ABSTRACT
Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.
Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.
Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Carps , Pakistan , Bacteria , Ponds , IncidenceABSTRACT
Objective @#To compare the disinfection effect of 3% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide and 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectants in the independent waterway of a periodontal ultrasonic scaler to provide a reference for clinical waterway disinfection management in stomatology departments.@*Methods @#The 18 ultrasonic scalers were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 units: the control group, experimental group 1 (3% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant group), and experimental group 2 (500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant group). The replaceable parts of the independent waterway pipes of the 3 groups of ultrasonic scalers were replaced, and the water supply was supplied with sterile distilled water (DW). In the control group, special treatment was not applied to the nonreplaceable pipe part. In experimental group 1, the 3% hydrogen peroxide was used to disinfect nonreplaceable pipelines. In experimental group 2, the nonreplaceable part was disinfected with the 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant. The water sample was taken from the outlet of the scaler working part in the three groups for monitoring before disinfection, immediately after disinfection and 10 consecutive days after disinfection. Bacteria in the water samples were cultured for the colony counts. Then, the bacterial culture data were compared between groups. The qualified criterion of the water sample was that the number of bacterial colonies was less than or equal to 100 CFU/mL. After disinfection, a bacterial species mass spectrometry identification analysis was carried out when the number of bacterial colonies in each group exceeded the standard for the first time. Biofilms from the inner wall of the tube in the three groups were observed under an electron microscope on the 10th day after disinfection.@*Results @#There were no significant differences between the three groups before disinfection (F = 2.549, P = 0.111). The number of bacterial colonies in the spout of 6 scalers in the control group all exceeded the standard, and three kinds of bacteria were cultured: Sphingomonas melonis, Herbaspirillum huttiense, and Ralstonia pickettii. Compared with those in the control group, the number of bacterial colonies in experimental group 1 decreased significantly for 1-2 days after disinfection (P<0.05) and reached the standard. On the 3rd day after disinfection, the number of bacterial colonies of group 1 increased rapidly and exceeded the standard, and three kinds of bacteria were cultured: Sphingomonas, Herbaspirillum huttiense, and Ralstonia pickettii. For experimental group 2, the number of bacterial colonies decreased significantly compared to the control group on Days 1 to 6 after disinfection, but the number of bacterial colonies increased slightly from the 7th day after disinfection and exceeded the standard. Two kinds of bacteria were cultured: Herbaspirillum huttiense and Ralstonia pickettii. The average number of bacterial colonies 10-day after disinfection in experimental group 2 was lower than that in experimental group 1(P<0.001). Under an electron microscope, the biofilm thickness of the two experimental groups was significantly lower than that of the control group. @* Conclusion @# There is water pollution in the independent waterway of a periodontal ultrasound scaler. Three percent hydrogen peroxide and 500 mg/L chlorine disinfectant both have effective disinfection effects on the outlet water of scalers, and the effect of 500 mg/L chlorine disinfectant is better than that of 3% hydrogen peroxide. The use of 3% hydrogen peroxide to disinfect periodontal ultrasound scaler-independent waterways is recommended for disinfection every other day, and disinfection once a week is recommended for the use of 500 mg/L chlorine disinfectant.
ABSTRACT
To explore the diversity of bacterial community structure between different layers of agarwood, Hiseq(high-throughput sequencing) was used to analyze the bacterial community structure of samples from different layers of agarwood. Our results showed that 1 150 096 optimized sequences and 9 690 OTUs were obtained from 15 samples of 5 layers of agarwood, which belonged to 28 bacterial phyla, 61 classes, 110 orders, 212 families and 384 genera. Further analysis revealed that the normal layer(NL) had the lowest bacterial species richness and the smallest number of OTUs. And the total number of OTUs of the agarwood layer(AL) and NL was zero, which was quite different.At the same time, there were significant differences in bacterial community structure and species diversity between NL and the other four layers. While there were some common dominant bacterial genera in both transition layer(TL) and NL. The similarity of bacterial distribution in 4 non-NL layers was relatively high, which had four common genera, such as Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium, Acidothemus and Sphingomonas. While Acidibacter, Bradyrhizobium and Acidothemus were the dominant bacterial genus of DA and AL, and all of these layers contained volatile oil. In addition, the Bradyrhizobium was the most abundant in agarwood layer. Our results showed that bacterial community diversity and abundance were decreasing from DL to AL, and different layers showed significant differences in bacterial enrichment. It provided the clues to investigate how bacteria participate in the formation of agarwood.