 0 = no), a multiple logistic regression model was developed. Binary codes (1 = yes and 0 = no) were assigned to every independent or predictor variables. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated as measures of relative risk, at a significance level of 5%. Results Out of the 13 thousand physicians contacted, 1,163 replied, and 50 respondents were excluded. The mean episiotomy rate reported was of 42%. Knowledge was determined as adequate in 44.5% of the cases, attitude, in 10.9%, and practice, in 26.8% of the cases. Conclusion Most respondents had inadequate knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding episiotomy. Although some factors such as age, teaching, working in the public sector and attending congresses improved knowledge, attitude and practice, we must recognize that episiotomy rates remain well above what would be considered ideal. Adequate knowledge is more prevalent than adequate attitude or practice, indicating that improving knowledge is crucial but insufficient to change the outlook of episiotomies in Brazil.
Resumo Objetivo Determinar o nível e os fatores associados a conhecimento, atitude e prática (CAP) dos obstetras brasileiros em relação à episiotomia. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal do tipo inquérito CAP com obstetras atuantes no território brasileiro. Foi criado um formulário eletrônico com perguntas estruturadas e previamente avaliadas pelo método Delphi, que foi enviado por e-mail pelo sistema Google Docs. Foi realizada uma análise multivariada de regressão logística múltipla para determinação dos principais fatores associados ao conhecimento, à atitude e à prática adequados. Para cada variável dependente (conhecimento, atitude e prática) codificada como adequada (1 = sim; 0 = não) foi construído um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Todas as variáveis independentes ou preditivas foram codificadas binariamente (1 = sim; 0 = não). As razões de prevalência (RPs) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (ICs95%) foram calculados como medidas do risco relativo, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Dos 13 mil obstetras contatados, foram obtidas 1.163 respostas, sendo 50 participantes excluídos. A média da taxa de episiotomia relatada foi de 42%. Verificou-se que 44,5% dos médicos tinham conhecimentos adequados, 10,9% tinham atitudes adequadas e 26,8% tinham práticas adequadas. Conclusão A maioria dos participantes tinha conhecimento, atitudes e práticas inadequadas em relação à episiotomia. Embora alguns fatores como idade, ensino, trabalho no setor público e participação em congressos melhorem o conhecimento, a atitude e a prática, é preciso reconhecer que as taxas de episiotomia permanecem bem acima do que se considera ideal. O conhecimento adequado é mais prevalente do que a atitude ou a prática adequadas, indicando que a melhora do conhecimento é crucial, mas insuficiente para mudar o panorama das episiotomias neste país.