Genome-wide association study for the interaction between BMR and BMI in obese Korean women including overweight

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This is the first study to identify common genetic factors associated with the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass index (BMI) in obese Korean women including overweight. This will be a basic study for future research of obese gene-BMR interaction. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The experimental design was 2 by 2 with variables of BMR and BMI. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted in the overweight and obesity (BMI > 23 kg/m2) compared to the normality, and in women with low BMR (< 1426.3 kcal/day) compared to high BMR. A total of 140 SNPs reached formal genome-wide statistical significance in this study (P < 1 x 10(-4)). Surveys to estimate energy intake using 24-h recall method for three days and questionnaires for family history, a medical examination, and physical activities were conducted. RESULTS: We found that two NRG3 gene SNPs in the 10q23.1 chromosomal region were highly associated with BMR (rs10786764; P = 8.0 x 10(-7), rs1040675; 2.3 x 10(-6)) and BMI (rs10786764; P = 2.5 x 10(-5), rs10786764; 6.57 x 10(-5)). The other genes related to BMI (HSD52, TMA16, MARCH1, NRG1, NRXN3, and STK4) yielded P <10 x 10-4. Five new loci associated with BMR and BMI, including NRG3, OR8U8, BCL2L2-PABPN1, PABPN1, and SLC22A17 were identified in obese Korean women (P < 1 x 10(-4)). In the questionnaire investigation, significant differences were found in the number of starvation periods per week, family history of stomach cancer, coffee intake, and trial of weight control in each group. CONCLUSION: We discovered several common BMR- and BMI-related genes using GWAS. Although most of these newly established loci were not previously associated with obesity, they may provide new insights into body weight regulation. Our findings of five common genes associated with BMR and BMI in Koreans will serve as a reference for replication and validation of future studies on the metabolic rate.

A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to assess body composition, physical activity level (PAL), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and daily energy expenditure (DEE) and to examine associations between PAL and body composition, BMR, and DEE of elderly in Busan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 226 elderly aged 65-93 years. Body composition was measured by Inbody 720. PAL was calculated by daily activity diary. BMR was calculated by Harris-Benedict (H-B) formula, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) formula, and Inbody 720 measurement. DEE was calculated by H-B formula, DRI formula, Inbody 720 measurement, and estimated energy requirements (EER) formula. RESULTS: The mean fat free mass (FFM) in elderly men was significantly higher than that in elderly women (p<0.001). The mean percent body fat and fat mass (FM) in elderly women were significantly greater than those in elderly men (p<0.001, p<0.001). The mean PAL in elderly men (1.59) was significantly higher than that in elderly women (1.53) (p<0.001). The mean DEEs calculated by 3 methods except for H-B formula in elderly men were higher than EER for elderly men (2000kcal). The mean DEEs calculated by 4 different methods in elderly women were higher than EER for elderly women (1600kcal). Age showed significantly negative correlations with height (p<0.001, p<0.001), FFM (p<0.001, p<0.001), BMRs calculated by H-B formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), DRI formula (p<0.001, p<0.001) and Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05 p<0.01) and DEEs calculated by H-B formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), DRI formula (p<0.001, p<0.001), Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05, p<0.05), and EER formula (p<0.001, p<0.001) in elderly men and elderly women. PAL showed significantly positive correlations with FFM (p<0.05), BMR by Inbody 720 measurement (p<0.05) in elderly men and negative correlations with FM (p<0.05) in elderly women. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, PAL was associated with greater FFM in elderly men and lesser FM in elderly women. Therefore, nutritional education to increase physical activity for health promotion in late life is needed in the elderly.

Relevance of Anti-BmR1 IgG4 Antibodies in Children from an Area Endemic for Brugia malayi Infection in Kerala, India.