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Oils, Volatile , Thymelaeaceae , GeneticsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation between serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels and infection sites,as well as between PCT and bacterial species in gram negative (G-) bacteria induced sepsis,so as to provide rationale for therapeutic strategy of using antibiotic in sepsis.Methods The data of patients with sepsis admitted in Emergency Department and ICU from January 2014 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.The blood culture of G-bacteria and PCT detection were carried out simultaneously within 24 hours after admission.The clinical data was analyzed to find out the correlation between PCT levels and infection sites,as well as between PCT levels and pathogenic bacterial species.Results A total of 187 specimens (came from 162 patients) were enrolled in the study with a median age of 70 years old and a median sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of 4.PCT levels were found to be associated with bacterial species.PCT level caused by Escherichia coli bacteremia infection was higher than that caused by Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia and Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia infection (4.62 ng/mL vs.2.44 ng/mL;4.62 ng/mL vs.0.81 ng/mL;P ＜ 0.05).Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) for PCT was 0.61 to discriminate Escherichia coli infection from Acinetobacter baumannii infection and an AUC was 0.66 to discriminate Escherichia coli infection from Burkholderia cepacia infection.When the cutoff point of PCT was 30.32 ng/mL,it could predict Escherichia coli infection rather than Acinetobacter baumannii infection with 94.10％ specificity,90.00％ positive predictive value and positive likelihood ratio for 4.24.When the cutoff point of PCT was 8.01 ng/mL,it could predict Escherichia coli infection rather than Burkholderia cepacia infection with 85.70％ specificity,93.94％ positive predictive value,and positive likelihood ratio for 3.01.When PCT cutoff value reached 47.31 ng/mL,the specificity and positive predictive value were both 100.00％.PCT level caused by urinary tract infection was higher than that caused by pulmonary infection (11.58 ng/mL vs.2.07 ng/mL,P ＜ 0.05),and the AUC was 0.69.When the cutoff point of PCT was 32.11 ng/mL,it could predict Escherichia coli infection rather than Acinetobacter baumannii infection with 90.60％ specificity,86.18％ negative predictive value and positive likelihood ratio for 3.68.Conclusions PCT elevation in G-bacteria induced sepsis might be associated with infection sites and bacterial species.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of temperature on nutrient uptake ability of four bacterial species. Methodology: A total of four bacterial species (Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Lysinibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.) were used for the study. The media used for the investigation was synthetic wastewater. Four different temperatures (25ºC, 30ºC, 35ºC and 40ºC) were used for the investigation. The study was carried out under shake flasks conditions. Immediate after inoculation with the respective test bacterial species and every 24 h for a 96 h incubation time, aliquot wastewater samples were removed from the flasks for the estimation of total phosphate, nitrate, pH and growth rate, using standard procedures. Results: The results revealed phosphate and nitrate removal ranges of 10.84 % to 55.55 % and 90.67 % to 97.27 %, respectively in the presence of the Klebsiella sp. In the presence of the Pseudomonas sp, Lysinibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp., phosphate removals ranges of 0.36 % to 46.98 %, 11.89 % to 50.80 % and 2.74 % to 51.21 % were observed, respectively. For nitrate concentrations, removal levels that ranged from 2.19 % to 92.95 %, 0.97 % to 23.12 % and 7.56 % to 91.66 % were observed in the presence of Pseudomonas sp, Lysinibacillu ssp. and Staphylococcus sp., respectively. All the test bacterial species showed some measure of efficiency in phosphate removal. For nitrate removal, the Lysinibacillus sp. did not exhibit remarkable nitrate removal ability at any of the temperatures. In addition, the optimum temperatures for phosphate removals were observed to be 30ºC to 40ºC for the Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp; and 30ºC to 35ºC for the Lysinibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. For nitrate removal, optimum temperatures for removal were observed to be 25ºC to 40ºC, for the Klebsiella sp and 25ºC to 35ºC, for the Pseudomonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Conclusion: The study was able to reveal the optimum temperatures for phosphate and nitrate uptake in synthetic wastewater by the test bacterial species.
