Differential Analysis of Erythrocyte Flexibility of PbK173 Artemisinin-sensitive Strains / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo detect the flexibility differences of Plasmodium berghei K173 （PbK173）-infected red blood cells with varying degrees of sensitivity to artemisinin-based drugs and to preliminarily explore the underlying mechanisms of the differences. MethodA total of 102 specific-pathogen-free （SPF） male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups， with 30 mice each in the control group and PbK173-resistant （PbK173-R） group， and 42 mice in the PbK173-sensitive （PbK173-S） group. Except for the control group， the rest groups were vaccinated with 1×107 PbK173-S/PbK173-R infected red blood cells to establish a mouse malaria model. During the administration and recovery periods （control group， PbK173-R/PbK173-S）， dihydroartemisinin （DHA， 40 mg·kg-1） and malaridine （MD， 6 mg·kg-1） were administered continuously for four days. Peripheral blood was taken from the PbK173-S/PbK173-R groups with an infection rate equal to or greater than 20%. Peripheral blood and each organ were taken on the first day at the end of administration （dosing period） and on the fifth day at the end of administration （recovery period）， and blood parameters and organ indices of each group were examined. The osmotic fragility of peripheral blood red blood cells in each group was detected using the red blood cell osmotic fragility test. Western blot was applied to determine the levels of Piezo1 and Band3 proteins in the red blood cell membrane. ResultDuring the administration and recovery periods， there were no significant differences between the PbK173-S MD group and the DHA group. During the administration period， there were no significant differences in hematological parameters between PbK173-S and PbK173-R in the MD group. However， during the recovery period， the red blood cell count， hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit of the PbK173-R group were significantly higher than those of the PbK173-S group （P<0.05） in the MD group. Compared with that of the control group， the osmotic fragility of the PbK173-S/PbK173-R groups was significantly enhanced （P<0.01）， and the osmotic fragility of the PbK173-S group was significantly stronger than that of the PbK173-R group （P<0.01）. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells in the PbK173-S group during the administration period was significantly stronger than that in the control group and PbK173-R group during the administration period （P<0.01）. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells in the PbK173-R group during the recovery period was significantly higher than that in the control group during the administration period and the PbK173-S group during the recovery period （P<0.05）. Compared with those in the control group， the Piezo1 protein and Band3 protein in the red blood cell membrane of the PbK173-S group were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the PbK173-R group， the Piezo1 protein and Band 3 protein in the red blood cell membrane of the PbK173-S group were significantly reduced. ConclusionThe flexibility of PbK173-infected red blood cells with different sensitivities to artemisinins differed. Plasmodium-infected red blood cells significantly reduced the levels of Piezo1 and Band3 proteins in the red blood cell membrane， and the erythrocyte flexibility exhibited a decreasing trend in the following order： normal group， PbK173-R group， and PbK173-S group.

How phosphorylation of RBCs band 3 protein affects storage quality of suspended red blood cells prepared from Tibetan high Hb population / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the quality changes of suspended red blood cells (SRBCs) prepared from the blood of Tibetan high Hb population, and explore the availability and safety of blood collected from Tibetan high Hb population. 【Methods】 The voluntary blood donors were grouped according to the Hb concentration at the initial screening: female blood donors from Tibet Autonomous Region (>3 500 m) with Hb≥190 g/L and male blood donors with Hb≥210 g/L were classified as plateau high hemoglobin group. A total of 13 male blood donors from Tibet Autonomous Region were recruited. And the female blood donors (n=13) with Hb(115~165) g/L and male blood donors (n=12) with Hb(120~185) g/L from Chengdu were classified as control group. Whole blood of 200 mL specification was centrifuged to remove the plasma, and MAP additive solution was added to prepare SRBCs, then SRBCs were divided into four aliquots (50 mL/bag and stored at 4℃. Parameters as blood routine, free Hb and hemolysis rate were measured aseptically at day 1, 14, 21, 35 of storage. And 10 mL SRBCs was used to extract membrane proteins for tyrosine phosphorylation detection of band 3 protein. 【Results】 The RBCs counts(×1012/L), hematocrit(%) and hemoglobin(g/L) of Tibetan high Hb group and control group were 6.76±0.95 vs 4.65±0.52, 63.3±6.8 vs 43.1±4.4 and 214.4±19.8 vs 143.2±16.9 (P<0.01). The erythrocyte deformability test on the day 1, 14, 21, 35 of storage showed that the deformability of SRBCs prepared from Tibetan high Hb group was significantly lower than that of the control group under shear stress of 3, 5.33, 9.49, 16.87, and 30 Pa, while the hemolysis rate of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group and the control group on the day 1, 14, 21, 35 were 0.050 2±0.040 2 vs 0.022 2±0.011 1, 0.055 4±0.043 vs 0.032 1±0.028 7, 0.061 2±0.025 9 vs 0.034 3±0.031 7 and 0.069 6±0.032 0 vs 0.044 0±0.033 3 (P<0.05). Western blotting showed that the cytoplasmic N-terminal Y21 of band 3 protein of SRBCs prepared from Tibetan high Hb group was highly phosphorylated. 【Conclusion】 The deformability of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group was significantly lower while the hemolysis rate of SRBCs was higher than that of the control group. The hemolysis rate of the SRBCs at the end of storage prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group meets the requirements of the national standard GB18469-2012(<0.8%). The increase of hemolysis rate of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group was closely related to the phosphorylation of band 3 protein.

