BRICS na produção e distribuição de vacinas de covid-19 aos países do sul / BRICS in the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines to countries of the south

Resumo Este artigo aborda a participação do BRICS na produção e distribuição de vacinas contra covid-19 durante 2020 e 2021, e o compromisso com a priorização do acesso aos países do Sul Global. Faz, ainda, uma reflexão sobre como o grupo lidou com os desafios do compartilhamento de tecnologias e do empoderamento econômico dos países periféricos, sinalizando a disputa de espaço entre a diplomacia da vacina e os interesses econômicos das nações. A análise se deu com base em relatórios institucionais, dados documentais jornalísticos e científicos, e no diálogo destes com os conhecimentos da Diplomacia da Saúde e da Cooperação Internacional em Saúde, demonstrando a complexidade e os desafios do mundo após o surgimento do vírus SARS-CoV-2 e suas variantes.

Abstract This study describes the participation of the BRICS in the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in 2020 and 2021 and its commitment to prioritizing access by the countries of the Global South. It also reflects on how the Group dealt with the challenges of technology sharing and the economic empowerment of peripheral countries, signaling the space dispute between vaccine diplomacy and the economic interests of nations. This analysis was based on institutional reports, journalistic and scientific documentary data, and their dialogue with the knowledge of Health Diplomacy and International Health Cooperation, showing the complexity and challenges of the world after the emergence of the SARSCoV-2 virus and its variables.

Vacinas: da saúde pública ao big business / Vaccines: from public health to big business

Resumo O texto apresenta e discute os principais aspectos relacionados à dinâmica atual da indústria de vacinas no mundo e no Brasil, com foco na demanda criada pela pandemia da COVID-19. No plano global, expõe brevemente o lugar ocupado atualmente pelo Brasil no âmbito dos BRICS e expõe e analisa as opções - identidades e diferenças - da política industrial de Brasil, China e Índia no campo das vacinas. A seguir, analisa o deslocamento da indústria de vacinas de uma situação de produção exclusiva de imunizantes para um controle majoritário da grande indústria farmacêutica. Mais adiante, recupera aspectos fundamentais recentes da indústria de vacinas no Brasil, com ênfase em Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz e no Instituto Butantan. Finalmente, discute os sucessos e limitações do mecanismo de transferência de tecnologia utilizado pelas duas instituições, bem como a relevância do compromisso historicamente assumido pelas mesmas com as políticas públicas de saúde.

Abstract The text presents and discusses the main aspects related to the current dynamics of the vaccine industry in the world and in Brazil, focusing on the demand created by the pandemic of COVID-19. At the global level, it briefly exposes the place currently occupied by Brazil within the scope of the BRICS and sets out and analyzes the options - identities and differences - of industrial policy in Brazil, China and India in the field of vaccines. Next, it analyzes the displacement of the vaccine industry, from a situation of exclusive production of immunizers to a majority control by the large pharmaceutical industry. Further on, it recovers recent fundamental aspects of the vaccine industry in Brazil, with an emphasis on Biomanguinhos / Fiocruz and the Butantan Institute. Finally, it discusses the successes and limitations of the technology transfer mechanism used by the two institutions, as well as the relevance of their historically assumed commitment to public health policies.

The role of intergovernmental relations in response to a wicked problem: an analysis of the COVID-19 crisis in the BRICS countries / O papel das relações intergovernamentais em resposta a um problema perverso: uma análise da crise da COVID-19 nos países do BRICS / El papel de las relaciones intergubernamentales en respuesta a un problema perverso: un análisis de la crisis de COVID-19 en los países BRICS

Abstract Globally, policy environments have become increasingly more complex with the growth in the number of wicked problems, such as that posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. In their response to these problems, public administrations have, from necessity, become heavily reliant on their intergovernmental relations systems, as the challenges posed generally require multilevel responses. This paper analyzes the role of intergovernmental relations in shaping the responses of the BRICS countries when confronted with COVID-19. We develop an analytical framework to understand the dynamics of intergovernmental relations in these countries. Based on this we assess the capacity of the state and political systems to manage intergovernmental relations and ensure effective responses to the COVID-19 crisis. This framework is based on an analysis of three dimensions of the policy domain: the political and state system, formal and informal institutions, and the political alignment between them. Whilst state and political systems were found to be instrumental in formulating an immediate response to the crisis, informal institutions and political processes also played a prominent role in determining the extent to which strategies were implemented, particularly in countries that are more decentralized. Countries lacking the robust formal institutions needed to facilitate intergovernmental relations and to ensure swift policy responses, tend to deliver ineffective and inefficient results when confronted with wicked problems.

