Ligustilide delays senescence of auditory cortex in mice by inhibiting ferritinophagy / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the mechanism of ligu aged 2 months of the same strain were used as the constilide (LIG) in delaying the senescence of auditory trol (Ctrl) group. Auditory brainstem response test was cortex and treating central presbycusis. Methods used to detect the auditory threshold of mice before and Forty C57BL/6J mice aged 13 months were randomly di after treatment. Levels of serum MDA and activity of vided into ligustilide low-dose(L-LIG) group, ligustil serum SOD were detected to display the level of oxidative ide medium-dose (M-LIG) group, ligustilide high-dose stress. The pathological changes of auditory cortex were (H-LIG) group and aging (Age) group, and 10 mice observed by HE staining. Ferroptosis was observed by

Does the Number of Stimuli Influence the Formation of the Endogenous Components of the Event-Related Auditory Evoked Potentials?

Abstract Introduction The number of stimuli is important to determine the quality of auditory evoked potential records. However, there is no consensus on that number in studies, especially in the sample studied. Objectives To investigate the influence of the number of rare stimuli on forming N2 and P3 components, with different types of acoustic stimuli. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, comparative study, approved by the ethics committee of the institution. The sample comprised 20 normal hearing adults of both sexes, aged 18 to 29 years old, with normal scores in the mental state examination and auditory processing skills. The event-related auditory evoked potentials were performed with nonverbal (1 kHz versus 2 kHz) and verbal stimuli (/BA/ versus /DA/). The number of rare stimuli varied randomly in the recordings, with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 presentations. Results P3 latency was significantly higher for nonverbal stimuli with 50 rare stimuli. N2 latency did not show any difference between the type and number of stimuli. The absolute P3 and N2-P3 amplitudes showed significant differences for both types of stimuli, with higher amplitude for 10 rare stimuli, in contrast with the other ones. The linear tendency test indicated significance only for the amplitude - as the number of rare stimuli increased, the amplitude tended to decrease. Conclusion The components were identifiable in the different numbers of rare stimuli and types of stimuli. The P3 and N2-P3 latency and amplitude increased with fewer verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Recording protocols must consider the number of rare stimuli.

Study of aged central auditory function using the auditory middle latency response

Abstract Objective Investigate the auditory function of the elderly using the middle latency potentials. Methodology Group 1 (G1): 20 healthy individuals of both genders, older than 60 years, without hearing loss. Group 2 (G2): 20 healthy individuals of both sexes, older than 60 years, with hearing loss in frequencies from 4 to 8 kHz. Potential recording was performed with unilateral and bilateral stimulation and the Binaural Interaction Component was calculated. Results Na latency in C3A1 was greater in the stimulation of the right ear in G2 and the amplitude of Na-Pa was greater in the stimulation of the right ear and recording in C3A1 in G1. The latency of the Pa component was higher in the stimulation of the right ear recorded in C4A2. The Pb component in G2 by bilateral stimulation and recorded in C4A2 had higher latency. The first and second negative and positive peaks presented greater amplitude in G1. In C3A1, the 1st negative peak was more negative in G1 and the 2nd positive peak showed greater amplitude in C4A2 in both groups. Conclusion The transmission of auditory information to the primary auditory cortex is impaired with aging, especially in unilateral stimulation, reinforced by losses in elderly people with peripheral hearing loss, such as in the binaural interaction at the cortical and subcortical levels. Thus, the AMLR has shown to be a sensitive examination to investigate neuroauditory disorders in the elderly, especially related to high-frequency hearing loss and primary auditory cortex dysfunctions caused by the aging process.

Zumbido crônico: análise das contribuições clínicas de diferentes avaliações audiológicas / Chronic tinnitus: analysis of clinical contributions from different audiological evalutions