Two Korean Cases of Hereditary Spherocytosis Caused by Mutations in SLC4A1

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is caused by mutations in the SPTA1, SPTB, ANK1, SLC4A1, and EPB42 genes, all of which encode erythrocyte membrane proteins. Mutations in SLC4A1, which encodes band 3 protein, have rarely been reported as the causative factor among Korean patients with HS. Here, we report two Korean patients with HS carrying mutations in SLC4A1. Patient 1 was a 3-year-old girl with unremarkable past and family histories and was evaluated for anemia that was detected after a complete blood count. She was suspected of having HS considering the spherocytosis of her peripheral blood smear, increased osmotic fragility, hemolytic features in blood chemistry tests, and splenomegaly. Sequence analysis revealed that the patient harbored a single heterozygous missense mutation, c.2278C>T (p.Arg760Trp) in exon 17 of SLC4A1. Patient 2 was a 23-year-old man who had a prior history of intermittent jaundice. Although the patient did not have anemia, a genetic test for HS was performed due to evidence of hemolytic features in the blood chemistry test, splenomegaly, and a family history of HS. The test confirmed a single heterozygous missense mutation, c.2423G>T (p.Arg808Leu) in exon 18 of SLC4A1.

Estudio seriado de anticuerpos naturales antibanda 3 en enfermos con drepanocitosis / Natural band 3 antibodies follow up study in sickle cell anemia patients

Introducción: Se ha demostrado la participación de moléculas de adhesión, tanto en eritrocitos con hemoglobina SS, como en el endotelio vascular; así como factores plasmáticos en el fenómeno de vasoclusión en la drepanocitosis. La banda 3 se refiere a una familia de intercambiadores aniónicos presentes en la membrana de todas las células y organelos celulares, las que bajo ciertas condiciones se agregan en la superficie del eritrocito y son reconocidos por anticuerpos naturales como parte del mecanismo de eliminación de eritrocitos senescentes u oxidados. Objetivo: Evaluar la posible participación de los anticuerpos naturales antibanda 3 en el fenómeno oclusivo en la drepanocitosis. Métodos: Se realizó la determinación seriada de anticuerpos naturales antibanda 3 en 19 enfermos con drepanocitosis en diferentes estadios clínicos mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático en microplacas acopladas con la proteína banda 3. Resultados: Se demostró una disminución significativa (p < 0.01) de anticuerpos naturales antibanda 3 en las muestras de los enfermos obtenidas en las fases de crisis vasoclusiva dolorosa, disminución que pudiera estar relacionada con un consumo elevado de estos en el proceso de eliminación de eritrocitos SS oxidados de la circulación sanguínea. Las muestras en estado basal se mantuvieron dentro de los límites normales. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren la participación de los anticuerpos naturales antibanda 3 como elemento regulador de la no adhesión de los eritrocitos SS al endotelio vascular en esta enfermedad(AU)

