Research progress on dental materials for preventing root caries / 口腔疾病防治

@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.

STUDY ACCLIMATIZED SEED SAMPLE SAPOSHNIKOVIA DIVARICATA (TURCZ) SCHISCHK IN VIETNAM

In this study, we evaluated several agronomic characteristics of S. divaricata when grown in various regions in Vietnam, including Northeast, Northwest, and Central Highlands. Among the three regions, S. divaricata grown in Northwestern Vietnam has the highest yield reaching 6.21 tons/ha, with a total active ingredient content of 0.655% (Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin 0.383% and 5-O-methylvisamminoside 0.272%). This is followed by the Central Highlands of which S. divaricata yielded 4.12 tons/ha, with a total active ingredient content is 0.543% (Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin 0.292% and 5-O-methylvisamminoside 0.251%). The lowest yield of S. divaricata was recorded in Northeast with 3.13 tons/ha, of which a total active ingredient content was 0.394% with 0.253% for Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 0.141% for 5-O- methylvisamminoside. With the applied analytical conditions, HPLC - DAD chromatograms are obtained with sharp peaks of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (tR = 7.51 min) and 5-O-methylvisamminoside (tR = 20.23 min) , balanced, clear on the background of the medicinal plants Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. In particular, the applicable analytical conditions allow for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of both prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 5- O-methylvisaminoside. The results of building the standard curve prim-O-glucosylcimifugin Y = (16146)X – 4020.3, R2 = 0.9992, standard curve 5-O- methylvisamminoside Y = (20490)X – 6921.8, R2 = 0.9999. The quantitative results of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 5-O- methylvisamminoside in all regions were slightly higher than that of the pharmacopoeias of Vietnam, China and Hong Kong with the total active ingredient content not less than 0.24%. Thus, The study concluded that Vietnam is a country that can develop medicinal plants Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk

Intención de aceptación a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en sectores vulnerables del Ecuador

Introducción: La COVID-19 causó que varios sectores profesionales hayan tenido que enfrentarlo en primera línea, viéndose afectados ante la vulnerabilidad de contraer el virus. A pesar de la baja tasa de mortalidad de los momentos actuales y la poca saturación de pacientes con COVID-19 en los centros de salud, la aplicación de una cuarta dosis de inoculación ha generado posturas diferentes entre varios países. Objetivo: Determinar si el personal considerado con altos riesgos de vulnerabilidad de la ciudad de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, en Ecuador, tiene intenciones favorables para la aplicación de la cuarta dosis de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo de alcance correlacional y diseño transversal. Un cuestionario conformado por 16 preguntas midió las variables: riesgo de contagio, conocimiento percibido sobre la vacuna, confianza sobre la vacuna e intención de vacunarse; el cual fue aplicado a 375 participantes. Los análisis estadísticos fueron desarrollados a través de Excel y Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21 (SPSS 21). Resultados: Los análisis estadísticos evidenciaron que el riesgo de contagio (β=0,178**), el conocimiento percibido sobre la vacuna (β=0,218**) y la confianza sobre la vacuna (β=0,192**) se correlacionan significativamente con la intención de vacunarse, ante lo cual se evidencia la necesidad de recibir una cuarta dosis de inoculación por parte de los sectores vulnerables. Conclusiones: Esta es la primera investigación que expone resultados respecto a la intención de vacunación en las personas vulnerables y pone en evidencia la intención de acceder a una cuarta dosis de inoculación.

Introduction: COVID-19 caused healthcare professional workers have faced the pandemic on the frontline at the risk of being infected with the virus. Despite the low mortality rate at present and the low presence of patients with COVID-19 in health care centers, the application of a fourth booster dose has generated different positions among several countries. Objective: To determine whether personnel considered being at high risk of vulnerability in the city of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, have favorable intentions for receiving the fourth booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Method: A quantitative study of correlational scope and cross-sectional design was developed. A questionnaire consisting of 16 questions measured the following variables: risk of infection, perceived knowledge of the vaccine, confidence in the vaccine and intention to be vaccinated; this questionnaire was applied to 375 participants. Statistical analyses were developed using the microsoft Excel spreadsheed and Statistical Packagefor Social Sciences 21 (SPSS 21). Results: Statistical analyses showed that the risk of infection (β=0.178**), perceived knowledge about the vaccine (β=0.218**) and confidence about the vaccine (β=0.192**) are significantly correlated with the intention to be fully vaccinated, thus showing the need for a fourth booster dose by vulnerable sectors. Conclusion: This is the first research that presents results regarding the intention to vaccinate vulnerable people and highlights the intention to access a fourth booster dose.

