Caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica de aguas subterráneas de un sector rural a baja altitud en Los Andes venezolanos / Physicochemical and microbiological characterization of groundwater wells of a rural sector located at low altitude in the venezuelan Andes

El crecimiento de la población humana y las actividades antropogénicas ha aumentado la tasa de contaminación del agua subterránea en el mundo, por lo que, la finalidad de este estudio es determinar la potabilidad del agua de cuatro pozos subterráneos de un área rural del estado Mérida, mediante la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica, para comprobar la factibilidad de su uso como agua de consumo. Los resultados indican que los parámetros fisicoquímicos cumplen la normativa venezolana. Las aguas presentan una gran variedad de minerales destacándose Ca, Na y Mg como cationes mayoritarios y una dureza básicamente debía a iones bicarbonato. Los valores de la distribución isotópica, sugieren la existencia de dos acuíferos sin conexiones hidráulicas entre los pozos. El análisis bacteriológico y parasitológico detecta: bacterias heterótrofas, coliformes totales y Pseudomonas, así como, Ascaris spp., Blastocystis sp., Giardia sp., y Eimeria sp., probablemente procedentes del filtrado subterráneo de los pozos sépticos y percolado desde la superficie a través del suelo de textura franco arcilloso arenoso, microorganismos que se han adaptado a las características fisicoquímicas de las aguas. Los resultados demuestran que el agua de tres pozos, no puede ser utilizada para el consumo, sin previo tratamiento convencional como coagulación, filtración y cloración

Growth in human population and anthropogenic activities has increased the rate of groundwater pollution in the world, therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the potability of water from four underground wells in a rural area of Mérida State, through the physicochemical and microbiological characterization, to check the feasibility of its use as drinking water. The results indicate that the physicochemical parameters comply with venezuelan regulations. The waters have a wide variety of minerals, highlighting Ca, Na and Mg as majority cations and a hardness basically due to bicarbonate ions. The values of the isotopic distribution suggest the existence of two aquifers without hydraulic connections between wells. Bacteriological and parasitological analysis detects: heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Pseudomonas, as well as Ascaris spp., Blastocystis sp., Giardia sp., and Eimeria sp., probably derived from the underground filtration of septic tanks and percolated from the surface through the sandy clay loam soil, microorganisms that have adapted to the physicochemical characteristics of waters. The results show that the water from three wells cannot be used for consumption without some conventional treatment as filtration and coagulation, and disinfection process

Bacteriological analysis and treatment strategy in patients with biliary sepsis / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objectives To access the bacteriology in patients with sepsis due to biliary tract infection to provide a basis for empirical selection of proper antibiotic treatment.Methods This is a single-center retrospective study on 214 patients with biliary tract infection admitted from August 2014 to July 2016 to the surgical intensive care units (ICU) of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.To study the demographic information,sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA),usage of antibiotics before ICU and duration of ICU were analyzed.Bile,peritoneal drainage and blood samples were collected.Results 47 septic shock patients and 25 septic patients due to biliary tract infection were enrolled in the trial.The two groups (the shock group vs.the sepsis group) had a significant difference in the duration of ICU stay [(6.4 ± 4.6) d vs.(2.3 ± 1.8) d,P ＜ 0.05].48 strains of pathogens were isolated from the bile samples.The major pathogens were Escherichia coli (E.coli) (n =23,47.9％),Enterococcus faecalis (n =8,16.7％) and Enterococcus faecium (n =2,4.2％).80 strains of pathogens were isolated from the peritoneal drainage culture samples.E.coli,pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Klebsiella pneumoniae ranked the top 3 species,accounting for 26.3％,11.3％ and 7.5％,respectively.The sensitivity of E.coli isolated from bile to amikacin,imipenem and panipenem were all over 90.0％.Conclusions E.coli was the principal gram-negative bacterium in biliary infection induced sepsis.Early administration of carbapenemes may reduce the occurrence of septic shock in these patients.