Introduction : The involvement of adhesion molecules in erythrocytes with hemoglobin SS, in vascular endothelium and also plasma factors have been shown in the vasoocclusion phenomenon in sickle cell anemia (SCA). Band 3 refers to a family of anion exchangers present in the membrane of all cells and cellular organelles which under certain conditions cluster on the erythrocyte surface being recognized by natural antibodies as part of the mechanism of removal of senescent or oxidized erythrocytes. Objective : To evaluate the possible participation of natural anti band 3 antibodies in the occlusive phenomenon in SCA. Methods : A follow up study to determine the presence of natural band 3 antibodies in 19 patients with SCA in different clinical stages was performed using an enzyme immunoassay in microplates coupled with the band 3 protein. Results : Significant low levels (p<0.01) of natural band 3 antibodies were demonstrated in the samples of patients obtained in painful vasoocclusive crisis stages, decrease which may be related to a high consumption of antibodies in the process of removing oxidized SS erythrocytes from blood circulation. Steady state samples were within normal range. Conclusion: The results suggest the involvement of natural band 3 antibodies in the regulation of the adherence of SS erythrocytes to vascular endothelium in SCA(AU)

Analysis of the SLC4A1 gene in three Mexican patients with hereditary spherocytosis: report of a novel mutation

We analyzed the SLC4A1 gene in three Mexican patients with Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS). The promoter and all 20 exons were investigated through heteroduplex analysis and DNA sequencing. No DNA changes were detected in one of the three patients. Two well-known polymorphisms, Memphis I and the Diego-a blood group, were detected in another one. In the third, the HS phenotype could be explained by the novel 1885_1888dupCCGG mutation found in heterozygosis. This frameshift mutation is predicted to result in a truncated and unstable protein lacking normal functions.

Fisiopatología de la vaso-oclusión en la drepanocitosis / Pathophysiology of the vaso-occlusion in the sickle cell anemia

La vaso-oclusión en la drepanocitosis es una característica única entre las anemias hemolíticas. La idea de que el eritrocito falciforme induce el proceso vaso-oclusivo ha sido desechada y no cabe duda que el fenómeno ocurre debido a la adhesión de los hematíes deformables menos densos (reticulocitos de stress) al endotelio vascular activado en las vénulas post-capilares, proceso en el que participan moléculas de adhesión celular (MAC) eritrocitarias y vasculares así como un conjunto de factores plasmáticos; la externalización de la fosfatidilserina, la acción de la trombina, la expresión de factor tisular asociada a alteraciones del mecanismo de transporte catiónico, conjuntamente con la formación de agregados de banda 3 constituyen un conjunto de elementos cruciales en la explicación fisiopatológica de la vaso-oclusión y su relación con diferentes opciones terapéuticas.

The vaso-occlusion in the sickle cell anemia is only characteristic in the haemolytic anemias. The idea that the falciform erythrocyte induces the vaso-occlusive process has been abolished and without doubt the event is produced by the adhesion of the low density deformed erythrocytes ( stress reticulocytes ) to the active vascular endothelium in post-capillary venule participating in the process molecules of cellular adhesion ( erythrocytic and vascular) as well as a group of plasma factors; the external phosphatidilserine , the thrombine action , the expression of tissue factor associated to the disorders of the cationic transportation mechanism as well as the aggregates (band 3) are crucial elements in the pathophysiological explanation of vaso-occlusion and its relation to different therapeutic options.

Anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3: Participan en el fenómeno de vasooclusión de la drepanocitosis / Natural anti-band 3 antibodies: Do they take part in the phenomenon of vasoocclusion drepanocytosis

Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3 mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático en microplacas acopladas con la proteína banda 3 en 14 pacientes con drepanocitosis, 4 con crisis vasooclusiva dolorosa y 10 en estado basal. Se demostró una disminución significativa (p = 0,000005) de los niveles de los anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3 en el total de los pacientes al compararlos con los controles normales, lo que puede estar relacionado con un consumo elevado de estos en el proceso de aclaramiento de eritrocitos con hemoglobina SS oxidados o senescentes. No se demostró diferencia estadística entre el grupo de pacientes en estado basal y aquellos con crisis vasooclusiva dolorosa, lo cual sugiere la posibilidad de que no haya participación de los anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3 en la modulación del fenómeno oclusivo que se produce en esta enfermedad. Se recomienda el estudio longitudinal de un número mayor de pacientes, que permita profundizar en este aspecto.

