La investigación básica como propuesta de línea de investigación en psicología

Se analiza el estado de la investigación en Latinoamérica, haciendo un énfasis central en Bolivia, concluyendo que la investigación básica en este contexto es muy escaza y casi nula, siendo que, más bien, se hace énfasis en otro tipo de investigaciones que, desde la postura adoptada, no constituyen actividades científicas propiamente dichas. Por otra parte, se expone las diferencias entre ciencia y tecnología realizando sus respectivos análisis. Por último, se expone los beneficios de realizar investigaciones a nivel básico para las problemáticas sociales con base en las propuestas de las líneas de investigación teórico- analíticas e interdisciplinarias.

The state of research in Latin America is analyzed, with a central emphasis on Bolivia, concluding that basic research in this context is very scarce and almost null, and that emphasis is placed on other types of research which, from the position adopted, do not constitute scientific activities in the strict sense of the word. On the other hand, the differences between science and technology are presented with their respective analyses. Finally, the benefits of conducting research at a basic level for social problems based on the proposal of theoretical-analytical and interdisciplinary lines of research are presented.

Analisa-se o estado da investigação na América Latina, com ênfase central na Bolívia, concluindo-se que a investigação básica neste contexto é muito escassa e quase inexistente, e que se dá ênfase a outros tipos de investigação que, do ponto de vista adoptado, não constituem actividades científicas no sentido estrito do termo. Por outro lado, as diferenças entre ciência e tecnologia são apresentadas e analisadas. Finalmente, são apresentados os benefícios de realizar investigação a um nível básico para problemas sociais com base na proposta de linhas teórico-analíticas e interdisciplinares de investigação.

Oficina para elaboração de testes de múltipla escolha de ciências básicas aplicadas: relato de experiência / Workshop on item writing to assess basic sciences in health professional education: an experience report

Resumo: Introdução: A avaliação do estudante é componente essencial de todo programa educacional. O aprendizado das ciências básicas é fundamental para dar sentido ao que se aprende na fase clínica da formação de um profissional em saúde. Entretanto, a maioria dos treinamentos de elaboradores de testes de múltipla escolha (TME) é voltada à formulação de questões clínicas e não inclui abordagem específica para questões das ciências básicas. Relato de experiência: Foi realizada uma oficina para a capacitação docente na elaboração de TME de aplicação dos conhecimentos de ciências básicas, visando à elaboração de uma prova a ser aplicada no final do ciclo básico de seis cursos da saúde. O material instrucional foi elaborado pelos autores, que ofereceram uma oficina no formato on-line. Um diferencial dessa capacitação foi a aplicação de modelos de elaboração de enunciados com contextos definidos, utilizando momentos de preparo assíncronos e encontro síncrono. Após a oficina, aplicaram-se questionários sobre a satisfação e aprendizagem dos participantes. A maioria avaliou a oficina como boa ou muito boa e referiu aumento da percepção de capacidade para elaborar TME, e, ao final, somente 7% se sentiram pouco preparados para elaborar um TME seguindo as boas práticas. Houve melhora na qualidade dos TME elaborados, tendo como referencial os índices de dificuldade e discriminação. Discussão: Existem evidências do valor do desenvolvimento do corpo docente na melhoria da qualidade das questões produzidas. O formato de oficina proposto foi bem avaliado pelos participantes e contribuiu para a qualidade das questões de provas aplicadas ao final do ciclo básico. Conclusão: Estratégias como a descrita qualificam as avaliações dentro da escola e contribuem para a organização de provas externas.