Introdução: O COVID-19 fez com que diversos setores profissionais o enfrentassem na linha de frente, sendo afetados pela vulnerabilidade de contrair o vírus. Apesar da baixa taxa de mortalidade atual e da baixa saturação de pacientes com COVID-19 nos centros de saúde, a aplicação de uma quarta dose de inoculação gerou posições diferentes entre vários países. Objetivo: Determinar se o pessoal considerado de alto risco de vulnerabilidade na cidade de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, no Equador, tem intenções favoráveis para a aplicação da quarta dose da vacina contra COVID-19. Método: Foi desenvolvido um estudo quantitativo com escopo correlacional e delineamento transversal. Um questionário composto por 16 questões mediu as variáveis: risco de contágio, conhecimento percebido sobre a vacina, confiança sobre a vacina e intenção de se vacinar; que foi aplicado a 375 participantes. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no Excel e no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 21 (SPSS 21). Resultados: As análises estatísticas mostraram que o risco de contágio (β=0,178**), o conhecimento percebido sobre a vacina (β=0,218**) e a confiança sobre a vacina (β=0,192**) estão significativamente correlacionados com a intenção de ser vacinado, o que evidencia a necessidade de receber uma quarta dose de inoculação por setores vulneráveis. Conclusões: Esta é a primeira pesquisa que expõe resultados sobre a intenção de vacinação em pessoas vulneráveis e evidencia a intenção de acessar uma quarta dose de inoculação.

Radiation dose estimation and protective measure discussion of 241Am-Be neutron source logging / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the radiation dose to operators in the process of 241Am-Be neutron source logging, and discuss neutron source management and protective measures for operators in well logging. Methods Through on-site observation and measurement of 241Am-Be neutron source logging in a company, we obtained the surface γ dose rate and neutron dose rate of the neutron source, as well as the operating time and distance of various processes including source taking, transfer, and loading, calculated the radiation dose to operators in various processes, and analyzed the source and proportion of the personal effective dose to operators. Results The effective doses of neutron irradiation and γ irradiation were 94.17 μSv and 2.72 μSv, respectively, for the combined processes of source tank inspection, transfer, and detection; 36.66 μSv and 24.08 μSv, respectively, for source loading and unloading; and 130.83 μSv and 26.80 μSv, respectively, for the whole neutron source logging process. The total annual effective dose of neutron source logging was 15.78 mSv, as estimated by logging 100 times per year. Conclusion In the process of 241Am-Be neutron source logging in the company, the effective dose to operators mainly arises from neutron irradiation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen neutron source management and take effective protective measures against neutron radiation.

Discovery and discussion of 7Be and another full-energy peak in water from 3D water phantom of a proton therapy system / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To discuss 7Be and a 77.2 keV full-energy peak with short half-life found in the water sample from the 3D water phantom of a proton therapy system. Methods We measured the water sample from the 3D water phantom of a proton therapy system according to Determination of Radionuclides in Water by Gamma Spectrometry (GB/T 16140—2018). Results The activity concentration of 7Be in the water sample was 1.30 × 101 Bq·L−1 on December 24, 2018; 4.3 × 101 Bq·L−1 on March 22, 2019; and 1.41 × 101 Bq·L−1 at the time of sampling on December 19, 2018. On December 24, 2018, the net peak area of the 77.2 keV full-energy peak in the sample was 683 ± 45, and the measurement time was 26123.02 s; on March 22, 2019, the net peak area decreased to the background level of 194 ± 49, and the measurement time was 86400.00 s. Conclusion In the 3D water phantom of the proton therapy system, 7Be can be generated from the spallation reaction between high-energy neutrons and oxygen in water. In addition, we find a full-energy peak at 77.2 keV with short half-life. The activity concentration of 7Be in the water sample is lower than the exemption level, but the activity concentration at sampling may not be the maximum activity concentration in the process of quality control. The inductive radionuclide 7Be produced in the 3D water phantom should be identified and properly evaluated in the assessment of occupational radiation hazards of proton therapy system.