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se há diferenças nos achados audiológicos periféricos e centrais entre indivíduos com limiares auditivos normais com e sem zumbido crônico e, com isso, entender quais exames auditivos são importantes nessa população. Métodos A amostra foi composta por conveniência, incluindo indivíduos de 18 a 59 anos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1), formado por sujeitos sem queixa de zumbido crônico e grupo 2 (G2), por indivíduos com zumbido crônico. A avaliação consistiu nos seguintes procedimentos: anamnese, audiometria de altas frequências (AAF), emissões otoacústicas transientes (EOAT), potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (PEATE)-clique, frequency following response (FFR) e o potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência (PEALL)-fala. Resultados O G2 apresentou valores aumentados para a AFF, com diferenças significativas. Para ambos os grupos, a EOAT mostrou predominância de presença de respostas. No PEATE, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas. No FFR, o G1 obteve maior amplitude de onda V e houve maior ocorrência de ausências no PEALL dos potenciais P1, N2 e P300, no G2. Conclusão A AAF, a análise da relação da onda V/I do PEATE, o FFR e o PEALL identificaram alterações nos indivíduos com zumbido crônico, demonstrando que tais procedimentos são promissores na avaliação dessa população.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate whether there are differences in peripheral and central audiological findings between individuals with normal hearing thresholds with and without chronic tinnitus, and thereby understand which hearing tests are most important in this population. Methods The sample was composed of convenience, including individuals from 18 to 59 years old, divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) composed of subjects without complaints of chronic tinnitus, and Group 2 (G2) composed of individuals with chronic tinnitus. The evaluation consisted of the following procedures: Anamnesis, High-frequency audiometry (HFA), Transient Otoacoustic emissions (TOAEs), Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)-click, Frequency Following Response (FFR), and Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potential (LLAEP)-speak. Results G2 showed increased values for HFA, with significant differences. For both groups, TOAEs showed a predominance of responses. In ABR there were no statistically significant differences. In FFR, G1 obtained a greater amplitude of wave V and there was a greater absence in LLAEP of P1, N2, and P300 in G2. Conclusion The HFA, the analysis of the wave V/I ratio in ABR, the FFR, and the LLAEP identified alterations in individuals with chronic tinnitus, demonstrating that such procedures are promising in the evaluation of this population.

Mismatch negativity in older adults and its relationship with the cognitive and behavioral aspects of central auditory processing

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe and compare the performance of older adults with normal hearing and hearing impairments in mismatch negativity (MMN), correlate MMN with cognitive tasks and central auditory processing (CAP), and identify normal values for MMN in older adults. METHODS: This study had 54 participants. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess cognition and the random gap detection test (RGDT), dichotic digit test (DDT), and speech to noise (SN) test were used to evaluate CAP. MMN was elicited with the verbal stimulus /da/ (frequent) and /ta/ (rare), and the latency, amplitude, duration, and area were analyzed. RESULTS: When comparing the normal-hearing group to those with hearing loss, there was no significant difference in MMN. When correlating MMN with MoCA, RGDT, DDT, and the SN test, there was a weak correlation between the MMN amplitude and the RGDT and DDT. When comparing the MMN of participants with normal and altered cognitive aspects and those with normal and altered DDT, the MMN duration was found to be affected by the DDT. The mean latency value of the MMN in the normal-hearing group was 199.8 ms, the amplitude was -2.2 µV, area was 116.1 µV/ms, and duration was 81.2 ms. CONCLUSION: Mild hearing loss did not influence MMN. There was no correlation between MMN and cognitive aspects, and there were weak correlations with CAP. Alterations in CAP led to longer durations in MMN. Normal values for MMN in adults aged between 60 and 77 years were generated.

Cortical auditory evoked potential in babies and children listeners / Potencial evocado auditivo cortical em lactentes e crianc¸as ouvintes

Abstract Introduction Cortical auditory evoked potentials have been increasingly used in research and audiological routines. However, there is a lack of studies with a large number of children who are stratified by age group. These would help clarify the variations in latency and amplitude of cortical auditory evoked potentials, and thus help establish reference values in children of different ages. Objective To identify the variation in latency and amplitude of the cortical auditory evoked potentials and to establish reference values for the pediatric population. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Subjects were born at term and presented with no auditory complaints. A total of 105 children, of up to 6 years and eleven months old, who were divided into 7 age groups, named 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, participated in the study. The tests were carried out using Biologic Navigator Pro. Initially, brainstem auditory evoked potential testing was performed in order to investigate the electrophysiological threshold of the subjects. Then, cortical auditory evoked potentials were elicited through oddball paradigm with tone burst differing in frequency, 750 Hz (frequent) and 1000 Hz (rare), and stimuli differing in speech: /ba/ (frequent) and /da/ (rare). In this study, descriptive and comparative analyzes of tonal and speech stimuli were performed for the age groups. Results Significant differences were observed when comparing cortical auditory evoked potentials with speech stimulus in the right ear for P2 amplitude, for P1 latency the left ear, for P2 amplitude of the left ear; and for P1 amplitude of the left ear when performed with tonal stimuli. Conclusion The obtained results can be considered as reference values of latency and amplitude of cortical auditory potentials in infants and children, and be used for monitoring their cortical auditory development.