ANÁLISE BACTERIOLÓGICA DA ÁGUA E O PERFIL DE SUSCEPTIBILIDADE AOS ANTIMICROBIANOS DAS ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLADAS / WATER BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF ISOLATED ESCHERICHIA COLI / ANÁLISIS BACTERIOLOGICO DEL AGUA Y EL PERFIL DE SUSCEPTIBILIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA DE LAS ESCHERICHIA COLI AISLADAS

Objetivo: analisar a qualidade microbiológica das águas residenciais e dos rios Cuiabá e Coxipó, assim como determinar o perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos das estirpes de Escherichia coli isoladas. Método: foram coletadas 42 amostras de água no município de Cuiabá-MT, sendo 40 residenciais e uma de cada rio. Realizou-se testes para coliformes totais e termotolerantes, semeadura em ágar EMB, prova de indol e teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos (TSA). Resultados: 2,5% das amostras residenciais e as duas amostras fluviais foram positivas para coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Através dos testes bioquímicos, foram isoladas e identificadas sete estirpes de E. coli das amostras dos rios. No TSA, constatou-se que as bactérias de estudo foram sensíveis a oito antimicrobianos testados, demonstrando resistência somente à penicilina G. Conclusão: mesmo com as intempéries inerentes ao sistema de distribuição, a qualidade da água que chega nas residências cuiabanas é majoritariamente ideal. As águas dos rios estão sendo impactadas pelo despejo de esgotos in natura. A alta sensibilidade das estirpes dos rios aos antimicrobianos indica que ou se originaram de animais silvestres ou de humanos e animais domésticos que pouco entraram em contato com antimicrobianos para produzir pressão seletiva nas estirpes de E. coli da microbiota.

Objective: to evaluate the microbiological quality of residential and Cuiabá and Coxipó rivers water, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of isolated Escherichia coli strains. Method: 42 water samples were collected in the city of Cuiabá- MT, 40 residential and one in the river. We conducted tests for total and thermotolerant coliforms, sowing on agar EMB, indole test and susceptibility testing to antimicrobial (STA). Results: 2.5% of residential samples and two river samples were positive for total and thermotolerant coliforms. By means of biochemical tests, they were isolated and identified seven strains of E. coli from rivers samples. In the TSA, it was found that the study of bacteria were sensitive to eight antimicrobials tested, showing only resistance to penicillin G. Conclusion: even with the elements inherent to the distribution system, the quality of water arriving at cuiabanas homes is mostly ideal. The rivers' waters are being impacted by the disposal of sewage in natura. The high sensitivity of the strains from rivers to antimicrobials indicates that either originated from wild animals or humans and domestic animals that came little into contact with antimicrobials to produce selective pressure on strains of E. coli microbiota.

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad microbiológica del agua residencial y ríos Cuiabá y Coxipó, así como determinar el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas. Método: se recogieron 42 muestras de agua en la ciudad de Cuiabá, 40 residenciales y una en cada río. Se realizaron pruebas para coliformes totales y termotolerantes, siembra en agar EMB, prueba de indol y pruebas de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos (PSA). Resultados: el 2,5% de las muestras residenciales y dos muestras de los ríos fueron positivos para coliformes totales y termotolerantes. Por medio de pruebas bioquímicas, se aislaron y se identificaron siete cepas de E. coli en las muestras de ríos. En el PSA, las bacterias en estudio fueron sensibles a ocho antimicrobianos analizados, mostrando sólo resistencia a la penicilina G. Conclusión: incluso con los elementos inherentes al sistema de distribución, la calidad del agua que llega a los hogares cuiabanos es, en su mayoría, ideal . Las aguas de los ríos están siendo afectados por la eliminación de aguas residuales in natura. La alta sensibilidad de las cepas de los ríos a los antimicrobianos indica que, o bien se originó a partir de animales salvajes o de humanos y animales domésticos que poco contactaron con antimicrobianos para producir una presión selectiva sobre las cepas de E. coli de la microbiota.