Cognition of prevention and control of cervical cancer and influencing factors of HPV vaccination intention among college students in Xiangyang / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective The knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and control，the cognition of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and the willingness to vaccinate HPV vaccine among college students in Xiangyang were investigated and analyzed to provide a reliable scientific basis for the primary prevention of cervical cancer prevention and control in Xiangyang. Methods By means of stratified sampling method and self-made questionnaire, this paper conducted a questionnaire survey among college students in 3 universities in Xiangyang. Results A total of 8 523 college students participated in the questionnaire survey, and 4 473 of them had sufficient knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and control and HPV vaccine, with the awareness rate of 52.48%. Male students, rural residents and non-medical majors were the influencing factors of insufficient knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and control and HPV vaccine. Among the 6 459 female college students who participated in the survey, 5,993 (92.79%) were willing to be vaccinated, and 859 (13.30%) were already vaccinated. Major, educational background, living expenses and cognitive scores were the influencing factors of HPV vaccination intention. Conclusion College students in Xiangyang City are relatively deficient in the knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and control and HPV vaccine. Targetable science popularization and education can improve college students' correct understanding of cervical cancer prevention and control knowledge, promote the HPV vaccine vaccination plan, and reduce the occurrence of HPV-related diseases and cervical cancer.

Caracterização atual da objeção de consciência: proposta crítica e renovada / Current characterization of conscientious objection: a critical and renewed proposal / Caracterización actual de la objeción de conciencia: propuesta crítica y renovada

Resumo O artigo caracteriza a "objeção de consciência" - cercada por controvérsias e marcada pela ausência de definição unificada - e os limites de seu exercício. O objetivo da pesquisa, baseada na abordagem de revisão crítica de literatura, é propor uma definição para o termo. Para isso, identificaram-se situações em que a objeção de consciência é erroneamente invocada ou serve de pretexto para comportamentos antiéticos, e se procurou estabelecer os elementos que verdadeiramente compõem tal objeção. O conceito proposto pretende contribuir para esclarecer o assunto e estabelecer limites justos ao exercício ético desse direito.

Abstract This article characterizes "conscientious objection" - surrounded by controversies and marked by the absence of a unified definition - and the limits of its exercise. From a critical literature review approach, the objective is to propose a definition for the term. For such, situations where conscientious objection is wrongly invoked or serves as a pretext for unethical behavior were identified, and an attempt to establish the elements that truly compose such objection was made. The proposed concept intends to contribute to clarifying the matter and establishing fair limits to the ethical exercise of this right.

Resumen El artículo caracteriza la "objeción de conciencia", rodeada de controversias y marcada por la ausencia de una definición unificada, y los límites de su ejercicio. El objetivo de la investigación, basada en el enfoque de la revisión crítica de la literatura, es proponer una definición para el término. Para ello, se identificaron situaciones en las que la objeción de conciencia se invoca erróneamente o sirve de pretexto para conductas poco éticas, y se intentó establecer los elementos que verdaderamente componen dicha objeción. El concepto propuesto pretende contribuir a clarificar el tema y establecer límites justos al ejercicio ético de este derecho.