Resumo Introdução Os potenciais evocados auditivos corticais têm sido cada vez mais usados em pesquisas e rotinas audiológicas. É importante que mais pesquisas sejam realizadas com maior número de crianças por faixa etária, a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento e descrever a variação das medidas de latência e amplitude, permitir estabelecer valores de referência desse potencial para crianças de diferentes grupos etários. Objetivo Identificar a variação das medidas de latência e amplitude e estabelecer os valores de referência desse potencial para a população pediátrica. Método Estudo do tipo transversal. Os indivíduos nasceram a termo, com ausência de queixas auditivas. Participaram do estudo 105 crianças de até 6 anos e 11 meses, divididas em 7 grupos de idade, denominados 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7. Os testes foram feitos com o Biologic Navigator Pro. Inicialmente, foi realizado o potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico para investigar o limiar eletrofisiológico dos indivíduos. Em seguida, o potencial evocado auditivo cortical foi feito através do paradigma de oddball com toneburst diferindo em frequência, 750 Hz (frequente) e 1.000 Hz (raro) e o estímulo na fala: / ba / (frequente) e / da / (raro). Neste estudo, foram realizadas análises descritivas e comparativas dos estímulos tonais e de fala para os grupos etários. Resultados Diferenças significantes foram observadas na comparação do potencial evocado auditivo cortical com estímulo de fala da orelha direita para amplitude de P2, para latência de P1 da orelha esquerda, para amplitude de P2 da orelha esquerda e para amplitude de P1 da orelha esquerda quando feita com estímulo tonal. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos podem ser usados como medidas de referência de latência e amplitude dos potenciais auditivos corticais em lactentes e crianças, bem como para monitorar o desenvolvimento auditivo cortical.

Mismatch Negativity Elicited by Verbal and Nonverbal Stimuli: Comparison with Potential N1

Abstract Introduction Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a long latency auditory evoked potential, represented by a negative wave, generated after the potential N1 and visualized in a resulting wave. Objective To identify the time of occurrence ofMMNafter N1, elicited with verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Methods Ninety individuals aged between 18 and 56 years old participated in the study, 39 of whom were male and 51 female, with normal auditory thresholds, at least 8 years of schooling, and who did not present auditory processing complaints. All of them underwent audiologic anamnesis, visual inspection of external auditory meatus, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, acoustic immittance measures and the dichotic sentence identification test as a screening for alterations in auditory processing, a requirement to participate in the sample. The MMN was applied with two different stimuli, with these being da/ta (verbal) and 750 Hz and 1,000 Hz (nonverbal). Results There was a statistically significant difference between the latency values of the N1 potential and the MMN with the two stimuli, as well as between the MMN with verbal and nonverbal stimuli, and the latency of the MMN elicited with da/ta being greater than that elicited with 750 Hz and 1,000 Hz, which facilitated its visualization. Conclusion The time of occurrence of MMN after the N1 elicited with verbal stimuli was 100.4 ms and with nonverbal stimuli 85.5ms. Thus, the marking of the MMN with verbal stimuli proved to bemore distant from N1 compared with the nonverbal stimuli.

Mismatch Negativity Occurrence with Verbal and Nonverbal Stimuli in Normal-Hearing Adults

Abstract Introduction The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a long-latency auditory evoked potential related to a passive elicited auditory event. Objective To verify the occurrence of MMN with different stimuli, to describe reference values in normal-hearing adults with verbal and nonverbal stimuli and to compare them with each other, besides analyzing the latency, area, and amplitude regarding gender and between the ears. Method Normal-hearing individuals, aged between 18 and 59 years old, participated in the study. As inclusion criterion in the study, all of them underwent tone threshold audiometry, logoaudiometry, tympanometry, and the Dichotic Sentence Identification (DSI) test, and later the MMN with 4 different stimuli, being 2 verbal (da/ta and ba/di) and 2 nonverbal stimuli (750/1,000Hz and 750/4,000Hz), which are considered stimuli with low and high contrast. Results A total of 90 individuals composed the sample, being 39 males and 51 females, with an average age of 26.9 years old. In the analysis of the latency, amplitude, and area of the four stimuli between the ears, they were not considered statistically different. There was a significant difference between all of the stimuli in terms of latency, amplitude and area, with the highest latency found in da/ta, and the greatest amplitude and area in ba/di. Regarding gender, there was only difference in the latency of the da/ta stimulus. Conclusion The da/ta and 750/1,000Hz stimuli elicited the most MMN in the population of normal-hearing adults. Among the genders, there was difference only regarding the latency of the verbal stimulus da/ta, and there was no difference between the ears.

Severe Temporal Hyper-Activated States Caused by Noise in Tinnitus and Hyperacusis with Normal Hearing

Lots of neuroimaging and animal studies have revealed that tinnitus and hyperacusis share the same patterns in the bottom up central auditory process. The aim was to identify the abnormal central patterns commonly observed in both tinnitus and hyperacusis in humans. We investigated two cases of normal hearing: a tinnitus patient and a hyperacusis patient. We compared the differences between the severe temporal hyper-activated state (STHS), with spikes, fast beta and gamma frequencies after noise exposure, and the mild temporal hyper-activated state (MTHS), in no sound exposed condition. The power of the gamma band in the two cases was increased in both auditory cortices compared to the other brain regions. Our results of human with normal hearing were the first to identify how tinnitus and hyperacusis caused by sound are abnormally active and how they maintain constant pathological states.

