Clinical Validation of the Glenoid Track Concept in Anterior Glenohumeral Instability / Validação clínica do conceito de glenoid track na instabilidade glenoumeral anterior

Abstract Objective To evaluate the correlation of the glenoid track and glenoidal bone loss with the recurrence dislocation rate and the Rowe score. Methods Retrospective study that assessed the glenoid track and glenoidal bone loss through preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Patients undergoing primary arthroscopic repair of anterior Bankart were included. Patients with glenoidal bone loss greater than 21%, rotator cuff tear, scapular waist fracture, and posterior or multidirectional instability were not included. Rowe score were the primary outcome, and the recurrence rate was the secondary outcome. Results One hundred and two patients were included. Postoperative recurrent instability was reported by 8 patients (7.8%). Four patients (50%) in the group with recurrence presented glenoidal bone loss greater than 13.5% against 24 (25.5%) in the group without recurrence (p= 0.210), with a negative predictive value of 94.6%. Three patients (37.5%) in the recurrence group were considered off-track, against 13 (13.8%) in the group without recurrence (p= 0.109), with a negative predictive value of 94.2%. Patients with absolute glenoid track value ≤ 1.5 mm had worse results in relation to the recurrence group, with 6 patients (75%) presenting recurrence (p= 0.003). Conclusion Off-track injury and glenoidal bone loss greater than the subcritical are not related to the recurrence rate and Rowe score, despite the high negative predictive value. The cut of the absolute value of the glenoid track at 1.5 mm had a significant relationship with the recurrence rate.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a correlação do conceito de glenoid track e da perda óssea da cavidade glenoidal com a taxa de recidiva de luxação e pontuação na escala de Rowe. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo que aferiu o glenoid track e a perda óssea da cavidade glenoidal por ressonância magnética pré-operatória. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a reparo artroscópico primário de Bankart anterior. Não foram incluídos pacientes com perda óssea da cavidade glenoidal maior que 21%, rotura do manguito rotador, fratura de cintura escapular, instabilidade posterior ou multidirecional. A pontuação pela escala de Rowe foi o desfecho primário, e a taxa de recidiva foi o desfecho secundário. Resultados Cento e dois pacientes foram incluídos. A recidiva foi relatada por 8 pacientes (7,8%). Quatro pacientes (50%) do grupo com recidiva apresentaram lesão da cavidade glenoidal maior que 13,5% contra 24 (25,5%) do grupo sem recidiva (p= 0,210), com valor preditivo negativo de 94,6%. Três pacientes (37,5%) do grupo com recidiva foram considerados off-track, contra 13 (13,8%) do grupo sem recidiva (p= 0,109), com valor preditivo negativo de 94,2%. Pacientes com valor absoluto do glenoid track menor ou igual a 1,5 mm tiveram piores resultados em relação ao grupo com recidiva, sendo que 6 pacientes (75%) apresentaram recidiva (p= 0,003). Conclusão Lesão off-track e perda óssea da cavidade glenoidal maior que a subcrítica não apresentam relação significativa com a taxa de recidiva e a pontuação de Rowe, apesar do alto valor preditivo negativo. O corte do valor absoluto do glenoid track em 1,5 mm apresentou relação significativa com a taxa de recidiva.

An axillary approach for open reduction and internal fixation to treat anterior glenoid fracture: an anatomical and clinical study / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect and safety of reduction and fixation for the anterior glenoid fracture through an axillary approach.Methods:Two autopsy specimens (a total of 4 shoulder joints) were used to simulate the surgery of open reduction and internal fixation to treat anterior glenoid fracture through an axillary approach. Specimens were placed in the lateral decubitus position. An incision was made in the posterior axillary line to expose the lateral side of the scapula through the interval ahead of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Attended to the separation and protection of the axillary nerve, posterior humerus artery, thoracic dorsal nerve, and scapular artery. The surgical area of the axillary approach was divided into the upper "quadrilateral area" and the lower "trilateral area", which exposed the anteroinferior glenoid, neck, and the full length of lateral border of the scapula. Thirteen cases (7 males and 6 females) were involved in this study, all patients were diagnosed with anterior glenoid fracture and treated by open reduction and internal fixation through the axillary approach between April 2018 and December 2020. Constant-Murley score and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy.Results:Thirteen patients were enrolled for final analysis, which included 12 right cases and 1 left case. The average age was 50.38±13.74 years (range 24-67 years). All 13 patients were classified as Ideberg type Ia fracture. Anatomical buttress plates were used in 5 cases, cannulated screws combined with metacarpal plates in 7 cases, and distal radius plate in 1 case. The average length of follow-up was 13.00±5.97 months (range 6-26 months). No delayed union or malunion in all cases at the last follow-up visits. The average of Constant-Murley score was 62.46±10.26 points (range 45-83) and the DASH score was 27.56±9.76 points (range 14.14-43.33) at the three months follow up visits. At 6 months postoperatively, the Constant-Murley score was 80.85±8.32 points (range 65 to 90) and the DASH score was 11.47±8.56 points (range 0 to 35.00). Constant-Murley score at the final patient's follow-up visit was 84.54±8.95 points (range 70-95), and the DASH score was 10.94±8.67 points (range 1.67 to 33.33 points). The joint function gradually recovered with time. The functional scores at 3 months, 6 months after surgery, and final follow-up visit had significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The axillary approach is a safe and feasible approach for the treatment of the anterior glenoid fracture. This approach exposes the anteroinferior glenoid and the lateral border of the scapula, which reduces rotator-cuff injury and achieves anatomic reduction and strong fixation of the fracture. The axillary approach surgery also allows early functional physiotherapy after surgery.