Resumo Políticas públicas para solução de problemas perversos (wicked problems), como a crise da COVID-19, têm sido dificultadas devido à complexidade dos ambientes institucionais em que elas acontecem. Esses problemas também requerem cada vez mais coordenação multinível, dando um papel fundamental às relações intergovernamentais. Este artigo analisa esse papel na resposta dos países do BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) à crise da COVID-19. Foi desenvolvido um arcabouço analítico para entender a dinâmica dessas relações intergovernamentais, que foi usado para avaliar a capacidade do estado e dos sistemas políticos para dar respostas efetivas à COVID-19. O arcabouço é baseado em três dimensões: o sistema político e do estado, as instituições formais e informais, e o alinhamento político entre os níveis de governo e a administração pública. Apesar da importância dos sistemas políticos e de estado, as instituições informais e os processos políticos foram instrumentais para definir e implementar as estratégias de combate à COVID-19, principalmente nos países mais decentralizados. Países sem instituições formais robustas para facilitar as relações intergovernamentais tendem a oferecer resultados ineficientes e não-efetivos em termos de políticas públicas para atacar problemas perversos.

Resumen Las políticas públicas para resolver problemas perversos ( wicked problems ), como la crisis de COVID-19, se han visto obstaculizadas por la complejidad de los entornos institucionales en los que ocurren. Estos problemas también requieren cada vez más una coordinación multinivel, lo que hace que las relaciones intergubernamentales jueguen un papel fundamental. Este artículo analiza ese papel en la respuesta de los países BRICS (Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica) a la crisis de la COVID-19. Se desarrolló un marco analítico para comprender la dinámica de estas relaciones intergubernamentales, que se utilizó para evaluar la capacidad del estado y de los sistemas políticos para brindar respuestas efectivas a la COVID-19. El marco se basa en tres dimensiones: el sistema político y estatal, las instituciones formales e informales y la alineación política entre los niveles de gobierno y la administración pública. A pesar de la importancia de los sistemas políticos y estatal, las instituciones informales y los procesos políticos fueron fundamentales para definir e implementar estrategias para combatir la COVID-19, especialmente en los países más descentralizados. Los países sin instituciones formales sólidas para facilitar las relaciones intergubernamentales tienden a ofrecer resultados ineficientes e ineficaces en términos de políticas públicas para abordar problemas perversos.

BRICS: potencialidades de cooperação e papel na governança global de saúde no contexto da pandemia / BRICS: potential for cooperation and role in global health governance in the pandemic frame

RESUMO O argumento central do artigo é de que os países do BRICS vinham consolidando e ampliando sua cooperação na área da saúde, na qual há importantes complementaridades, que, ao atuarem coordenadamente, contribuem para instalar novas dinâmicas de poder no campo da saúde internacional que desafiam interesses dos Estados e suas empresas transnacionais que concentram esse mercado, especialmente no cenário de pandemia global. O setor saúde é abordado de forma ampla, mas com foco especial na indústria farmacêutica, setor considerado político-estratégico por ser fundamental para a estabilidade política, desenvolvimento socioeconômico e segurança nacional. O artigo apresenta considerações sobre a estratégia estadunidense de segurança nacional no que se refere à saúde. Em seguida trata das vulnerabilidades e potencialidades de cooperação em saúde dos países do BRICS em termos de mercado e acesso universal à saúde, acesso a tecnologias e combate a doenças negligenciadas, relação do Bloco com a governança global em saúde, e finalmente do contexto pandêmico e da geopolítica da vacina. O texto se apoia em informações e dados de instituições especializadas em saúde, documentos de governos ou dos BRICS, e bibliografia de autores especialistas em saúde global.

ABSTRACT The main argument of the article is that the BRICS countries have been consolidating and expanding their cooperation in the area of health, in which they show important complementarities, and that, by acting in coordination, they contribute to establish a new power dynamic in the field of international health that challenge interests of the States and their Transnational Companies that concentrate this market, especially in the pandemic global frame. The health sector is widely approached, but with a special focus on the pharmaceutical industry, a sector considered as strategic because it is fundamental for political stability, socioeconomic development and national security. The article presents considerations on the American national security strategy regarding health. It then addresses the vulnerabilities and potential for health cooperation in the BRICS countries in terms of market and universal access to health, access to technologies and combating neglected diseases, the bloc's relationship with global governance in health, and finally concerning the pandemic scenario and the geopolitics of vaccines. It is based on information and data from specialized health institutions, government or BRICS documents, and in a bibliography of authors specialized in international health.

