ABSTRACT
O presente experimento verificou se a apresentação de um marcador temporal durante o período de atraso do reforço aumentaria as respostas no componente com maior magnitude e atraso do reforço (autocontrole), diminuindo as escolhas pelo componente de menor atraso e magnitude (impulsividade), em um esquema concorrente. Três valores de atraso do reforço foram investigados. Participaram nove crianças distribuídas em três condições manipuladas no período de atraso do reforço: relógio, não-relógio e blackout. Escolhas entre o componente de autocontrole e impulsividade ocorriam na tela de computador sendo consequencia dos pontos trocados por brindes. Encontrou-se autocontrole na primeira apresentação dos menores valores de atraso no componente de maior atraso, mas não com valores maiores, independentemente da condição em vigor. O marcador temporal não indicou ser uma condição que aumente as respostas de autocontrole. Tais respostas estiveram relacionadas aos valores do atraso.
This experiment aimed to determine whether the presentation of a temporal marker during the delay of reinforcement would increase choice response related to the greater magnitude and delay of reinforcement component (self-control), reducing the choices of the shorter delay and small magnitude component (impulsivity). Three values of delay interval have been investigated. Nine children were assigned to three conditions manipulated in the delay period: clock, no clock and blackout. Choices between self-control and impulsiveness component occurred on the computer screen producing points exchanged for gifts. Self-control was found in the first presentation of the smaller lag values in longer delay component, but not to larger values, regardless of the condition in effect. The time counter has not indicated to be a condition that increases the self-control. Such responses were related to the delay values.
El presente experimento evaluó si la presentación de un contador de tiempo en el período de retraso del reforzamiento aumenta las respuestas del componente con más magnitud y retraso del reforzamiento (auto-control), reducindo la elección del componente con menos retraso y magnitud (impulsividad), en una esquema competidor. Tres tipos de retraso del reforzamiento han sido investigados. Participaron nueve niños asignados en tres condiciones manejadas en el periodo de retraso de refuerzo: con reloj, sin reloj y blackout. Las elecciones entre el componente de autocontrol y impulsividad ocurrieron en la pantalla del ordenador consequenciadas por puntos cambiados después por regalos. Se ha encuentrado auto-control en la primera presentación de los tipos más pequeños de retraso en el componente con más magnitud y retraso del reforzamiento, pero el mismo no ha pasado con los tipos de retrasos más largos, independientemente de la condición en efecto. El contador de tiempo no ha indicado ser una condición de incremento de las respuestas de auto-control. Tales respuestas solo se han relacionado con los tipo de retraso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Choice Behavior , Human Experimentation , Psychology, Experimental , Reinforcement, Psychology , Child , TimeABSTRACT
Through years of experience to design , build, debug and operate the automatic control system in laboratory animal facilities , the author expounds the detailed effect of such system , analyzes the problems and causes , and finally provides some advice to improve the system .
ABSTRACT
El efecto de los costos hundidos se define como la tendencia a continuar en un curso de acción una vez se ha hecho una inversión. Se evaluó si este efecto ocurre con una inversión conductual y si las respuestas forzadas y libres afectan por igual la persistencia. Se expusieron 90 estudiantes, divididos en tres grupos, a tres condiciones con 0, 60 y 110 respuestas forzadas en programas RF 350. Se encontró que la persistencia aumentaba a medida que se hacían más respuestas en libertad. Se concluyó que el efecto de los costos hundidos también ocurre con una inversión conductual y que sólo tiene efecto si la persona elige cada inversión.
The sunk costs effect is defined as the tendency to persist in an endeavoronce an investment has been made. This project evaluated whether this effect occurs after making a behavioral investment and if forced and freeresponses have similar effects upon subsequent behavioral persistence. Subjects, 90 students, divided in three groups, were exposed to three conditions of 0, 60 and 110 forced responses in FR 350 schedules. Persistence increased as free responses increased, suggesting that the sunk cost effect is produced by a freely chosen behavioral investment. It was concluded that the sunk cost effect is produced by a behavioral investment and that happens only if each instance of investment is freely chosen.
Subject(s)
Humans , Humans/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Behavior ControlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To improve the management by different levels of antibiotics and to promote rational use of drugs in clinic.METHODS:The hospital information system was reset to make physicians got access to drugs in different levels according to their own ranks.Post investigation was replaced by control and prevention in advance.RESULTS:Utilization rate of antibacterial agents decreased from 45.5%(3 months ago) to 39.7% and rational utilization ratio up to 94.3% from 85.1%.CONCLUSION:This method effectively restrains abuse of antibiotics,economizing manpower,material and management cost.Therefore,management system and regulations of antibacterial agents in our hospital have been carried out.