Abstract: Introduction: Student assessment is an essential component of all educational programs. Basic science learning is essential for making clinical knowledge meaningful to healthcare students. However, most item writer training is focused on the formulation of clinical questions and does not include a specific approach to basic science questions. Experience Report: Workshops on item writing for knowledge application on basic sciences were carried out with the aim of planning a test to be applied at the end of the basic cycle of six health courses. The instructional material was prepared by the authors, who offered online workshops. A differential of this training was the application of models of item lead-in elaboration with defined contexts, using moments of asynchronous preparation and synchronous encounter. After each workshop, surveys were applied to assess participants' satisfaction and learning. Most participants rated the workshop as good or very good and reported an increase in their perceived ability to prepare single best answer multiple-choice questions. At the end, only 7% reported they were not prepared to write an item following good practices. There was an improvement in the quality of the items prepared, using the difficulty and discrimination indexes as a reference. Discussion: There is evidence of the value of faculty development in improving the quality of the questions produced. The proposed workshop format was well evaluated by the participants and contributed to the quality of tests applied to students at the end of the basic science cycle. Conclusion: Strategies such this qualify assessments within the school and contribute to the organization of external exams.

Perception of medical students regarding breast feeding at Al Tibri Medical College and Hospital: a comparative study

Background: Breast milk is an ideal feed for infants, and it is effective in ensuring child health and survival. The study was done to assess the perception regarding breastfeeding among medical students of basic and clinical sciences and to compare knowledge regarding feeding among basic sciences with clinical sciences students.Methods: This cross-sectional survey was done at Al-Tibri Medical College and Hospital over a period of 6 months from February 2019 till July 2109. A self-generated Questionnaire was used to assess the perception of 367 medical students regarding breast feeding from basic and clinical sciences of medical students. Result was statistically analyzed using SPSS version 22. Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative data, p-value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total of 367 students participated in the study with 159(43.3%) from basic medical sciences and 208(56.7%) from clinical sciences. Out of respondents, 54.5% were females. Internet was the main source of knowledge (47.3%) as shown in the graph, 74.1% were native. Generally, the majority of students from clinical group had a better perception regarding breastfeeding initiation and continuation along with infant and maternal benefit. Clinical science group had an edge on the basic science group with reference to their perception of breastfeeding in special circumstances.Conclusions: Medical universities are the main platform for future physicians, so knowledge regarding breast feeding promotion and practices should be given from this stage.

Insertion of medical biophysics in the integrated medical curriculum

Background: Despite the definition of medical biophysics as interdisciplinary field, using the principles and laws of the physics sciences to describe and investigate biological processes for the purpose of medical application, the results and outcome of insertion of medical biophysics in the medical curriculum have no longer emerged and many medical schools restrict the medical biophysics to the preparatory phase or maximum in the basic years and omit it completely in clinical years. Objective: The objective of the study is to emerge our experience in the insertion of medical biophysics in the integrated medical curriculum in its two forms; horizontal and vertical and reveal its outcome in the student achievement in the whole curriculum. Materials and Methods: Following the Kern’s six steps for curriculum development to plan and implement the medical biophysics in the medical curriculum. The questionnaire was applied to measure the degree of students satisfaction about all Kern’ steps of the medical biophysics course. One-way ANOVA was used to estimate the degree of satisfaction about all Kern’ steps. Results: Goals and objectives (step 3) revealed the followings: students showing strongly satisfied (86; 57.3%), satisfied (44; 29.3%), neutral (3; 2%) dissatisfied (11; 7.3%) and strongly dissatisfied (6; 4%) with significant P value obtained. For educational strategies (step 4): students showed strongly satisfied (55; 36.6%), satisfied (45; 30%), neutral (10; 6.6%), dissatisfied (23; 15.3%), and strongly dissatisfied (17; 11.3%). While the students satisfaction regarding the implementation step (step 5) revealed: strongly satisfied (65; 43.3%), satisfied (41; 27.3%), neutral (12; 8%), dissatisfied (22; 14.6%) and strongly dissatisfied (10; 6.6%). Regarding the students assessment step (step 6): strongly satisfied (25; 16.6%), satisfied (45; 30%), neutral (9; 6%), dissatisfied (32; 21.3%) and strongly dissatisfied (29; 19.3%). Conclusion: Medical biophysics is an interdisciplinary field and is considered a good example of integration at a high level. Hence, it must be heavily addressed in the medical curriculum to facilitate the understanding of major new approaches in the disease and cosmetic management that appeared in recent years and considered a new era in medicine.