Avaliação da qualidade de águas purificadas utilizadas em farmácias de manipulação / Assessing the quality of purified water used in compounding pharmacies

The Brazilian Food, Drug and Sanitary Agency (ANVISA) published a Resolution (RDC 67) in 2007, repealing RDC 33 of 2000, which established a legally required monthly analysis of a number of microbiological and physicochemical variables in the purified water used in compounded pharmaceutical preparations, which were not specified in the preceding RDC. In view of the amendment, the aim of this study was to assess the quality of purified water used in compounding pharmacies in the region of Araraquara (SP, Brazil) and review the impact of the most recent regulation (RDC 67 of 2007) on this quality. In the study, 744 samples of purified water were collected from 30 pharmacies in the course of four years (2008 to 2011). The variables recorded were: presence of total coliforms and fecal coliforms/E. coli, pH, color, turbidity, total dissolved solids, fluoride and residual free chlorine. The methods used were pharmacopeial standards for water analysis, published by the Brazilian National Health Foundation (FUNASA) and the American Public Health Association (APHA). Among the samples, 78.90% were in compliance with the required standards. No sample contravened the rules for color and fecal coliforms/E. coli. However, 0.54%, 7.80%, 10.75%, 0.54% and 4.56% of the samples were unacceptable in terms of turbidity, fluorides, pH, free residual chlorine and total coliforms respectively. There was a variation in the number of irregular samples by comparing the years of 2008 and 2009 (20.26% and 26.71%, respectively) and the years of 2010 and 2011 (18.33% and 19.91%, respectively). Four years after the RDC n°. 67 of 2007, manipulation pharmacies are still adjusting to the rules, and it is important that ANVISA and others agencies continue monitoring to ensure the quality of purified water...

A RDC n° 67 de 2007, que revogou a RDC nº 33 de 2000, regulamentou análises mensais que avaliam parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos em águas purificadas utilizadas em preparações magistrais, antes não especificados pela RDC n° 33 de 2000. Diante dessas alterações, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de águas utilizadas em farmácias de manipulação em Araraquara e região e verificar o impacto da legislação mais recente (RDC nº 67 de 2007) nessa qualidade. Foram analisadas 744 amostras de água purificada em 30 farmácias no decorrer de quatro anos (2008 a 2011). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: presença de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes/E.coli, pH, cor, turbidez, sólidos totais dissolvidos, fluoreto e cloro residual livre. Os métodos utilizados seguiram padrões de farmacopeias, da FUNASA e da APHA. Dentre as amostras analisadas 78,90% estavam em conformidade com os padrões estabelecidos. Não foram encontradas amostras irregulares quanto aos parâmetros cor e coliformes termotolerantes/E. coli. No entanto, 0,54%, 7,80%, 10,75%, 0,54% e 4,56% das amostras estavam irregulares para turbidez, fluoretos, pH, cloro residual livre e coliformes totais, respectivamente. Foi observada uma variação do número de amostras irregulares ao compararmos os anos de 2008 e 2009 (20,26% e 26,71% respectivamente) com os anos de 2010 e 2011 (18,33% e 19,91% respectivamente). Quatro anos após a RDC n° 67 de 2007, as farmácias de manipulação ainda estão se adequando às normas e é importante que a ANVISA e outros órgãos continuem a fiscalização para garantir a qualidade da água purificada...

Ocorrência de Escherichia coli em meias carcaças de bovinos abatidos em estabelecimento habilitado para exportação / Occurrence of Escherichia coli on beef carcass at an exporter slaughterhouse

A análise de Escherichia coli, considerada bactéria indicadora de contaminação fecal, é utilizada na verificação do controle de processos de abate. Porém, poucos trabalhos foram publicados acerca da ocorrência desse micro-organismo nas indústrias de abate brasileiras. Assim, o presente estudo determinou a ocorrência de E. coli genérica em carcaças bovinas em um estabelecimento sob inspeção federal, habilitado à exportação, identificando as possíveis variações no ano de 2010. Foram coletadas 1111 amostras de suabe de superfície de meias carcaças bovinas e analisadas pela metodologia Petrifilm™. A ocorrência encontrada foi de 4,4% (IC95%=3,3%; 5,7%), com uma média de contagem de 4,08UFC cm-2, não sendo significativamente afetada pelas estações de seca e chuva. As maiores ocorrências foram observadas nos meses de setembro (8,7%) e outubro (16,7%), no qual também foi detectada a maior média de contagem (14,06UFC cm-2). A diferença nos valores observada nesses períodos pode estar relacionada com o sistema de criação dos animais. A ocorrência foi significativamente maior no primeiro turno de abate (6,2%), em comparação com o segundo (1,6%), indicando uma possível relação entre a presença do micro-organismo e a realização de procedimentos operacionais. Interpretando-se os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que há necessidade da determinação de um perfil para a ocorrência de E. coli genérica em cada estabelecimento, considerando os fatores que a alteram, para orientar e tornar mais efetivas as medidas preventivas e corretivas de controle dos processos de abate e reduzir a contaminação microbiana das carcaças.