Subject(s)
Bacillaceae/physiology , Bacteria/physiology , Food , Klebsiella/metabolism , Klebsiella/physiology , Nitrates , Potassium , Pseudomonas/physiology , Pseudomonas/metabolism , Staphylococcus/metabolism , Staphylococcus/physiology , Temperature/physiology , Water Microbiology , /chemistry , /microbiologyABSTRACT
A complex microbiota colonizes mucosal layers in different regions of the human gut. In the healthy state, the microbial communities provide nutrients and energy to the host via fermentation of non-digestible dietary components in the large intestine. In contrast, they can play roles in inflammation and infection, including gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic syndrome such as obesity. However, because of the complexity of the microbial community, the functional connections between the enteric microbiota and metabolism are less well understood. Nevertheless, major progress has been made in defining dominant bacterial species, community profiles, and systemic characteristics that produce stable microbiota beneficial to health, and in identifying their roles in enteric metabolism. Through studies in both mice and humans, we are recently in a better position to understand what effect the enteric microbiota has on the metabolism by improving energy yield from food and modulating dietary components. Achieving better knowledge of this information may provide insights into new possibilities that reconstitution of enteric microbiota via diet can provide the maintenance of healthy state and therapeutic/preventive strategies against metabolic syndrome such as obesity. This review focuses on enteric microbial composition and metabolism on healthy and diseased states.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Bacteria/growth & development , Diet , Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology , Inflammation/microbiology , Intestines/microbiology , Metabolic Syndrome/microbiology , Microbiota , ProbioticsABSTRACT
Many gram-negative bacteria use the type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence proteins (effectors) directly into host cells.These effectors play a central role in pathogen interactions,and their molecular structures are highly variable.Previous researchers have used particular motifs common to all effectors in order to identify a full suite of candidate effectors of T3SS in the genome of Pseudomonas syringae.Here,we present a program called EFFECTORSEARCH that synthesizes and extends previous work by allowing users to identify candidate effectors based on any combination of the following five criteria:protein length,proximity to the hrp promoter,n-terminal region,similarity to known effectors,and dissimilarity to housekeeping genes.We demonstrate the utility of the program in allowing users either to search broadly for candidates or to restrict attention to the candidates with the highest confidence in their assignment.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las especies bacterianas más prevalentes en muestras biliares de pacientes colecistectomizados en la clínica Cobija durante el segundo semestre de la gestión 2009, diferenciando entre aquellas que se presentan en el cuadro agudo y el cuadro crónico; además identificar el tipo de colecistitis más frecuente y si existe relación entre las mismas y la concentración bacteriana de aquellas muestras que resultaron positivas; también demostrar su relación con los factores de riesgo sexo y edad. El presente trabajo es una investigación de tipo descriptivo, analítico y transversal. La muestra fue 52 pacientes, que representa el 100% de aquellos sometidos a colecistectomía abierta en la clínica Cobija en los últimos seis meses del año 2009, de los cuales se recolectó la bilis durante el intraoperatorio y se procedió a su cultivo en Agar Sangre, caldo de tioglicolato; 24 horas después se verificó el crecimiento de colonias y se procede a su recuento y observación al microscopio, una vez identificados bacilos Gram negativos, se los cultivó en Agar Mc Conkey y posteriormente en kits bioquímicos de determinación de enterobacterias. Todo el procedimiento se realizó en el laboratorio de Bacteriología de la Facultad de Medicina Aurelio Meleán. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las bacterias más frecuentes en cuadros agudos son los bacilos Gram positivos y de los cuadros crónicos, los estreptococos. El sexo más susceptible es el femenino con la edad comprendida entre 30-34 y 50-54 años. Por último, se observó una relación directa entre concentraciones bacterianas mayores a 10000/ml con la colecistitis aguda. Concluimos que existe una relación entre el tipo de cuadro clínico de colecistitis y la concentración bacteriana. Además que el cuadro agudo puede desencadenarse con mayor frecuencia por bacilos Gram positivos y el crónico se relaciona con Streptococcus.
The aim of this study is to determine the most prevalent bacterial species in samples from patients cholecystectomized bile clinic Blanket fort he second half of 2009 management, differentiating between those that oceur in the acute and chronic table, also identify the type cholecystitis more frequently and whether a relationship exists between them and the bacterial concentration of those samples were positive, also showed their relationship to the risk factors age and sex. This study is a descriptive research, analytical and longitudinal. Sample 52 patients undergoing cholecystectomy at the clinic shelter in the last six months of 2009, of which the bile was collected during surgery and proceeded to its cultivation on blood agar, thioglycollate broth, 24 hours after the growth was checked colony and proceeds to count and microscopic observation, once identified Gram negative, the Me Conkey agar and then in kit's biochemical determination of Enterobacteriaceae.The entire procedure was performed in the laboratory of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine Melean Aurelio. The results obtained indicate that the most common bacteria in acute cases are Gram positive and chronic conditions, the streptococci. Sex is more susceptible to female aged between 30-34 and 50-54 years. Finally, we observed a direct relationship between bacterial concentrations greater than 10000/ml with acute cholecystitis. We conclude that there is a relationship between the type of clinical picture of cholecystitis and bacterial concentration. In addition to the acute condition may be triggered more often by Gram-positive bacilli and Streptococcus related to chronic.