Sistema de gestión TO-BE: garantizar el derecho a la salud de pacientes con ITS en Perú / TO-BE management system: guaranteeing the right to health of patients with STIs in Peru

Se realizó una investigación de campo para conocer la gestión de los procesos de solicitud y admisión de citas médicas, considerando la estigmatización y discriminación de las personas ITS, con el fin de garantizar el derecho a la salud de estos pacientes en Perú. Se ejecutó la sistematización de la información sobre los procesos y mecanismos de exigibilidad, bajo los lineamientos y manuales de los cuatro procesos estratégicos del MINSA contemplados para el otorgamiento de citas médicas, siguiendo los lineamientos de Gob.Pe, Adicionalmente, mediante verificación de los procesos se construyeron la matriz entidad-relación de la gestión por procesos del SSP, y el flujograma del proceso de solicitud y otorgamiento de citas AS-ISS. Se consideraron aspectos tecnológicos-médicos-legales con la participación de 201 pacientes independientemente del motivo o patología a consultar, identificando incidentes en la eficiencia del proceso misional. Por último, se implementó el flujograma de procesos de reserva de citas médicas a través de la aplicación ejecutable para smartphones, tabletas y otros dispositivos móviles (APP) TO-BE la cual conlleva a 10 pasos desde el registro de usuario hasta la emisión de comprobante de otorgamiento de cita médica. Se analizaron las preferencias de los usuarios sobre las causas superables en el proceso misional, mediante una encuesta estructura a 170 usuarios de SSP(AU)

A field investigation was carried out to learn about the management of the processes of request and admission of medical appointments, considering the stigmatization and discrimination of STI people, in order to guarantee the right to health of these patients in Peru. The systematization of the information on the processes and mechanisms of enforceability was carried out, under the guidelines and manuals of the four strategic processes of the MINSA contemplated for the granting of medical appointments, following the guidelines of Gov. Pe, Additionally, through verification of the processes The entity-relationship matrix of the management by processes of the SSP, and the flowchart of the process of request and granting of appointments AS-ISS were constructed. Technological-medical-legal aspects were considered with the participation of 201 patients regardless of the reason or pathology to be consulted, identifying incidents in the efficiency of the missionary process. Finally, the flowchart of medical appointment reservation processes was implemented through the executable application for smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices (APP) TO-BE, which entails 10 steps from user registration to issuance of voucher of granting a medical appointment. Users' preferences regarding causes that can be overcome in the missionary process were analyzed through a structured survey of 170 SSP users(AU)

Aportes del uso de Simuladores educativos en aula como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje de los alumnos de la Facultad de Psicología de la UAQ / Contributions of the use of educational simulators in the classroom as a tool to improve the quality of learning in the students of the faculty of psychology of the UAQ

Dentro de este magnífico mundo de enseñanza ­aprendizaje existen muchos elementos de influencia más allá de solo un maestro, un alumno o un aula; crear ambientes de aprendizaje dinámicos, efectivos y orientados a la generación de aprendizaje significativo es tarea de todos los profesionales de la educación; para ello debemos romper esquemas, modelos anacrónicos y pensar en estrategias propositivas adaptadas a las nuevas y diferentes formas de aprender de las generaciones actuales y futuras creando entornos amigables, prácticos y efectivos. Este artículo plantea la utilización de simuladores en los ámbitos educativos, como una forma de facilitar el aprendizaje mediante el uso de los métodos y herramientas de transmisión de conocimiento adaptadas a las necesidades de aprendizaje actuales, es decir, de explotar las herramientas propias de la época en la que vivimos; en este caso las tecnológicas; esto se vuelve necesario considerando que tanto los métodos de enseñanza ­aprendizaje, como los sistemas educativos de hoy en día, ya no son del todo suficientes para cubrir las expectativas de educación actuales, debido a que hoy en día en muchos países aún se siguen utilizando métodos y estrategias educativas diseñadas para cubrir las necesidades de las sociedades del siglo pasado. En este documento se habla sobre la necesidad actual de contar con herramientas que potencialicen la calidad y efectividad del proceso de enseñanza ­aprendizaje en las aulas y de la propuesta de un método de investigación participativa en la cual es posible identificar cómo la implementación de herramientas TIC por medio del uso de simuladores en aula, es efectiva y benéfica para mejorarla adquisición y dominio de conocimiento en los estudiantes de la licenciatura de Psicología del trabajo de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, logrando en ellos un mejor desempeño profesional y mayor éxito en las actividades propias de su profesión.

