Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This review was designed to assess the pooled prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in India. An electronic data search was done in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases in October 2020. Epidemiological surveys assessing the prevalence of ECC were included, and data on gender, geographic region, sampling strategy, feeding habits, and dmft values were extracted. The risk of bias was assessed, and a meta-analysis was performed for pooled prevalence and mean dmft values. The selection of articles, data extraction, and validity assessment were done independently by the two reviewers(ID and RV). Athird reviewer (CJ) resolved any conflict between these two reviewers. Atotal of seventy?one studies were included for quantitative analysis. The pooled prevalence of ECC estimated from 71 studies with 69,330 participants is 46.9% (confidence interval [CI] 46.5–47.2). Males had a higher prevalence of ECC (47%, CI: 46.4–47.6,40 studies, 26,840 participants) than females (43.8%, CI: 43.2–44.2,40 studies, 24,389 participants). Region?wise analysis showed the highest number of studies (44) in southern India, with a sample size of 35,988 with a pooled prevalence of 44.6% (CI: 44–45.1). The pooled mean dmft (random effect) is 2.23 (1.97–2.48), with males having a higher proportion of 2.26 compared to 2.23 in females. The pooled prevalence of ECC was 46.9%, and the pooled mean was 2.23. The results from this study state that one in every two children in India is suffering from ECC, reflecting its public health relevance.

Perfil do aleitamento e a ocorrência de má oclusão em crianças participantes da bebê-clínica / Breastfeeding profile and the occurrence of malocclusion in children participating at Baby Clinic

Essa pesquisa trata-se de uma análise transversal do perfil do aleitamento de crianças que frequentam a Bebê Clínica, um Programa Educativo/Preventivo em Saúde Bucal, e a ocorrência de oclusopatias. O objetivo foi analisar a influência do perfil do aleitamento sobre a condição oclusal de crianças que participam de um programa odontológico educativo-preventivo. Participaram da pesquisa 400 crianças entre 27 e 48 meses, sendo 200 que frequentam a Bebê-Clínica e 200 de escolas do município de Araçatuba, não participantes da Bebê-Clínica, Esta pesquisa constou da coleta de informações retrospectivas sobre o tempo, o tipo e a forma de aleitamento, além dos hábitos de sucção não nutritiva, por meio de um questionário realizado com as mães. Foi realizada também uma avaliação clínica da oclusão dentária dessas crianças, utilizando o índice de má oclusão preconizado pela OMS. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Os resultados indicaram em ambos os grupos uma elevada porcentagem de mães que amamentaram seus filhos (acima de 84%); elevada porcentagem de crianças com hábitos de sucção não nutritiva (acima de 57%) e um elevado índice de má oclusão dentária, sendo a principal, a mordida aberta anterior. Considerando os aspectos estudados nesta pesquisa, verificamos que ambos os grupos apresentaram resultados semelhantes, portanto não havendo influência da participação no programa da Bebê-Clínica(AU)

This research deals with a cross-sectional analysis of the breastfeeding profile that is frequent in the Baby Clinic, in an Educational / Preventive Oral Health Program, and an occurrence of occlusions. The objective was to analyze the influence of the breastfeeding profile on the occlusal condition of children who participate in an educational-preventive dental program. Participated in the research 400 children between 27 and 48 months, 200 of them attending the Baby Clinic and 200 from schools in the city of Araçatuba, not participating in the Baby Clinic. This research consisted of collecting retrospective information about time, type and form of breastfeeding, and non-nutritive sucking habits, through a questionnaire conducted with mothers. A clinical evaluation of the dental occlusion of these children was also performed, using the malocclusion index recommended by WHO. Data were analyzed by chi-square test.The results indicated in both groups a high percentage of mothers who breastfed their children (over 84%); high percentage of children with non-nutritive sucking habits (above 57%) and a high rate of dental malocclusion, the main one being the anterior open bite.Considering the aspects studied in this research, we found that both groups presented similar results, therefore there was no influence of participation in the program of the Baby Clinic(AU)