Abrupt Change in Electrophysiological Properties Begins From Postnatal Day 7 Before Hearing Onset in the Developing Mice Auditory Cortical Layer II/III Neurons

OBJECTIVES: In the developing auditory cortex, maturation of electrophysiological properties and cell types before and after hearing onset has been reported previously. However, the exact timing of firing pattern change has not been reported. In this study, firing pattern change was investigated from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P12 in auditory cortical layer II/III neurons to investigate whether firing pattern changes dramatically after a specific point during development. METHODS: ICR mice pups aged from P3 to P12 were sacrificed to obtain 300-mm-thick brain slices containing the primary auditory cortex. From cortical layer II/III neurons, the patterns of action potential firing generated by current injection were examined using whole cell current clamp technique and the characteristics of Na⁺ currents involved in action potential firing were investigated using whole cell voltage clamp technique. RESULTS: From P3 to P6, most cells did not show action potential firing (29 of 46 cells), and some cells responding to current injection showed a single action potential at the initial depolarizing current step (17 of 46 cells). This firing pattern changes from P7. From P7 to P9, cells begin to show regular spiking to current injection. The spiking frequency increased after P10. In studying Na⁺ current with whole cell voltage clamp, Na⁺ current densities increased gradually (32.0±2.0 pA/pF [P3–P6, n=7], 51.2±2.0 pA/pF [P7–P9, n=13], and 69.5±3.7 pA/pF [P10–P12, n=13]) in low external [Na⁺] condition. Na⁺ current recovery was accelerated and inactivation curves shifted to hyperpolarization with age. CONCLUSION: As regular spiking cells were observed from P7 but never from P3 to P6, P7 might be regarded as an important milestone in the development of auditory cortical layer II/III neurons. This change might mainly result from the increase in Na⁺ current density.

Influência da prática musical em habilidades do processamento auditivo central: uma revisão sistemática / The influence of musical practice in central auditory processing skills: a systematic review / Influencia de la práctica musical en habilidades del procesamiento auditivo central: una revisión sistemática

Objetivo: Investigar o que a literatura revela sobre a influência da prática musical em habilidades do Processamento Auditivo Central (PAC), e se o tempo de exposição à música atua de alguma maneira nestas competências. Método: A coleta dos artigos foi realizada a partir das bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Lilacs, com a combinação de descritores indexados no Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Critérios de seleção: Foram selecionados artigos em inglês e português, publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2016, cujo título, ou resumo, ou corpo do trabalho, tivessem relação com o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram excluídos os artigos repetidos e os que não possuíam o resumo ou texto completo, artigos de revisão, dissertações e teses. Análise dos dados: Após a leitura dos artigos na íntegra, foram extraídos os seguintes dados: título, ano de publicação, país de origem, idade e características dos indivíduos da amostra, tipo de estudo, tempo de experiência dos músicos, objetivo da pesquisa, habilidades do PAC avaliadas, resultados encontrados e conclusão. Resultados: A pesquisa realizada gerou o total de 1445 artigos, sendo que 896 deles estavam contidos na Pubmed, 518 na base ScienceDirect e 31 na Lilacs. Ao final da análise, os juízes selecionaram 17 estudos. Conclusão: Os artigos mencionados demonstraram que a prática musical influencia positivamente as habilidades do PAC, não havendo um consenso quanto à atuação do tempo de exposição sobre essas competências, mas evidenciando um melhor resultado de indivíduos com maior experiência musical.

Objective: To investigate what the literature reveals about the influence of the musical practice on Central Auditory Processing (CAP) skills, and whether the time of exposure to music acts in some way in these skills. Method: The collection of the articles was carried out from the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Lilacs, with the combination of indexed descriptors in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Selection criteria: Articles were selected in English and Portuguese, published between 2010 and 2016, whose title, or abstract, or work content, were related to the objective of the present study, that is to verify the influence of music in the CAP. The repeated articles and those that did not have the abstract or full text, revision articles, dissertations and theses were excluded. Data analysis: After reading the articles in full, the data were extracted: title, year of publication, country of origin, age and characteristics of the examples, type of study, musicians' experience time, research objective, CAP skills assessed, results found and conclusion. Results: The research carried out generated a total of 1445 articles, 896 of them were contained in Pubmed, 518 in the base ScienceDirect and 31 in Lilacs. At the end of the analysis the judges selected 17 studies. Conclusion: The articles mentioned demonstrate that the musical practice positively influences the abilities of the CAP. There was no consensus regarding the performance of the exposure time on these skills, but it was shown a better result for individuals with greater musical experience.