The presence of natural anti-band 3 antibodies was determined by an immunoenzymatic assay in microplaques coupled with band 3 protein in 14 patients with drepanocytosis, 4 with painful vasoocclusive crisis and 10 in the basal state. It was proved a significant reduction (p = 0,000005) of the levels of natural anti-band 3 antibodies in all the patients on comparing them with the normal controls, which may be related to an elevated consumption of these in the clearance process of oxidized or senescent erythrocytes with hemoglobin SS. There was no statistical difference between the group of patients in the basal state and those with painful vasoocclusive crisis, which suggests that the natural anti-band 3 antibodies do not take part in the modulation of the occlusive phenomenon that is produced in this disease. The longitudinal study of a greater number of patients that allows to go deep into this apect is recommended.

Purificación de la proteína banda 3 de eritrocitos humanos (AE 1) / Purification of band 3 protein from human erythrocytes (AE 1)

Se purifica la proteína banda 3 a partir de membranas de eritrocitos humanos con rapidez y eficiencia, mediante una combinación de cromatografía de intercambio iónico en DEAE-celulosa y de afinidad mediante el empleo de una columna pCMB-Sepharose. La obtención de banda 3 permitirá investigar su posible participación en los fenómenos oclusivos en la drepanocitosis.

The band 3 protein is purified starting form the membranes of human erythrocytes with celerity and efficiency by a combination of DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange and affinity chromatography by using a pCMB-Sepharose column. The obtention of band 3 will allow to investigate its possible participation in the occlusive phenomena in drepanocytosis.

Purificación de anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3 de la clase IgG / Purification of natural anti-band 3 IgG antibodies

Se purificaron anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3 de la clase IgG mediante cromatografía de afinidad con un aceptable nivel de pureza, rapidez y eficiencia, a partir de una mezcla de inmunoglobulinas humanas de uso parenteral. La obtención de estos anticuerpos naturales anti banda 3 permitirá abordar estudios posteriores acerca de su posible participación y potencial terapéutico en el fenómeno de vasooclusión en la drepanocitosis.

Natural anti-band 3 IgG antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography with an acceptable level of purity, rapidity and efficiency, starting from a mixture of human immunoglobulins of paren teral use. The attainment of these natural anti-band 3 antibodies will allow further studies on their possible participation and therapuetic potential in the phenomenon of drepanocytosis vasoocclusion.

Immunolocalization of anion exchanger 1 (Band 3) in the renal collecting duct of the common marmoset

The purpose of this study was to determine the expression and distribution of band 3 in the collecting duct and connecting tubules of the kidney of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), and to establish whether band 3 is expressed in type A intercalated cells. The intracellular localization of band 3 in the different populations of intercalated cells was determined by double-labeling immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical microscopy demonstrated that band 3 is located in the basolateral plasma membranes of all type A intercalated cells in the connecting tubule (CNT), cortical collecting duct (CCD), and outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) of the marmoset. However, type B intercalated cells and non-A/ non-B intercalated cells did not show band 3 labeling. Electron microscopy of the CNT, CCD and OMCD confirmed the light microscopic observation of the basolateral plasma membrane staining for band 3 in a subpopulation of interacted cells. Basolateral staining was seen on the plasma membrane and small coated vesicles in the perinuclear structure, some of which were located in the Golgi region. In addition, there was no labeling of band 3 in the mitochondria of the CNT, CCD and in OMCD cells. The intensity of the immunostaining of the basolateral membrane was less in the CNT than in the CCD and OMCD. In contrast, band 3 immunoreactivity was greater in the intracellular vesicles of the CNT. From these results, we suggest that the basolateral Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in the monkey kidney is in a more active state in the collecting duct than in the CNT.

Polimorfismo del gen de la banda 3 eritrocítica en grupos étnicos de Costa Rica / Polymorphism of the erythrocyte band 3 gene (EPB3) in ethnic groups of Costa Rica

Band 3 (AE1) is one of the most abundant proteins in the membrane of the human erythrocyte. This protein works as an anionic CI - and HCO3- exchanger and it also functions as an anchor for several proteins of the erythrocyte's cytoesqueleton. Several mutations have been described and many polymorphic variants have been associated to hereditary spherocytosis. The identification of a genetic marker at position 5' of the AEl gene could be associated to several molecular defects of the erythrocyte. This genetic marker is a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) produced by restriction enzime Pst I. For this polymorphism a total of 216 individuals belonging to seven different populations were analyzed: one from the Central Valley, two African descendants (Lim6n and Guanacaste) and four Amerindians (Bribri, Cabecar, Maleku and Guaymi). The most frequent allele in the Amerindian population was no 1. No significant differences were found with respect to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in six of the populations, although the Guaymi group does present significative differences.