Escherichia coli testing are used to verify slaughter process control and it is regarded as an indicator of fecal contamination. However, there are few reports about E. coli occurrence in Brazilian slaughter establishments. The present study evaluated the occurrence of generic E. coli in 1111 swab samples of beef carcasses collected at an exporter slaughterhouse, under federal inspection, in different periods of 2010 and analyzed by Petrifilm™ method. E. coli was detected on 4.4% of carcasses (95% CI, 3.3% to 5.7%) and its occurrence was not significantly affected by the dry or rainy season. The mean of generic E. coli recovered from sampled cattle carcasses was 4.08CFU cm-2. The higher incidence was observed in September (8.7%) and October (16.7%); in October the E. coli mean attained the highest value (14.06CFU cm-2). The observed increase may have been related to feedlot systems. The E. coli isolation occurred more frequently in the first shift (6.2%) than in the second shift (1.6%), indicating a possible relationship with the operating procedures. The results obtained in this study showed that an occurrence profile of generic E. coli should be determined in each establishment to guide and improve preventive measures and corrective actions of slaughter process control and reduce microbiological contamination on carcasses.

Comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la tuberculosis pulmonar / Clinical-epidemic behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis

Fundamento: La tuberculosis es la enfermedad infecciosa humana más importante que existe en el mundo, a pesar de los esfuerzos que se han invertido para su control en la última década. Objetivo: determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis pulmonar en los pacientes diagnosticados en el hospital San Cristóbal Verapaz, Departamento Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal de seis años en pacientes del Hospital San Cristóbal Alta Verapaz, Municipio Alta Verapaz, en el desde enero de 2002 hasta mayo de 2008. El universo de estudio se constituyó por todos los pacientes pertenecientes al departamento Alta Verapaz, con el diagnóstico bacteriológico de tuberculosis pulmonar. La muestra se conformó por un total de 39 pacientes. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes, fichas epidemiológicas registradas en el departamento de estadística del Hospital que constituyeron la fuente secundaria de datos. Se aplicó una encuesta que constituyó la fuente primaria que incluyó variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Resultados: el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 16-25 años y predominó el sexo femenino. La sintomatología predominante fue la tos con expectoración de más de 14 días. Predominando al diagnóstico de los pacientes, los casos nuevos seguido de la recaída; no se registró ni fracaso, ni recuperado y la condición de los casos al final del tratamiento fue la de curado. Conclusiones: incremento de los conocimientos sobre el comportamiento de tuberculosis en San Cristóbal Alta Verapaz.

Background: tuberculosis is the most important human infectious disease that exists in the world, in spite of the efforts that have been invested for its control in the last decade. Objective: to determine the clinical-epidemic characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients diagnosed at the San Cristóbal Alta Verapaz, Alta Verapaz District, Guatemala. Method: a retrospective descriptive cross-cut study, of 6 years was performed in patients from San Cristóbal Alta Verapaz Hospital, Alta Verapaz Municipality, from January 2002 to May 2008. The study universe was constituted by all the patients (100 percent) belonging to Alta Verapaz district, with the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The sample was conformed by a total of 39 patients. Clinical histories of patients were reviewed and epidemic records registered in the statistic department of the hospital constituted the secondary source of data. To these patients were applied a survey (primary source) that included qualitative and quantitative variables. Results: The most affected age group was the one of 16-25 years and the female sex. The predominant symptomatology was the cough with expectoration of more than 14 days. Prevailed in the diagnosis of patients, the new cases followed by the relapse; it did not register neither failure, nor recovered and their condition at the end of the treatment was the cured one. Conclusions: it was an increase of knowledge on tuberculosis behavior in San Cristóbal Alta Verapaz.