Objetivo: Investigar lo que la literatura revela sobre la influencia de la práctica musical en habilidades del Procesamiento Auditivo Central (PAC), y si el tiempo de exposición a la música actúa de alguna manera en estas competencias. Método: La recolección de los artículos se realizó a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Lilacs, con la combinación de descriptores indexados en el Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Criterios de selección: Se seleccionaron artículos en inglés y portugués, publicados entre los años de 2010 a 2016, cuyo título, resumen, cuerpo del trabajo, tuvieran relación con el objetivo del presente estudio. Se excluyeron los artículos repetidos, los que no poseían el resumen o texto completo, artículos de revisión, disertaciones y tesis. Análisis de los datos: Después de la lectura de los artículos en su totalidad, se extrajeron los siguientes datos: título, año de publicación, país de origen, edad y características de los individuos de la muestra, tipo de estudio, tiempo de experiencia de los músicos, objetivo de la investigación, habilidades del PAC evaluadas, resultados encontrados y conclusión. Resultados: La encuesta realizada generó el total de 1445 artículos, 896 de ellos estaban en la base Pubmed, 518 en ScienceDirect y 31 en Lilacs. Al final del análisis, los jueces seleccionaron 17 estudios. Conclusión: Los artículos mencionados demostraron que la práctica musical influye positivamente en las habilidades del PAC, no habiendo un consenso cuanto a la actuación del tiempo de exposición sobre esas competencias, pero evidenciando un mejor resultado de individuos con mayor experiencia musical.

A influência da idade, escolaridade e gênero na ocorrência de pausas do teste DSI / Influence of the age, level of schooling and gender on the occurrence of the DSI test pauses

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a influência das variáveis idade, escolaridade e gênero na ocorrência de pausas após o tempo padrão no teste de identificação de sentenças dicóticas. Método A amostra foi constituída por 200 indivíduos destros distribuídos em quatro grupos segundo a faixa etária: grupo I - 13 a 19 anos de idade, grupo II - 20 a 29 anos de idade, grupo III - 30 a 39 anos de idade e o grupo IV - 40 a 49 anos de idade. Cada grupo continha 50 sujeitos (25 homens e 25 mulheres) pareados por escolaridade. Foram adotados os seguintes critérios de elegibilidade: língua materna português brasileiro, normouvinte, leitura fluente independentemente do grau de escolaridade. O teste de identificação de sentenças dicóticas foi aplicado nas etapas de integração binaural e escuta direcionada e a necessidade de pausas no teste após o tempo padrão foi anotada. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Resultados Para as etapas de integração binaural, houve associação positiva entre idade e ocorrência de pausas. A variável escolaridade apresentou associação negativa com a ocorrência de pausas em todas as etapas do teste. A variável gênero não apresentou nenhuma associação com a ocorrência de pausa em nenhuma das etapas do teste. Conclusão Com o aumento da idade, há um aumento na incidência de pausas na etapa de integração binaural do teste. Quanto mais anos de estudo menor a chance de o indivíduo necessitar de pausas para realizar o teste em todas as etapas de apresentação. A variável gênero não influenciou na ocorrência de pausas.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the influence of variables age, educational status and sex in the occurrence of pauses after the standard time in the dichotic sentence identification test. Methods This investigation included 200 right-handed subjects divided into four groups according to age: group I - from 13 to 19 years old, group II - from 20 to 29 years old, group III - from 30 to 39 years old and group IV - from 40 to 49 years old. Each group contained 50 subjects (25 men and 25 women) matched by educational level. The following eligibility criteria was adopted: Brazilian Portuguese mother language, listeners, and fluent readers independent of the educational level. It was applied the dichotic sentence identification test in the steps of binaural integration, directed listening, and it was noted the need for pauses in the test after the standard time. The descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Results For the binaural integration stages there was a positive association between age and pause occurrence. The educational variable presented a negative association with the occurrence of pauses in all stages of the DSI test. The gender variable showed no association with the occurrence of pause in any of the test steps. Conclusion With increasing age, there is an increase in the incidence of pauses in the binaural integration stages of the test. The more years of study the less chance that the individual will need breaks to perform the test at all stages of presentation. The variable gender did not influence the occurrence of pauses.