Psicologia Social como Ciência e Prática: O que Pensam Pesquisadores Brasileiros? / Social Psychology as Science and Practice: What do Brazilian Researchers Think?

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer como pesquisadores da Psicologia Social brasileira a concebem, considerando a dicotomia ciência-prática. Participaram 100 representantes de grupos de pesquisa dessa disciplina. Estes responderam questionário online com cinco partes: concepções da psicologia social, representantes da área, periódicos de referência, atitudes frente à disciplina como ciência aplicada e básica e informações demográficas. A psicologia social foi concebida como sócio-histórico-crítica, polarizando entre Silvia Lane e Aroldo Rodrigues. Considerou-se Psicologia & Sociedadec omo mais apropriada para publicações desta área, destacando-se internacionalmente o Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. As atitudes dos participantes a caracterizaram como mais aplicada. Concluindo, predomina a perspectiva abrapsiana no Brasil, divergindo alguns pesquisadores da psicologia social clássica.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to gain knowledge regarding the way Brazilian Social Psychology researchers conceive their field, considering the science-practice dichotomy. Participants were 100 representatives of research groups of this discipline. They answered an online questionnaire with five parts: conceptions of social psychology, area representatives, reference journals, attitudes toward the discipline as basic and applied sciences and demographic questions. Social psychology was conceived as socio-historical-critical, polarizing between Silvia Lane and Aroldo Rodrigues. The journal Psicologia & Sociedade was considered the most appropriate for publications in this area, while internationally the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology was highlighted. Participants' attitudes characterized this discipline as applied rather than basic science. In conclusion, the abrapsian perspective is predominant in Brazil, diverging some researchers of the classic social psychology.

Ece as A Novel Teaching-Learning Method in Curriculum Of Anatomy.

Introduction: Anatomy is one of the basic science disciplines in the medical undergraduate curriculum and forms the foundation for the training of future doctors. It not only involves a vast curriculum but for some students it is a complex and dry subject. To make it interesting, a lot of educators are of the opinion that knowledge of Anatomy should be acquired in a situation resembling those in which it will be applied. MCI (Medical Council of India) in its ‘VISION 2015’, has introduced a restructured curriculum and training program for undergraduate teaching with emphasis on early clinical exposure, integration of basic and clinical sciences, clinical competence and skills and new teaching learning methodologies. This according to MCI, will lead to a new generation of medical graduates of global standards. In the present setup, in the undergraduate curriculum, students are exposed to clinical subjects only during the second year. However, it has been observed that students find it difficult to recollect essential basic concepts during clinical postings. To improve this scenario, it has become necessary to introduce the students to clinical problems within the first undergraduate year itself, as advocated by the MCI. As medical education continues to advance, it is the endeavour of educators as well as MCI, to attempt to prepare students for their professional lives. ECE will help students to develop a professional identity, increase motivation to learn, ensure well integrated knowledge of the basic sciences so as to retain knowledge better and even consider career options earlier. ECE also promotes selfdirected learning and analytical skills in students. Conclusion: ECE is a useful method for a basic science like anatomy if it is taken up with the traditional teaching method. Anatomy will be better understood, retained and later practically applied, if learned in a clinically significant set-up.