Around the magnific world of the teaching -learning, exist many influencing elements more than the only a professor, a student or an classroom; work to make a dynamic and effective learning environments and oriented to create significative learning is a job of all the professionals of learning, to do that, we have to broke schemes, anachronic models and think In propositives strategies aligned to the new and different ways of learn of the actually and future generations, creating friendly, practical and effective environments. This article proposes the use of simulator systems in educational environments, is a way to facilitate the learning through the use of methods and tools to help the transmission of knowledge adapted to current learning needs, that is to, exploit the modern tools; the technology tools. That becomes necessary considering that both the teaching ­learning methods and the actually educational systems, are very far from covering the current education expectations and needs because in many countries are using educational methods and strategies designed to comply the needs of the last century societies. This article, talk about the current need to count with tools that enhance the quality and effectiveness of the teaching -learning process in the classrooms and the proposal of a participatory investigation method with which is possible to identify how the implementation of TIC tools across the use of simulators in classroom is effective and beneficial to get better and acquire mastery of learning on the psychology students of autonomous university of Querétaro, achieving a better professional performance in them and greater success in professional activities.

The right to be forgotten and COVID-19: privacy versus public interest / El derecho al olvido y el COVID-19: privacidad frente a interés público / O direito ao esquecimento e COVID-19: privacidade versus interesse público

Abstract: Recent studies highlight the importance of digital surveillance to gather individual health information due to the global pandemic caused by the new COVID-19 disease. This paper analyses its legal and ethical implications at the interface between the individual right to privacy and the collective interests of public health. We framed the discussion in law, deontology and utilitarianism. The lasted theories and human rights, especially privacy, are crucial in our argument. Health-derived dilemmas and efforts to solve them, especially by information technologies, bioethics and law, exist at these perspectives' interface. In particular, we analysed the intersection between autonomy, the right to privacy, and the so-called 'right to be forgotten' in the public health context. In other words, we studied the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of health data - a radical means of control over personal data established in Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Given the lack of specifics regarding collection and re-use of such data under the broad scope of public health purposes, implied consent does not address the issue of proportionality. We highlight legal safeguards' insufficiency, suggesting applying the 'right to be forgotten' according to an ethical interpretation.

Resumen: Estudios recientes destacan la importancia de la vigilancia digital para recoger información sanitaria individual debido a la pandemia mundial causada por la nueva enfermedad COVID-19. Este artículo analiza sus implicaciones legales y éticas en la interfaz entre el derecho individual a la privacidad y los intereses colectivos de la salud pública. Enmarcamos la discusión en el derecho, la deontología y el utilitarismo. Estas últimas teorías y los derechos humanos, especialmente la privacidad, son cruciales en nuestro argumento. Los dilemas relacionados con la salud y los esfuerzos por resolverlos, especialmente a través de la tecnología de la información, la bioética y el derecho, se encuentran en la interfaz de estas perspectivas. En particular, analizamos la intersección entre la autonomía, el derecho a la privacidad y el llamado "derecho al olvido" en el contexto de la salud pública. Es decir, estudiamos el derecho a obtener del responsable del tratamiento la supresión de los datos de salud, un medio radical de control sobre los datos personales establecido en el artículo 17 del Reglamento general de protección de datos (RGPD). Dada la falta de especificidades en cuanto a la recogida y reutilización de dichos datos dentro del amplio ámbito de los objetivos de salud pública, el consentimiento implícito no aborda la cuestión de la proporcionalidad. Destacamos la insuficiencia de las garantías legales, sugiriendo la aplicación del "derecho al olvido" según una interpretación ética.