Mapping the tuberculosis scientific landscape among BRICS countries: a bibliometric and network analysis

BACKGROUND The five BRICS (Brazil, Russian, Indian, China, and South Africa) countries bear 49% of the world's tuberculosis (TB) burden and they are committed to ending tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to map the scientific landscape related to TB research in BRICS countries. METHODS Were combined bibliometrics and social network analysis techniques to map the scientific publications related to TB produced by the BRICS. Was made a descriptive statistical data covering the full period of analysis (1993-2016) and the research networks were made for 2007-2016 (8,366 records). The bubble charts were generated by VantagePoint and the networks by the Gephi 0.9.1 software (Gephi Consortium 2010) from co-occurrence matrices produced in VantagePoint. The Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm provided the networks' layout. FINDINGS During the period 1993-2016, there were 38,315 peer-reviewed, among them, there were 11,018 (28.7%) articles related by one or more authors in a BRICS: India 38.7%; China 23.8%; South Africa 21.1%; Brazil 13.0%; and Russia 4.5% (The total was greater than 100% because our criterion was all papers with at least one author in a BRICS). Among the BRICS, there was greater interaction between India and South Africa and organisations in India and China had the highest productivity; however, South African organisations had more interaction with countries outside the BRICS. Publications by and about BRICS generally covered all research areas, especially those in India and China covered all research areas, although Brazil and South Africa prioritised infectious diseases, microbiology, and the respiratory system. MAIN CONCLUSIONS An overview of BRICS scientific publications and interactions highlighted the necessity to develop a BRICS TB research plan to increase efforts and funding to ensure that basic science research successfully translates into products and policies to help end the TB epidemic.

Scientific research presentations in pharmacoeconomics and health outcomes research: status of India compared to SAARC and BRICS countries

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa(BRICS) countries’ contribution in the field of science and engineering has grown immensely over the decade. BRICScountries have accelerated their efforts in healthcare, as well in the pharmaceutical sector through increased efforts inresearch and development, acquisitions, and generic drug manufacturing. Pharmacoeconomics and health outcomesresearch field give an indication about healthcare coverage and access decisions. India being significantly majorplayer among SAARC and BRICS countries in terms of economy and policy making, the present study attemptedto analyze scientific research presentation made by India compared to SAARC and BRICS countries in the area ofpharmacoeconomics and health outcomes research at International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and OutcomesResearch Meetings. The scientific research presentation abstracts published from 2008 to 2017 were included in thestudy. Research in the area of pharmacoeconomics and health outcomes studies has increased in SAARC and BRICScountries over the last 10 years. The collaborative research with foreign/international authors is also increasing, whichis an encouraging trend in this area. The research carried out by SAARC and BRICS countries in the above-said areashould be strengthened further which may be beneficial to the society in the coming years.

A questão social no projeto do BRICS / The social issue in the BRICS Project

Resumo O BRICS, acrônimo de Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul, é o primeiro grupo multilateral criado e dirigido por países fora do eixo de países ocidentais e desenvolvidos. O objetivo do grupo é influenciar a geopolítica e o mercado globais a partir da defesa e do direito dos países pobres e emergentes a participar em condições equitativas do desenvolvimento. A questão social está no centro das justificativas do grupo para seus objetivos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar o tratamento dado à questão social pelo BRICS. A metodologia se baseou em pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental das Declarações resultantes das nove Cúpulas do BRICS, realizadas de 2009 a 2017. Os resultados indicam que a questão social foi importante para a afirmação do projeto do grupo no contexto global. E embora haja avanços em alguns indicadores sociais e na redução da pobreza, são frágeis os resultados conjuntos em inúmeros compromissos sociais assumidos. Isso pode ser atribuído à centralidade dos contextos nacionais na questão social, às diferenças internas entre os países, ao caráter não impositivo das iniciativas do grupo ou, ainda, ao fato de que, embora demonstre potência nas estratégias para novos arranjos globais, a questão social permanece subsumida aos objetivos geopolíticos e de mercado.