O efeito do laser de baixa energia no crescimento bacteriano "in vitro" / Low level laser effect in \"in vitro\" bacterial growth

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio de estudo bacteriológico in vitro, o efeito de dois tipos de laser de baixa energia (LBE) sobre diferentes populações bacterianas habitualmente presentes em feridas pós-traumáticas. MÉTODOS: Foram colhidos swabs diretamente do sítio de infecção de pacientes internados com osteomielite pós-traumática crônica. As bactérias isoladas foram Acinetobacter baumanii complex, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela sp, Serratia sp e Staphylococcus aureus. O material coletado foi semeado em meio ágar-sangue, através de alça estéril, utilizando-se 30 placas de Petri para cada germe. Foram utilizados dois aparelhos de LBE: Ibramed Laser Pulse #01189, com 15W/904nm por 200 segundos, e Phisiolux dual Bioset #9909001, com 20W/904nm por 230 segundos. Nos grupos I (n = 10) e II (n = 10), as bactérias sofreram irradiação pelo laser. O grupo III (n = 10) serviu de controle, não sendo irradiado. As bactérias dos grupos I e II foram irradiadas em câmara de fluxo laminar, previamente esterilizada por raio ultravioleta. O laser foi administrado de forma direta, central e perpendicularmente à superfície de cultivo das bactérias, com distância-padrão de 1cm, através de orifício confeccionado na tampa das placas. O crescimento bacteriano foi analisado após 12 e 24 horas da irradiação. Os resultados foram processados estatisticamente, utilizando-se o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis, com nível de significância p < 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Observou-se comportamento similar entre as populações bacterianas nos três grupos experimentais após 12 e 24 horas da irradiação com os dois tipos de LBE, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante no crescimento bacteriano entre os grupos I e II e entre estes e o grupo III (controle). CONCLUSÃO: O efeito do LBE, nas condições estudadas, mostrou-se inócuo quanto ao aumento do número de unidades formadoras de colônias bacterianas,...

OBJECTIVE: To perform an in vitro bacteriologic study to evaluate the effect of two types of low level laser (LLL) on different bacterial populations usually present in post-traumatic wounds. METHODS: Swabs were prepared directly at the infection site of patients hospitalized with chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis. Isolated bacteria were Acinetobacter baumanii complex, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela sp, Serratia sp, and Staphylococcus aureus. The material collected was seeded in agar-blood medium with a sterile loop, using 30 Petri dishes for each germ. Two LLL devices were used: Ibramed Laser Pulse #01189, with 15W/904nm for 200 seconds, and Phisiolux dual Bioset #9909001, with 20W/904nm for 230 seconds. In groups I (n = 10) and II (n = 10), bacteria were irradiated with laser. Group III (n = 10) was the control group and was not irradiated. Bacteria in groups I and II were submitted to radiation in a laminar flow chamber that was previously sterilized with UV rays, and the laser was directly, centrally, and perpendicularly applied to the bacteria cultivation surface, from a standard distance of one centimeter, through an orifice made in the lid of the dishes. Bacterial growth was analyzed 12 and 24 hours after the irradiation. Results were statistically processed using the non-parametric test of Kruskall-Wallis, with a significance level p < 5 percent. RESULTS: A similar behavior was seen in the bacterial population of the three groups studied after 12 and 24 hours of irradiation with the two types of LLL, and there was no statistically significant difference in the bacterial growth between groups I and II and between these two groups and group III (control). CONCLUSION: In the conditions of this study, the effect of LLL showed to be innocuous for the increase in the number of units forming bacterial colonies, in the doses used in this study, as an adjuvant for...

Reformation and exploration on laboratory teaching in bacteriological analysis / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The laboratory teaching of bacteriological analysis is very important for training practical analysis professionals.For better quality of laboratory teaching,in this paper,we practice a series of reform facilitating the lab teaching of bacteriological analysis,which is involved in the exploration and study of new curriculum system and teaching evaluation.The educational practices create effective teaching and learning environment and better performance.