Integrative learning in morphology: philosophical grounds of thefounding educators of the Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences,Sao Paulo, Brazil

This aim of this paper is to briefly report the education methodology employed at the Santa Casa School of Medical Sciences’ undergraduate program, founded in 1963, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Some relevant historical aspects are also brought out in order to provide readers with a glimpse of the social scenario that have yielded such successful model, based on integrative, practice-based strategies. Developed from simple concepts, innovative at that time, the educational system, the building structure of the hospital-university facilities and the pedagogical method remains modern and still inspires educators nowadays. The Department of Morphology is in alignment with these principles, working with the minimum possible lectures and exploring practical experience to the maximum. The disciplines of anatomy, histology and embryology comprise the curricular unit, elaborated per organ system, in a pedagogical program based on: timeline organization of the disciplines, strong theory-practice linkage, and a proactive learning system. The faculty members are trained in multiple areas to be as versatile as possible, delivering lectures and assisting in the practical training. New teaching methods may aggregate value to this model. We believe that such didactic approach can provide students with a realistic perspective of the main purpose and applicability of the basic sciences.

¿Continuamos informando o asumimos el cambio? / May We Continue Informing or May We Assume the Change?

Los sistemas educativos tradicionales han convertido a los estudiantes en entidades pasivas que guardan información transitoriamente, sin mayores capacidades para procesarla y aplicarla a la solución de situaciones de la vida diaria. La discusión generalizada entre los investigadores de la educación plantea la necesidad de cambiar las estrategias pedagógicas que han favorecido esas situaciones, para permitir una formación integral del individuo como ser capaz de razonar, crear, innovar y desarrollarse autónomamente. Las exigencias gubernamentales, institucionales e incluso las políticas de la globalización y el desarrollo del ser humano basado en la economía del conocimiento reclaman ese cambio de estrategias en el sistema pedagógico de enseñanza-aprendizaje; pues aunque éste se encuentre amenazado por la resistencia natural que ofrece el enfrentamiento con una cultura establecida, debe darse desde el aula de una manera inmediata. Como respuesta a esa necesidad, la Unidad de Bioquímica del Instituto de Ciencias Básicas de la Facultad de Medicina (Universidad del Rosario) plantea una estrategia no tradicional en pos del cambio.

Traditional educative systems, had convert students in passive recipient, who are keeping information without any possibility to process and apply it for the solution of daily problems. General discussion between educative researchers, had been establish the necessity to change the educative strategies that have been supporting those situations, looking for an integral education of the individual in terms of the capacity to argue, to create, to innovate, to develop by him self with independence. Governments, institutions and the politics requirements, that handle the globalization and the human development based in the knowledge economy, demand changes in the pedagogical system strategies in spite of the barriers from the traditional educative system. Responding to these necessity, the Biochemistry Department belong to the Basic Sciences Institute from the Medicine Faculty in the University of Rosario, is applying a different pedagogical strategy.

The New Duke University Curriculum: Innovation and the Future in Medical Education / 医学教育

The curriculum of the Duke University School of Medicine is unique and innovative because it starts clinical clerkships in the 2nd year and has introduced research fellowships in the 3rd year. New external pressures require innovations. The innovations of the Duke curriculum are as follows: greater integration of clinical and basic-science education, continuous early clinical exposure in clinics and hospitals, a stronger structure for clinical educational programs, monitoring of each student's performance and of the effectiveness of programs, and extensive program evaluation by surveying directors of graduates.

Experimental Sciences in Surgery : Harvey Cushing's Work at the Turn of the Twentieth Century / 의사학

No Abstract Available.

History of the Korean medical journals (1945-1995) - principally on the basic science journals / 의사학

The development of Korean medical journals is summarized as the following: 1) Until the early 1960s there were not basic medical journals except Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology (first issued in the year of 1958), so researchers of basic medical science had difficulty in publishing their articles. 2) Many of the basic medical journals made their first appearance around the mid-1960s, but the progress was not striking until the mid-1980s. 3) From the mid-1980s most of the journals rapidly developed in the aspect of quality as well as quantity. The increase in the number of issues per year and articles per an issue, and the increment of the articles written in English are remarkably found. The increase in the number of researchers, appropriate education and training, improvement of the research facilities, the growth of research fund, and increment of the international academic exchange are thought to be the main factors of such development. Besides those factors, the devotion of the editors of the journals played the important role.