Influence of Bottle-Feeding on Serum Bisphenol A Levels in Infants

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), particularly during developmental periods, gives rise to a variety of adverse health outcomes. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known EDC commonly found in plastic products including food and water containers, baby bottles, and metal can linings. This study investigates infant exposure to BPA and the effect of bottle-feeding on serum BPA levels in infants. Serum BPA levels in normal healthy infants 6 to 15 months of age (n=60) were evaluated by a competitive ELISA. BPA was detected in every study sample. Serum BPA levels of bottle-fed infants (n=30) were significantly higher than those of breast-fed infants (n=30) (96.58+/-102.36 vs 45.53+/-34.05 pg/mL, P=0.014). There were no significant differences in serum BPA levels between boys (n=31) and girls (n=29). No significant correlations were found between serum BPA levels and age, body weight, birth weight, and gestational age. Bottle-feeding seems to increase the risk of infant exposure to BPA. Establishment of health policies to reduce or prevent BPA exposure in infants is necessary.

Tipo de aleitamento e presença de açúcar nas bebidas das mamadeiras dos bebês / Type of breastfeeding and presence of sugar in the content of baby bottles

This study aims at analyzing the feeding of babies, either by breastfeeding or using a baby bottle, time until weaning, as well as the presence of sugar in the content of baby bottles. Data from 305 babies, aged 0 to 36 months, were collected using questionnaires answered by their mothers. Information on age, gender, feeding habits and the presence of sugar containing substances in the baby bottles was collected. Most mothers used baby bottles (70.2%), and this rate increased with the babies? age. During the babies' first six months of life, 46.2% of mothers fed their babies exclusively on breast, whereas 38.5% of the babies were fed from baby bottles since birth, together with breastfeeding, and 15.3% of the babies at this age range were exclusively fed from baby bottles. Weaning occurred in 20.0%. 82.6% of the babies fed from baby bottles received sugar in their diet. Feeding from a baby bottle was found to be present since the first month of a baby's life, and its use was predominant until the age of 3 years. Sugar is present in the diet of the majority of the babies fed from bottles.

El estudio se propone analizar el tipo de leche utilizada, materno y/o artificial, sus periodos de uso y la presencia de azúcar en los biberones. Participaron 305 infantes de 0 a 36 meses, cuyos datos fueron obtenidos por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a las madres. Éste contenía informaciones sobre edad y sexo de los niños, tipo de alimentación que recibían y presencia o no de azúcar en los biberones. El tipo de alimentación más utilizada era artificial (70,2%), porcentaje que aumentó junto con la edad de los niños. La lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros seis meses de vida correspondía a 46,2% del grupo. Para 38,5% el biberón fue introducido conjuntamente con la lactancia materna desde el nacimiento y para 15,3% la lactancia artificial fue exclusiva (biberón). El desmame ocurrió en 20,0%. La dieta de 82,6% de los bebés presentaba azúcar en las bebidas del biberón. La leche artificial está presente desde el primer mes de vida y su uso predomina hasta los 3 años de edad.El azúcar está presente en la dieta de la mayoría de los bebés alimentados con biberón

O estudo propõe analisar o tipo de aleitamento utilizado, seja materno e/ou artificial, o seu tempo de uso, assim como a presença de açúcar na mamadeira dos bebês. Participaram 305 bebês de 0 a 36 meses, cujos dados foram obtidos através de um questionário junto às mães. Este continha informações sobre idade e gênero dos bebês, tipo de aleitamento e substâncias açucaradas introduzidas nas mamadeiras destes. O tipo de aleitamento mais utilizado foi o artificial (70,2%), sendo que aumentou com o decorrer da idade. Nos seis primeiros meses de vida, o aleitamento materno exclusivo foi realizado por 46,2% das mães, sendo que a mamadeira foi introduzida conjuntamente ao aleitamento materno desde o nascimento em 38,5% dos bebês e 15,3% destes receberam aleitamento artificial exclusivo (mamadeira). O desmame ocorreu em 20,0%. A dieta de 82,6% dos bebês continha açúcar nas bebidas da mamadeira. O aleitamento artificial está presente desde o primeiro mês de vida e seu uso é predominante até os três anos de idade. O açúcar está presente na dieta da maioria dos bebês amamentados com mamadeira.