Brain Activation Display Functional Asymmetry in Response to Action, Background and Tonal Frequency During a Pitch Memory Processing: An fMRI Study / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#In this study, the asymmetry of the main effects of action, background and tonal frequency during a pitch memory processingwere investigated by means of brain activation. Eighteen participants (mean age 27.6 years) were presented with low andhigh frequency tones in quiet and in noise. They listen, discriminate and recognize the target tone against the final tonein a series of four distracting tones. The main effects were studied using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with action (towring (rubber bulb) vs. not to wring), background (in quiet vs. in noise) and frequency (low vs. high) as the factors (andlevels respectively). The main effect of action is in the right pre-central gyrus (PCG), in conformation with its contralateralbehavior. The main effect of background indicated the bilateral primary auditory cortices (PAC) and is right lateralized,attributable to white noise. The main effect of frequency is also observed in PAC but bilaterally equal and attributable tolow frequency tones. Despite the argument that the temporo-spectral lateralization dichotomy is not especially rigid asrevealed by the main effect of frequency, right lateralization of PAC for the respective main effect of background clearlydemonstrates its functional asymmetry suggesting different perceptual functionality of the right and left PAC.

Effect of Neuronal Excitability in Hippocampal CA1 Area on Auditory Pathway in a Rat Model of Tinnitus / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Tinnitus is a common disorder that causes significant morbidity; however, the neurophysiological mechanism is not yet fully understood. A relationship between tinnitus and limbic system has been reported. As a significant component of the limbic system, the hippocampus plays an important role in various pathological processes, such as emotional disturbance, decreased learning ability, and deterioration of memory. This study was aimed to explore the role of the hippocampus in the generation of tinnitus by electrophysiological technology.@*Methods@#A tinnitus model was established in rats through intraperitoneal injection of salicylate (SA). Subsequently, the spontaneous firing rate (SFR) of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area was recorded with in vivo multichannel recording technology to assess changes in excitability induced by SA. To investigate the effect of excitability changes of hippocampus on the auditory pathway, the hippocampus was electrically stimulated and neural excitability in the auditory cortex (AC) was monitored.@*Results@#Totally 65 neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area were recorded, 45 from the SA group (n = 5), and 20 from the saline group (n = 5). Two hours after treatment, mean SFR of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area had significantly increased from 3.06 ± 0.36 Hz to 9.18 ± 1.30 Hz in the SA group (t = -4.521, P 0.05). In the AC, 79.3% (157/198) of recorded neurons showed responses to electrical stimulation of the hippocampal CA1 area. Presumed pyramidal neurons were excited, while intermediate neurons were inhibited after electrical stimulation of the hippocampus.@*Conclusions@#The study shows that the hippocampus is excited in SA-induced tinnitus, and stimulation of hippocampus could modulate neuronal excitability of the AC. The hippocampus is involved in tinnitus and may also have a regulatory effect on the neural center.

Reorganization of central cross-model pattern after auditory deprivation and cortical reconstruction following cochlear implantation / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

The auditory nervous system has a rapid development period after birth, if there lack enough sensory(auditory) stimulation during this period, there should be a serious and negative impact on the growth and development of auditory center. In the auditory deprivation persist in the critical period, the auditory and visual cortex should be in cross-model reorganization and reorientation of cortical function. Cochlear implantation, especially intervention in the younger age, could excite the auditory cortex, and continuous stimulation to the cerebral cortex can promote the adaptation and reconstruction of auditory function. Speech and language skills can be developed by the synergistic effect of multiple sensory modalities.

The 1 H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Auditory Cortex Metabol ism in Patients with Metabol ic Syndrome / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristic changes of the metabolism products in the auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyrus)in patients with metabolic syndrome combined with sensorineural deafness using 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS),and to find out the early warning indicators of sensorineural deafness in patients with metabolic syndrome.Methods The pure tone audiometry (PTA)was performed in 142 pa-tients with metabolic syndrome (diagnosed by endocrinology department),and 15 healthy subjects as the control group.The patients were divided into four groups:the metabolic syndrome group;the metabolic syndrome group with unilateral,the bilateral deafness group,and the control group.Cerebral metabolism was studied by assessing the ratios of nitro-acetyl aspartate contrast to choline (NAA/Cho)as well as to creatine (NAA/Cr),myo-inosi-tol to creatine (mI/Cr)and choline to creatine (Cho/Cr)ratios in the auditory cortical separately in these groups. ROC curves were made for those metabolism markers to find the best diagnostic threshold.Results Significantly lower values of NAA/Cho ratio and higher values of Cho/Cr were observed in metabolic syndrome in the control group (P<0.05),Cho/Cr higher than those (P<0.05).NAA/Cho ratios in the injured and uninjured auditory cortex of MS with unilateral deafness were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).A self-comparison was made between the inj ured and uninj ured auditory cortex,the result showed that NAA/Cho ratio had significant differences.All of the metabolisms were tested by the curve of ROC.The area of NAA/Cho under the ROC curve was 81%,which had a higher accuracy.NAA/Cho equating to 1 .82 could be used as the boundary indi-cators between metabolic syndrome without deafness and with deafness groups.The areas of the other indicators un-der the ROC curve were <50%.Conclusion NAA/Cho may be the early warning marker of sensorineural deafness in patients with metabolic syndrome.