Abstract BRICS, the acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, is the first multilateral group created and run by non-western developed countries. The group aims to influence world geopolitics and market based on the right of developing and emerging countries to participate equitably in development. The social issue lies at the core of the group's justifications to achieve its goals. In this regard, this paper aims to analyze how the social issue has been addressed by BRICS. The methodology was based on bibliographic research and documentary analysis of the Declarations resulting from the nine BRICS Summits held from 2009 to 2017. Findings indicate that the social problem was necessary for the affirmation of the group's project in the global context. While there are advances in some social indicators and poverty has been reduced, the results in many social commitments of the group are weak. This can be attributed to the centrality of national contexts in the social issue, internal differences between countries, the non-mandatory nature of the group's initiatives, or because, while showing powerful strategies for new global arrangements, the social issue remains subsumed to geopolitical and market objectives.

Emerging power for international health development assistance: A case study of the BRIC countries / 中国卫生政策研究

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are the five BRIC countries which have showed a rapid growth in economic development in recent years especially in international health assistance area, which has gradually become a force that cannot be ignored. This article compares and analyzes the current status and character-istics of the BRIC countries in the field of international health assistance and compares them with the Countries of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization's Development Assistance Committee ( ECDO-DAC) . It will also summarize the new features, advantages and disadvantages of the health development assistance exerted by the BRICS countries;and ultimately provide suggestions for the future international health development aid policy of China.

BRICS AIDS medicines and antiretroviral therapy protection strategy and implications for China / 中国卫生政策研究

BRICS has been dealing with the problem of increase in the number of the patients who require an-tiretroviral therapy and this therapy’s price-rise by promoting medicine to domestic production and reducing the impor-ted drug price. This paper reviewed the situation of BRICS HIV epidemic and prevention, anti-retroviral therapy drugs production and supply, drug security policy and strategy, and the following seven recommendations are straight forwarded to China based on the BRICS AIDS antiretroviral treatment coverage strategic comparison:(1) The estab-lishment of an ARV drugs co-ordination mechanism;(2) The reduction of the drug patent licenses while increasing the domestic generic drugs possibility;(3)Negotiations with the original research process of domestic pharmaceutical enterprises to obtain a voluntary license or speed up the technology transfer;(4) The use of antitrust laws to promote access to medicines for a voluntary license pharmacy localization; ( 5 ) If necessary, starting the compulsory medi-cines licensing to achieve localization;(6) Reducing the drug prices by bargain and negotiation;and (7) Strengthe-ning NGO built-in capacity.

A estratégia brasileira de cooperação Sul-Sul em múltiplas frentes: os casos IBAS E BRICS (2003-2014) / The Brazilian strategy of South-South cooperation on multiple fronts: IBSA and BRICS cases (2003-2014)

Os anos 2000 são marcados por um novo ímpeto de alinhamento ao Sul na Política Externa Brasileira, tendo em vista a ascensão de potências emergentes, o declínio relativo dos Estados Unidos e a chamada estratégia de autonomia pela diversificação. Nesse período, o Brasil passa a se engajar ­ por vezes enquanto empreendedor político - em estratégias Cooperação Sul-Sul originais, notadamente o IBAS e o BRICS, os quais buscam, diferentemente do que era observado no passado, incluir em um mesmo agrupamento diversas agendas cooperação intra e extrabloco. Essas iniciativas unem, em um mesmo ambiente de diálogo, um tripé de cooperação ao qual denominou-se estratégia de cooperação Sul-Sul em múltiplas frentes e que compreende: coordenação política extrabloco, cooperação setorial e cooperação para o desenvolvimento com terceiros. A teoria da ação coletiva considera as dificuldades de coordenação e cooperação entre países diversos e agendas variadas; mas, em contraponto, o trabalho procurou demonstrar como isso ocorre na prática da política externa brasileira, por meio da estratégia de cooperação em múltiplas frentes. O referido modelo de cooperação tem sido uma grande aposta da estratégia internacional brasileira, a fim de reforçar suas posições de potência emergente e liderança no Sul Global, de modo que consiste, então, em objeto importante de análises acadêmicas que possam contextualizar e informar o engajamento político brasileiro.

Scientific research output in BRICs and its international impact / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The output of ESI-covered scientific papers in BRICs from 2014-01-01 to 2014-06-30 and its impact were analyzed according to the relative publication index ( RPI) and relative citation impact ( RCI) , and the world relative position of scientific research output in BRICs was analyzed by constructing a two-dimensional analysis framework according to the subject specialization index and standard citation impact index, which showed that the absolute output of scientific papers in BRICs was rather high, the distribution of relative scientific research output was not proportional between different subjects, the relative scientific research output in many subjects was signifi-cantly lower than that in the world, the RCI index of 22 subjects in BRICs was lower than that in the world. The specialization degree of subjects was lower in China, Brazil and India than in Russia, the standard RCI index in BRICs was significantly lower than that in the world, indicating that the academic level of scientific papers in BRICs was lower than that in the world. Certain suggestions were put forward for working out the scientific develop-ment policies and adjusting the subject structure in China.