Brugian filariasis prevalent mostly in South-East Asian countries including India contributes to a small but significant proportion of the socioeconomic burden due to lymphatic filariasis. Along with bancroftian filariasis, brugian filariasis has been targeted for elimination globally. The lack of a reliable daytime diagnostic test has been seen as an important barrier to the successful implementation and monitoring of elimination programmes in brugia endemic areas. We evaluated an anti- BmRI-IgG4 antibody test namely, 'Brugia Rapid' in a large study meant to understand the clinical and pathological manifestations of brugian filariasis in children. We found the test superior to traditional night blood screening for microfilaraemia. Although an antibody detection test, we found it to be a reliable indicator of brugian infection. Among the 100 children studied extensively, 94% of the microfilaraemics, 86% of those showing filarial dance sign indicating presence of, live adult worms and 78% having abnormal lymphatics on lymphoscintigraphy were IgG4 positive. Coupled with its advantages like ease of use any time of the day, high sensitivity and specificity, this test may be the ideal tool to assist programme managers in their efforts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis where brugian infections are found.

What Kind of Factors Is Influencing Resting Energy Expenditure on Major Burn Patients?

PURPOSE: Burn injury is among the most severe type of trauma that the body can sustain. The major burn increases energy expenditure as the result of its induction of the hypermetabolic and catabolic state. It is well-documented that nutritional support may improve morbidity and mortality after severe burn injury. Therefore, adequate nutritional support is essential in burned patients to prevent the detrimental consequences of overfeeding and underfeeding. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing resting energy expenditure on major burn patients. METHODS: In 199 patients with > or =20% total body surface area (TBSA) burn were monitored with 403 measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) from January 2004 to December 2008 in burn center of the Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital. Gender, age, burn size, inhalation injury, ventilator were included in the factors which influence the REE of massive burn patients. RESULTS: The measured REE and REE/basal metabolic rate (BMR) were significantly higher in males (p<0.05). The measured REE and REE/body mass index (BMI) showed significant difference between age groups (p<0.01). The measured REE and REE/BMI showed significant difference between burn size groups (p<0.01). The measured REE, REE/BMR and REE/BMI for patients with inhalation injury were significantly higher than patients without inhalation injury (p<0.01). The measured REE, REE/BMR and REE/BMI for patient needs ventilator were significantly higher than the other group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Indirect calorimetry is useful in detecting variations in energy expenditure among individuals and in detecting changes in metabolism. Unlike indirect calorimetry measurements, static formulas may not consider hypermetabolic and catabolic states. Because adequate nutritional support is essential in burned patients, it should be considered the factors influencing resting energy expenditure on major burn patients.

EXISTENCE IN SUBJECTS OF LOW PLASMA TRIIODOTHYRONINE CORRELATED WITH POST-ABSORPTIVE RESTING METABOLISM / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in post-absorptive resting metabolism (PARM) on plasma triiodothyronine (T3) levels under a prescribed diet. The subjects were 31 sedentary female college students (19.9±0.9 yrs). Subjects stayed in a metabolic ward at the National Institute of Health and Nutrition for 18 days. PARM was measured 4 times during the experimental period. Additionally, blood was collected 4 times during the experimental period, and general health care including the measurement of thyroxin by blood biochemical examination was carried out. Subjects were divided into three groups (n=26, n=4, n=1), two of which were analyzed for this study. The two groups were divided according to thyroid function: Group N (n=26) included subjects in which T3 was judged to be within the normal range during the experimental period; Group L (n=4) included subjects for whom T3 was not normal during the study period, and was judged to be under the normal range at least once. The remaining 1 subject had a T3 judged to be over the normal range.For Group N, several parameters decreased significantly during the course of the experiment: weight was 51.5±4.97 vs. 50.8±4.3 kg (p<0.01); T3 was 1.16±0.19 vs. 1.01±0.12 ng/ml (p<0.01); and PARM was 3.1±0.2 vs. 2.9±0.2 ml/min/kg (p<0.05). For Group L, several parameters also decreased significantly during the course of the experiment: weight was 53.6±4.9 vs. 52.6±4.5 kg (p<0.01); T3 was 0.94±0.15 vs. 0.75±0.07 ng/ml (p<0.01); and PARM was 2.9±0.2 vs. 2.7±0.1 ml/min/kg (p<0.05). The average PARM of Group N was significantly higher than that of Group L (7.0%). PARM during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was significantly higher than during the menstrual phase (3.5 %), in subjects for whom the phases of the menstrual cycle were distinguishable (n=13).According to the 2005 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Japanese, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is calculated at 23.6 kcal/kg body weight/day, or 3.27 ml/min/kg translated for VO₂ for women within the 18~29 year age group. However, the values calculated from the measurements of this research study were approximately 9.5% lower for Group N and 15.8% lower for Group L than that of the DRIs.Future investigation is required to explain the reasons for the difference in PARM between this study and that of previous ones.