Arthroscopic treatment of Hill-Sachs combined with Bankart lesions in anterior dislocation of shoulder joint / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Diagnosis and treatment of Hill-Sachs combined with Bankart lesions in anterior dislocation of shoulder joint is a major clinical challenge in orthopedics, because it likely leads to a high recurrence rate of redislocation of shoulder joint, a serious damage to the shoulder joint, recurrent shoulder injury and dramatically disturbed quality of daily life. Although various means of clinical diagnosis and treatment are available for the lesions, they all have their own advantages and disadvantages. However, arthroscopic surgery of shoulder has achieved superior curative effects, gradually becoming the first choice and a mainstream treatment. This article reviews the current research progress in pathogenesis, diagnosis and arthroscopic treatment of Hill-Sachs combined with Bankart lesions in anterior dislocation of shoulder joint.

Medición del defecto óseo del reborde glenoideo anterior en la inestabilidad glenohumeral / Measurement of the anterior glenoid rim defect in glenohumeral instability

RESUMEN Fundamento: la inestabilidad de la articulación glenohumeral es una enfermedad frecuente en especial en pacientes jóvenes, la medición preoperatoria de lesiones óseas en el reborde glenoideo anterior permite seleccionar el tratamiento quirúrgico más adecuado para cada paciente. Objetivo: proponer un método de medición factible para el defecto óseo anterior de la glenoides en enfermos con inestabilidad glenohumeral. Métodos: la búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de cuatro meses (primero de mayo de 2018 al 31 de agosto de 2018) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: glenoid bone loss, Bankart lesions, shoulder instability, unstable shoulder a partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 352 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 46 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, todas dentro de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: se mencionan la incidencia, importancia de los métodos de medición, entre los que se encuentran el del diámetro, área y comparativos bilaterales, en relación a los dos primeros se plasman las ventajas y desventajas. Se describe la técnica por pasos para realizar las mediciones. Conclusiones: los métodos de medición propuestos son factibles de realizar en el medio y permiten decidir la técnica quirúrgica a emplear en cada caso.

ABSTRACT Background: shoulder instability is a common desease, affecting mainly young patients, before surgery measures of anterior glenoid bone loss is crucial to define surgical treatment modality in each patient. Objetive: this review aims to provide a method to measure anterior glenoid bone loss in patients suffering from unstable shoulders. Methods: a four month research was conducted from May 1st 2018 to August 31th 2018. Our review included 352 articles published in PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases by using EndNote. The words used were glenoid bone loss, Bankart lesions, shoulder instability, unstable shoulder. Forty six selected citations, all them within the last five years, were used to write the present paper. Results: incidence and importance of measure methods of anterior glenoid bone loss were mentioned, among them: diameter based and surface area methods, beside comparative one. In regards to the first two, advantages and disadvantages were pointed out. The technique was described by steps to measure bone defect. Conclusions: the proposed measure methods can be used in our health institutions and are useful to decide surgical plan.

Clinical and Image Outcomes of the Hill-Sachs Injury Approach by the Remplissage Technique on the Anterior Shoulder Instability / Resultados clínicos e de imagem da abordagem da lesão de Hill-Sachs pela técnica de remplissage na instabilidade anterior do ombro