Development assistance for health in BRICS countries / 中国卫生政策研究

With the rapid economic growth and social development in the BRICS countries, the role of devel-opment assistance for health is becoming more and more significant. This paper describes the scales, recipient coun-tries, mechanisms and characteristics and management systems of development assistance for health in BRICS coun-tries. The paper suggests that a) it is necessary to set up a centralized international aid management agency;b) the mode of development assistance for health must be optimized;c) the scale of development assistance for health shall be increased ( over time);d) each BRIC country should use its own comparative advantages and development experi-ence to carry out development assistance for health while strengthening the cooperative power among the BRICS coun-tries;e) development assistance for health data should be more transparent and open;f) the evaluation of develop-ment assistance for health must be established and perfected.

Saúde e desenvolvimento nos países BRICS / Health and development in BRICS countries

At the beginning of the century, the acronym BRIC first appeared in a study produced by an economist at Goldman Sachs. Economic and financial interest in BRICS resulted from the fact of them being seen as drivers of development. The purpose of this review is to analyze the extent to which what is being proposed at the Declarations of Heads of State and in the Declaration and Communiqué of Ministers of Health of BRICS can provide guidance to the potential of achieving a healthier world. With that in mind, the methodology of analysis of Statements and Communiqué rose from the discussions at the Summit of Heads of State and Ministers of Health was adopted. In the first instance, the study focused on the potential for economic, social and environmental development, and in the second, on the future of health within the group addressed. The conclusion reached was that despite the prospect of continued economic growth of BRICS countries, coupled with plausible proposals for the health sector, strong investment by the countries in S&T and technology transfer within the group, research on the social and economic determinants that drive the occurrence of NCDs – there is the need and the opportunity for joint action of the BRICS in terms of the “diplomacy of health” reinforcing the whole process of sustainable development...

No início do século, a sigla BRIC apareceu pela primeira vez em um estudo elaborado por um economista da Goldman Sachs. O interesse econômico e financeiro no BRICS resultou do fato de eles serem vistos como propulsores do desenvolvimento. O objetivo desta revisão é analisar em que medida o que está sendo proposto pelas Declarações de Chefes de Estado e na Declaração e no Comunicado Oficial dos Ministros da Saúde dos BRICS pode fornecer orientações para alcançar um mundo mais saudável. Com isso em mente, a metodologia de análise partiu das Declarações e do Comunicado resultado das discussões oriundas das Cúpulas de Chefes de Estado e de Ministros da Saúde. No primeiro caso, o estudo centrou-se sobre o potencial de desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental, e, no segundo, sobre o futuro da saúde no grupo abordado. A conclusão foi que, apesar da perspectiva de crescimento econômico contínuo dos países BRICS, juntamente com propostas plausíveis para o setor da saúde, forte investimento por parte dos países em C&T e de transferência de tecnologia dentro do grupo, pesquisa sobre os determinantes sociais e econômicos que impulsionam a ocorrência das doenças não transmissíveis, existe a necessidade e a oportunidade para a ação conjunta dos BRICS no que se denomina ‘diplomacia da saúde’ reforçando todo o processo de desenvolvimento sustentável...

Comparative study on drug policies of BRICs and its implications to China / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To compare drug policies in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICs), sum-marize the experiences from the process of implementation and provide some suggestions to further improve the national drug policy in China. Methods:National drug polices of BRICs and experiences in the implementation of essential medicine policy were summed up systematically by means of systematic review. Results:Essential medicine policy and popular phar-macy are implemented in Brazil;Pharmaceutical separation system is established in Russia;the mode of essential medicine policy in Delhi is typical in India;Government of South African focuses on procurement and distribution of drugs. Although drug policies of BRICs have their own characteristics, the objective is to increase the public access to low-cost, high-quality drugs. Conclusions:Despite the BRICs have attained some achievements, they still face serious challenges in deep-ening the health care reform. Hence, they need to explore the measures continuingly consisting with their national condi-tions, and learn from the experiences of developed countries to further consolidate and improve the national drug policies.