MiR-34a induces Bcl-2 to promote the apoptosis of primary auditory cortex neuron / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To explore the role of miR-34a on upregulating the expression of Bcl-2,which induces the apoptosis of primary auditory cortex neuron in the central mechanism of age-related hearing loss.METHODS Using C57BL/6 suckling mouse to obtain the brain tissue from auditory cortex according to the Location map,and to primary culture the neurons.After transfection on primary neurons,western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 and then hoechst staining was used to detect the apoptosis after transfection.RESULTS primary culture of auditory cortex neurons abtained from enzyme digestion were transfected with miR-34a mimic and miR-34a inhibitor to upregualte or downregulate the expression of miR-34a,the results showed that the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased after upregulation of miR-34a with the concentration of 5 nmol/L(t=5.127,P＜0.05),there was significant difference between the concentration of 10 and 20 nmol/L(t=6.379,P＜0.05),while increased after downregulation of miR-34a with concentration of 5 nmol/L(t=4.926,P＜0.05),there was significant difference between the concentration of 10 and 20 nmol/L(t=5.821,P＜0.05).Hoechst staining showed that the apoptotic neurons was increased after transfection of miR-34a mimic.CONCLUSION miR-34a induce the auditory cortex neuron apoptosis through downregulates Bcl-2,which central mechanism of age-related hearing loss.

Privação e plasticidade sensorial auditiva em idosos: potenciais corticais e questionários de autoavaliação / Auditory plasticity and deprivation in the elderly: cortical potentials and outcome measurements

Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos da privação sensorial auditiva e o uso de amplificação em adultos e idosos com perda auditiva sensorioneural. Métodos: Os sujeitos foram avaliados pelo registrodos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência logo após odiagnóstico da perda auditiva e após um mês de uso dos aparelhos auditivos, considerando o período de aclimatização. Participaram 20 indivíduos, novos usuários de aparelhos auditivos com idades entre 28 e 88 anos, com perdas auditivas de grau moderado a severo. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os valores dos componentes N2 e P3 nos registros realizados antes e depois do uso da amplificação para cada orelha em todos os sujeitos. Não foram encontradas relações estatisticamente significantes entre N2 e P3 e as variáveis idade, duração da privação auditiva e o tempo de uso dos aparelhos auditivos. Conclusão: Os efeitos da privação auditiva e do uso da amplificação puderam ser observados pelas mudanças nos valores de latência dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência nos componentes N2 e P3. O uso da amplificação como estimulação efetiva pode prevenir ou minimizar a privação auditiva em adultos e idosos deficientes auditivos e pode ser considerado essencial para a plasticidade do Sistema Nervoso Auditivo Central. (AU)

Objective: Determine the effects of sensory deprivation and use of amplification in adults and elderly individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. Design: The subjects underwent measurements of long latency auditory evoked potentials, soon after the diagnosis of hearing loss and once again after the use of amplification, considering the acclimatization period. Study sample: Participated in the study, 20 individuals, new hearing aid users. Their ages ranged from 28 to 88 years, with varying degrees of hearing loss, from mild to severe. Results: There was a significant difference between N2 and P3 latencies before and after the use of amplification for each ear. There was no statistically significant relationship between the N2 and P3 latencies and the variables age, duration of auditory deprivation and time of use of hearing aids. Conclusion: The effects of deprivation and use of stimulation can be observed through changes in latencies of N2 and P3 components of auditory evoked potentials latencies, in all subjects. The use of amplification as an effective stimulation may prevent or minimize sensory deprivation in hearing impaired adults and can be considered essential for the plasticity of the central auditory nervous system. (AU)

Aplicabilidade do mismatch negativity em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão descritiva / Applicability of mismatch negativity in children and teenagers: a descriptive review