Abstract Objective To evaluate the functional outcome of the remplissage technique, the healing of the capsulotenodesis of the infraspinatus tendon in Hill-Sachs lesion, and the degree of fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle and its postoperative strength. Methods Twenty-five patients with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder and Hill-Sachs lesion with a Hardy index > 20% who underwent the remplissage arthroscopic technique were evaluated with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Patients underwent a clinical evaluation (Carter-Rowe and Walch-Duplay functional scores, measurement of range of motion and strength) and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam on the operated shoulder. Results Eighty-eight percent and 92% of the patients had good or excellent scores in the functional assessments of the Carter-Rowe andWalch-Duplay scores, respectively. Amean difference of - 1 kg in the strength of the operated limbwas observedwhen compared with the contralateral limb (p < 0.001), as well as amean difference of 10° in external rotation 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), also compared with the contralateral side. All of the patients who underwent an MRI exam presented high-grade filling of the Hill-Sachs lesion by capsulotenodesis, as well as absence of or minimal fatty infiltration in the infraspinatus muscle. Conclusion The remplissage technique had good/excellent functional score results, despite the discrete, albeit statistically significant, loss of strength and of external rotation amplitude. Successful capsulotenodesis healing and filling of the Hill-Sachs defect were demonstrated.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o resultado funcional da técnica de remplissage, a cicatrização da capsulotenodese do tendão infraespinal no defeito de Hill-Sachs, o grau de infiltração gordurosa do músculo infraespinal e sua força de rotação lateral no pós-operatório. Método Foram avaliados 25 pacientes comluxação anterior recidivante do ombro e lesão de Hill-Sachs comíndice de Hardy maior do que 20%, submetidos à técnica artroscópica de remplissage com seguimento mínimo de um ano. Os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação clínica (escores funcionais deCarter-RoweeWalch-Duplay,medição de amplitude de movimento e força) e exame de ressonância magnética no ombro operado. Resultados Dos pacientes, 88% e 92% apresentaram resultados bons ou excelentes nas avaliações funcionais pelos escores de Carter-Rowe e Walch-Duplay, respectivamente. Identificou-se diferença média de 1 kg a menos de força do membro operado em relação ao contralateral (p < 0,001) e diferença média de 10° em rotação lateral 1 e 2 (p < 0,001), novamente com o uso como referência do lado contralateral. Todos os pacientes submetidos a ressonância magnética apresentaram preenchimento de alto grau da lesão de Hill-Sachs pela capsulotenodese, assim como ausência ou mínima infiltração gordurosa no músculo infraespinal. Conclusão A técnica de remplissage apresentou resultados bons/excelentes nos escores funcionais, apesar da perda discreta de força e amplitude de rotação lateral com significância estatística. Foram observados resultados excelentes quanto à cicatrização da capsulotenodese e ao preenchimento do defeito de Hill-Sachs.

Evaluation of surgical treatment of patients with shoulder instability / Avaliação do tratamento cirúrgico artroscópico em pacientes com instabilidade do ombro

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the results of arthroscopic surgery in patients with traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 76 patients with a mean age of 28 and mean postoperative follow-up period of 62 months. Evaluation consisted of physical examination, and X-rays; results were classified according to the UCLA and Rowe scales. Results: Patients showed decrease of range of motion in all planes, except elevation and lateral rotation with 90º abduction. According to the Rowe score, significant postoperative improvement was found compared with preoperative evaluations, with 89.4% of satisfactory results. According to the UCLA score, good or excellent results were observed in 97.4% of the cases. We found a 6.5% rate of recurrence. Conclusion: Arthroscopic treatment for traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation is effective, as long as indications are used. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados da cirurgia artroscópica em pacientes com instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo de 76 pacientes, com média etária de 28 anos e tempo médio de seguimento pós-operatório de 62 meses. A avaliação foi feita por meio de exame físico, radiográfico e classificação de resultados segundo as escalas funcionais da UCLA e Rowe. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram perda de amplitude de movimento em todos os planos, exceto elevação e rotação lateral em abdução de 90º. Na avaliação da escala de Rowe, observamos, em média, melhora estatisticamente significante dos resultados pós-operatórios comparadas às avaliações pré-operatórias, com 89,4% de resultados satisfatórios. Pela escala UCLA, observamos resultados satisfatórios em 97,4% dos casos. Encontramos um índice de recidiva de 6,5%. Conclusão: A cirurgia artroscópica para o tratamento da instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro é um método eficaz, desde que se respeitem as indicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

The Influence of Arthroscopic Remplissage for Engaging Hill-Sachs Lesions Combined with Bankart Repair on Redislocation and Shoulder Function Compared with Bankart Repair Alone

BACKGROUND: Recurrence of glenohumeral dislocation after arthroscopic Bankart repair can be associated with a large osseous defect in the posterosuperior part of the humeral head. Our hypothesis is that remplissage is more effective to prevent recurrence of glenohumeral instability without a severe motion deficit. METHODS: Engaging Hill-Sachs lesions were observed in 48 of 737 patients (6.5%). Twenty-four patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair combined with remplissage (group I) and the other 24 patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair alone (group II). Clinical outcomes were prospectively evaluated by assessing the range of motion. Complications, recurrence rates, and functional results were assessed utilizing the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Rowe score, and the Korean Shoulder Score for Instability (KSSI) score. Capsulotenodesis healing after remplissage was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The average ASES, Rowe, and KSSI scores were statistically significantly higher in group I than group II. The frequency of recurrence was statistically significantly higher in group II. The average loss in external rotation measured with the arm positioned at the side of the trunk was greater in group II and that in abduction was also higher in group II. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to single arthroscopic Bankart repair, the remplissage procedure combined with arthroscopic Bankart repair was more effective to prevent the recurrence of anterior shoulder instability without significant impact on shoulder mobility in patients who had huge Hill-Sachs lesions.