Defect of Acid-base Transporters in Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis / 대한신장학회잡지

The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether the molecular defect of acid-base transporters in renal tubules is related to the functional defect of urinary acidification in distal renal tubular acidosis(RTA). We performed NH4Cl, furosemide, or bicarbonate loading test to evaluate renal acidification function, and immunohistochemistry using antibodies to H+- ATPase, Cl-/HCO3- exchanger(band-3 protein), and Na+/K+-ATPase in kidney tissue in 6 patients with RTA and renal cell carcinoma patients as normal controls. Kidney tissue was obtained either by percutaneous needle biopsy(RTA) or nephrectomy(NC). The results were as follows; 1) In all six RTA patients, proton secretory defect of distal acidification was shown by a failure to lower the urine pH after NH4Cl loading or furosemide test or abnormally low urine-blood pCO2 difference during bicarbonate loading. In two patients with RTA, proximal acidification defect was combined, which was demonstrated by increased fractional excretion of bicarbonate. 2) In normal control, intense H+-ATPase and band-3 protein staining was observed in collecting ducts. 3) In distal RTA patients, H+-ATPase and band- 3 protein staining was not demonstrable or markedly decreased in the intercalated cells of distal nephron. 4) In two patients who had both proximal and distal RTA, H+-ATPase staining was markedly decreased in the brush border of proximal tubules as well as the distal nephron. In conclusion, the defect of acid-base transporters in renal tubule was related with the functional defect of urinary acidification in distal RTA.

A new radioactive diazofluorene based heterobifunctional reagent.

Synthesis of a radioactive photoactivable heterobifunctional reagent, Noxysuccinimide ester of 2-[14C]glycyl carboxy-9-diazofluorene is described. This reagent on photolysis gives rise to a reactive carbene which rapidly inserts into solvents like methanol. The probe can be easily linked to aldolase which on photolysis gives rise to aldolase dimer, trimer and tetramer depending on the density of linked probe. This probe has also been linked to concanavalin A. The radioactive concanavalin A so obtained was incubated with erythrocyte ghosts and photolysed. The membrane protein analysis by gel electrophoresis indicated that concanavalin A has been covalently crosslinked to band 3.

The study of the relationship between erythrocytic membrane band 3 and acid-base changes in patients with cor pulmonale / 第三军医大学学报

The changes of erythrocytic membrane band 3 protein and intraery-throcytic and extrar rythrccytic gases and electrolytes were studied in 69 cases of cor pulmonale and 50 normal subjects.It was found that in the patients of cor pulmonale accompanied with type Ⅱ respiratory failure,the relative low level of erythrocytic membrane band 3 protein and the restriction of HCO-3/Cl-exchange were the factors to aggravate CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis,relative intraerythrocytic alkalosis resulted from the relative increase of intra-erythrocytic HCO-3([HCO-3]),and prompt adminstration of oxygen to cor pulmonale patients with hypoxemia could not only improve extraerythrocytic acid-base imbalance but also increase intraerythcocytic P5O2 and the tissue capacity to store oxygen.

EFFECT OF IRON DEFSCIENCY ON SODIUM, POTASSIUM-ADENOSSNE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN RAT ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES / 第二军医大学学报

To study the effect of iron deficiency (ID)on crythrocyte membrane proteins, an investigation of the activity and site of Na+-K+-ATPase in crythrocyte membrane of rats with iron deficient anemia (IDA) was conducted. It was found that changes of the enzyme activity had various ciiaracteristics as ID course went on, and there was no difference in the numbers of 3H-ouabain binding sites (R0) between IDA rats and controls. In contrast to the controls, Na+-K+- ATPase activity of IDA rats showed no relation with R0, suggesting a primary association of the abnormalized activity of the enzyme with its molecular state in ID erythrocyte membrane which could be affected by the surroundings of cell metabolism and spatial structure.