Dietary Macronutrients and VO2 by BMI among Female College Students in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and VO2 by BMI. The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/m2 (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/m2 (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and VO2 were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI. Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI. Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and VO2 by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/m2 group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above 20%. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/m2 group was very low (55% of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI. Only in the BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in VO2peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.

Protein-bound iodine studies in Filipinos

The efficacy of protein-bound iodine (PBI) determination of the serum as an aid in evaluating thyroid function is presented. The study consists of 85 medical students and staff of the UP-PGH Medical Center who were clinically evaluated as euthyroid. Blood samples were taken and PBI was determined utilizing the procedure by Barker, Humphrey, and Soley. Twenty-four hyperthyroid and nine hypothyroid subjects were evaluated clinically. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) studies were doneThe PBI values obtained ranged from 3.9-9.6 gamma with a mean of 6.87 gamma . No significant difference was found between the student group and the non-student group. The scattergram showed definite elevation of PBI values in hyperthyroidism and lowering in hypothyroidism. A statistically significant difference was observed between hyperthyroid and hypothyroid values. Comparison of PBI and BMR values showed that PBI results were more consistent than BMR in evaluating euthyroidismThe study indicated that PBI determination has a definite use in the evaluation of thyroid function. Some advantages of PBI over BMR as well as extraneous factors influencing PBI are presented in the report

ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF LACTATING WOMEN IN SUBTROPIC AREA / 营养学报

The total energy expenditures and intakes, as well as the changes of BMR, body weight, skinfold thickness and arm circumference were measured in 262 lactating women (6 months postpartum), 53 similarly sized nonlactating nonpregnant women living in the same district serve as control for comparison in Guangdong province. The energy expenditures were determined by indirect method. The results appeared that both body weight(ave-rage loss 4.2 kg) and skinfold thickness gradually reduced significantly in the first 4 months, but did not change from 4th to 6th months after delivery. Arm circumference had no change during 6 months postpartum. The BMR at the 1st week was higher (P0.05). The energy expenditure for household chores and activties in lactating group was a kind of "light activity" totally 8.36010.90 MJ/d. The energy expenditure for milk secretion was estimated to be 2.807 MJ/d. The energy intakes of the lactating group was 2.259 MJ/d more than the nonlactating group. It is recommended that the .calorie intake should be added about 1.883 MJ/d in the 1st 4 months and 2.720 MJ/d after 4 months, or average 2.092 MJ/d during 1st 6 months of lactation for lactating mothers.

CROSS-VALIDATION FOR MEASURED AND PREDICTED BASAL METABOLIC RATE IN CHINESE ADULTS / 营养学报

Objective:To estimate the validation of BMR predictive equations applied in Chinese population and to analyze racial and climatic influence on BMR. Methods: BMR data tested in Chinese were collected and combined for re-analysis. These measured BMR were compared with the prediction of commonly used equations. Results:The prediction of adopted equations was well associated with measured values (P0.05). Conclusion:There is no racial BMR difference between Chinese and Caucasian. BMR in southern population tended to be lower. Comprehensively, the prediction of Henry-equation was closer to measured BMR in Chinese adult population.