RESUMO O Mismatch Negativity (MMN) é um potencial cortical que ocorre em resposta a uma mudança de um estímulo acústico em meio a uma sequência de repetidos estímulos, o que reflete a capacidade do cérebro em discriminar o som de modo passivo, ou seja, sem a necessidade de atenção do indivíduo ao estímulo sonoro. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão descritiva sobre o MMN, a fim de identificar a sua aplicabilidade em crianças e adolescentes nos últimos cinco anos. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO, Medline e Pubmed utilizando os seguintes descritores: córtex auditivo, eletrofisiologia, potenciais evocados auditivos e as palavras Mismacth e Negativity. Nesta revisão, foram encontrados 14 estudos que avaliaram crianças e/ou adolescentes com dificuldade de articulação na fala, distúrbio específico de linguagem, transtorno do processamento auditivo, Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), dislexia, autismo, risco para esquizofrenia, psicose, amusia, fenilcetonúria e atenção seletiva. Foi possível, assim, realizar a revisão descritiva sobre a aplicação do MMN em crianças e adolescentes, concluindo-se que, nos últimos cinco anos, houve uma produção considerável de artigos sobre o tema, embora no Brasil a presença de estudos a esse respeito ainda seja escassa. Nesse sentido, apesar de existir uma variedade de aplicações para o MMN, no que diz respeito à população brasileira, necessita-se ainda de evidências científicas que assegurem o efeito deste potencial nas diferentes faixas etárias. Verificou-se, também, que a busca por estudos sobre MMN nas bases de dados citadas pode ser realizada apenas utilizando as palavras Mismacth e Negativity.

ABSTRACT Mismatch Negativity (MMN) is a cortical potential that occurs in response to a modification of an acoustic stimulus from a sequence of repeated stimuli, which reflects the brain capacity in relation to the discrimination of the sound passively, in other words, without the need of attention of the subject to the sound stimulus. Then, the aim of this study is to perform a descriptive review on MMN, in order to identify its applicability in children and teenagers, in the last five years. To this end, the search was performed in the Lilacs, SciELO, Medline and Pubmed databases by using the following descriptors: córtex auditivo, eletrofisiologia, potenciais evocados auditivos (the English version would be: auditory cortex, electrophysiology, auditory evoked potentials). In addition to, the words Mismatch and Negativity were used. In this review, we found 14 studies which evaluated children and/or teenagers with difficulty in speech articulation, specific language impairment, auditory processing disorder, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, autism, risk for schizophrenia, psychosis, amusia, phenylketonuria and selective attention. So, it was possible to perform the descriptive review on the application of MMN in children and teenagers, concluding that in the last five years there were a reasonable article production about the theme. However, studies on this topic are not expressive in Brazil. Even though there is a variety of applications to MMN, in relation to the Brazilian population, there is a need for scientific evidences to use this potential in different age groups. We also verified that the search for MMN studies in the databases could be performed by only using the words Mismatch and Negativity.

Teste melódico de processamento temporal: análise de diferentes formas de respostas / Melodic pattern test of temporal processing: an analysis of different types of responses

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados nas diferentes formas de respostas no teste melódico de ordenação temporal para frequência e duração. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 33 sujeitos, por conveniência, com idade entre 17 e 27 anos, normo-ouvintes, sem queixas de processamento auditivo e de histórico de risco para alterações auditivas, ausência de síndromes ou malformações craniofaciais, deficiência física (manual), bem como de alterações neurológicas e de linguagem e com escolaridade superior a nove anos de estudo. Os sujeitos foram submetidos ao teste de ordenação temporal com tom musical, a saber: Teste de Padrão de Duração (TPD) e Teste de Padrão de Frequência (TPF), aplicados sob três condições de respostas (verbal, humming e motor,) e realizados na mesma data. Para isso, os sujeitos foram solicitados, primeiramente, a reconhecer os estímulos verbalmente, em seguida a caracterizar os estímulos em um padrão imitativo e, por fim, a identificar os estímulos com respostas manuais. Resultados Não houve diferenças significativas entre as três formas de resposta para o TPD e TPF. No entanto, observou-se que, para o TPF, houve maior número de alterações que o TPD, independente da forma de resposta. Ainda, as formas motor e verbal tiveram mais alterações que o humming, no TPF. Conclusão As diferentes formas de respostas (verbal, humming e motor) para os testes TPD e TPF melódicos não alteram o seu resultado.

ABSTRACT Purpose Evaluate the results of the different forms of responses in the melodic temporal ordering test in relation to frequency and duration. Methods The sample was composed of 33 subjects, for convenience, aged between 17 and 27 years old, normal hearing individuals, presenting no complaints regarding auditory processing and having no hearing impairment, syndromes or craniofacial malformation history; no physical disability (manual), as well as no neurological and speech impairment and education level greater than nine years. They were subjected to the temporal ordering test with musical tone, called melodic Duration Pattern Test (DPT) and Frequency Pattern Test (FPT), applied under three response conditions (motor, humming and motor), performed on the same date. For that, at a first moment, the induvial were asked to recognize the stimuli verbally, then characterize the stimuli in an imitative pattern and, finally, to recognize the stimuli in manual responses. Results Statistically significant differences were not observed between the three forms of responses for DPT and FPT. However, it is remarkable that there was a greater number of changes for FPT than for DPT, regardless the form of response. Furthermore, motor and verbal responses presented more changes for humming, in FPT. Conclusion The different forms of response (motor, humming and motor) for the melodic DPT and FPT did not change the results.