ABSTRACT
Diversas investigaciones han señalado la necesidad de modificar los espacios de aprendizaje para favorecer las condiciones de salud-trabajo-vida de los docentes y para mejorar las condiciones de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Dichas modificaciones implican cambios arquitecturales, ya sea a través de amplificadores de sonido o deflectores, que permiten variar los niveles de reverberación del sonido y que por tanto modifican las necesidades de modular la voz y el desgaste asociado en el docente. El objetivo de la investigación realizada fue indagar el efecto del nivel de ruido, de la reverberación y de barreras acústicas, en el nivel atencional de 141 estudiantes de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Se utilizaron dos estrategias de medición de la atención. La primera de ellas contó con la medición del nivel atencional a través de un cuestionario con palabras pertenecientes a la clase y no pertenecientes a la misma, pero que tuvieran relación con la asignatura. La segunda estrategia midió el Índice de Atención (IA), el cual estuvo conformado por el promedio de las desviaciones de la mirada a un punto, calculado sobre una cuadrícula. Los resultados señalan diferencias significativas entre los grupos intervenidos y no intervenidos. Esta diferencia es significativa tanto para la estrategia de medición tradicional de la atención, a través del cuestionario con la lista de palabras, como para la estrategia alternativa de medición del Índice de Atención, a través de la cuadrícula. Este estudio señala que cambios específicos dirigidos a disminuir los valores de reverberación en los salones de clase, afectan positivamente los niveles de atención y el desempeño de estudiantes. Lo que indica la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones acústicas de los sitios de aprendizaje para así lograr tanto mejores comprensiones de los contenidos por parte de los estudiantes como menor desgaste en la voz de los docentes.
Noise in learning environments has proven to be a big source of health problems not only for teachers, but also for students. Noise is considered as every type of sound that we are not interested in hearing, whereas a useful sound is the one we want to perceive. Studies that analyze the relationship between the effects of noise and attention processes are developed within the idea that sound stimulation acts intermittently as an activator and therefore it can generate an over-activation in the individual due to the distortion caused by this diffused stimulation on the attention process. Furthermore, researches also show that the presence of noise affects performance by making subjects focus their attention upon aspects of the task defined as relevant. Researchers have stated the importance of changing learning spaces in order to favor the health- work-life conditions of teachers and to improve the students learning conditions. These alterations include architectural changes, using sound-field amplification, or ceiling baffles and reflect ors that allow changing the reverberation levels of sound in order to modify the need teachers have to modulate their voice and avoid wearing it out. Is common that regulations on the acoustic characteristics of many places set general requisites that are minimal and insufficient to control noise and reverberation, and that are not in line with the guidelines on intermittent sounds. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of noise, reverberation, and acoustical barriers on the level of attention of 141 students from a private university in . Modular panels with acoustic properties were used for an acoustic intervention in some classrooms, intending to reduce the noise levels. Then, all the students of four courses of Mathematics and Statistics were considered. At least two courses had classes in the class rooms that had the acoustic intervention at the beginning of the semester, and the same teacher should be teaching those courses (in both altered and unaltered classrooms) in order to exclude differences associated with the teacher. Since the investigation aimed to measure the level of attention of the students that were in both classrooms. We designed two measurement strategies that correspond to the two types of researches that study the relationship between noise and attention. However, this study presents important differences regarding the strategies that are traditionally associated with embedded figures tests, tests regarding global shape processing and details, or surveillance tasks, because these situations were not controlled within a lab but real noise situations in a classroom. Two strategies of attention measurement were used. The first strategy measured the level of attention through a questionnaire with words belonging and not belonging to the class, but related to the subject. The second strategy allows calculating the Attention Index (AI), which would be measured by the average of the times students look away to a specific point, this is indicated in a grid. The results point towards significant differences between the acoustically intervened and non-intervened groups. That difference is significant both for the traditional attention measurement strategy through a questionnaire with word list and for the alternate Attention Index (AI) measurement strategy using a grid. This study shows that noise levels have an important effect on the students attention processes, and that specific changes, aimed at decreasing reverberation values in classrooms affect positively the levels of attention and student performance. They also indicate the need to improve the acoustic conditions of learning sites in order to allow students to achieve a better understanding of contents and to lessen the fatigue of the teachers voices.
ABSTRACT
Los autores plantean una metodología donde el trabajo en sinergia de la Ingeniería Biomédica, la Ingeniería Textil, otras áreas de la ingeniería y el Diseño Industrial posibilitan el desarrollo de una barrera acústica para ambientes hospitalarios, respondiendo a las problemáticas actuales de contaminación ambiental. Se exponen en orden cronológico las etapas del proceso de diseño que se han desarrollado: problematización, conceptualización, formalización, y la conformación, en la cual se harán las pruebas de usabilidad en el prototipo obtenido. El trabajo es entonces una mirada desde el diseño al proceso de una solución objetual, es por esto que aunque se mencionan factores técnicos en cada una de las etapas, no se profundiza en ellos, esto con el fin de establecer un referente de trabajo en conjunto entre las diferentes disciplinas.
The authors propose a methodology where synergy work of Biomedical Engineering, Textile Engineering, other areas of engineering and industrial design enable the development of an acoustic barrier to hospital environments, responding to the current problems of environmental pollution. The stages of the process of design are introduced in a chronological way: the problem, conceptualization, formalization, the development, in which usability testing on the prototype will be obtained. The work is then a look from the design to the process of object-based solution, which is why although technical factors are mentioned at each of the stages, they are not work in depth, this in order to establish a benchmark for joint work between different disciplines.
Os autores propõem uma metodologia que trabalham em sinergia de Engenharia Biomédica, Engenharia Têxtil, outras áreas da engenharia e design industrial que possam permitir o desenvolvimento de uma barreira acústica de ambientes hospitalares, respondendo aos atuais problemas de poluição ambiental. Se expõem uma ordem cronológica as etapas do processo de desenho que se tem desenvolvido: Problematização, concepção, formalização, e a formação, na qual irá ser obtida em testes de usabilidade do protótipo: O trabalho é, então, um olhar desde a concepção até o processo de solução baseada em objeto, razão pela qual, embora técnicos em cada um dos estágios mencionados, não se dá profundeza neles, isso a fim de estabelecer uma referência para trabalhar em conjunto entre diferentes disciplinas.