Resumo: Estudos recentes salientam a importância da vigilância digital para recolher informações individuais de saúde devido à pandemia global causada pela nova doença COVID-19. Este artigo analisa as suas implicações legais e éticas na interface entre o direito individual à privacidade e os interesses coletivos da saúde pública. Enquadramos a discussão no direito, na deontologia e no utilitarismo. As últimas teorias e os direitos humanos, especialmente a privacidade, são cruciais na nossa argumentação. Dilemas derivados da saúde e esforços para os resolver, especialmente através das tecnologias da informação, da bioética e do direito, existem na interface destas perspetivas. Em particular, analisámos a intersecção entre autonomia, direito à privacidade, e o chamado "direito ao esquecimento" no contexto da saúde pública. Por outras palavras, estudámos o direito de obter do responsável pelo tratamento o apagamento dos dados de saúde, um meio radical de controlo dos dados pessoais estabelecido no artigo 17º do Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados (RGPD). Dada a falta de especificidades em relação à recolha e reutilização de tais dados no âmbito alargado dos objetivos de saúde pública, o consentimento implícito não aborda a questão da proporcionalidade. Destacamos a insuficiência de salvaguardas jurídicas, sugerindo a aplicação do "direito ao esquecimento" de acordo com uma interpretação ética.

The right to be forgotten versus the right to disclosure of gamete donors' id: ethical and legal considerations / El derecho al olvido frente al derecho a revelar la identificación de los donantes de gametos: consideraciones éticas y jurídicas / O direito ao esquecimento versus o direito à divulgação da identificação de dadores de gâmetas: considerações éticas e legais

Abstract: 15. The anonymity of gamete donors in the context of medically-assisted reproduction techniques (ART) and the right of the offspring to know their genetic or biological parents' identity is a controversial and widely debated topic in the scientific literature. The positions on the issue in each country are different. Sometimes they are in opposition to each other even in countries with strong similarities, such as those in the European Union (EU), in the framework of shared ethical values. Although some countries still enshrine the rule of anonymity, there is an undeniable tendency to guarantee the right to know one's origins by creating relevant exceptions or abolishing donor anonymity status altogether. 16. This article offers ethical and legal considerations of whether the so-called 'right to be forgotten' (RTBF) could be extended to include gamete donors' right to remain anonymous. This perspective goes against the general trend, certainly in Europe, of recognizing that offspring born from donor gametes have a right to access information relating to their genetic progenitors. The novel addition is to question whether the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) might provide fertile ground for questioning this approach, and effectively support those jurisdictions where anonymity is still possible.

Resumen: 20. El anonimato de los donantes de gametos en el contexto de las técnicas de reproducción médicamente asistida (RM) y el derecho de la descendencia a conocer su identidad genética o biológica es un tema controvertido y ampliamente debatido en la literatura científica. Las posiciones sobre el tema en cada país son diferentes. A veces se oponen entre sí, incluso en países con fuertes similitudes, como los de la Unión Europea (UE), en el marco de valores éticos compartidos. Aunque algunos países siguen consagrando la norma del anonimato, es innegable la tendencia a garantizar el derecho a conocer el propio origen creando las excepciones pertinentes o suprimiendo por completo el estatus de anonimato del donante. 21. Este artículo ofrece consideraciones éticas y jurídicas sobre si el llamado "derecho al olvido" podría ampliarse para incluir el derecho de los donantes de gametos a permanecer en el anonimato. Esta opinión es contraria a la tendencia general, ciertamente en Europa, de reconocer que los hijos nacidos de gametos donados tienen derecho a acceder a la información relativa a sus padres genéticos. La nueva adición consiste en debatir si el Reglamento general de protección de datos (RGPD) podría proporcionar un terreno fértil para cuestionar este enfoque y apoyar efectivamente a las jurisdicciones en las que el anonimato sigue siendo posible.

Resumo 25. O anonimato dos dadores de gâmetas no contexto das técnicas de reprodução medicamente assistida (RMA) e o direito da descendência a conhecer a sua identidade genética ou biológica é um tema controverso e amplamente debatido na literatura científica. As posições sobre a questão em cada país são diferentes. Por vezes estão em oposição umas às outras, mesmo em países com fortes semelhanças, como os da União Europeia (UE), no quadro de valores éticos partilhados. Embora alguns países ainda consagrem a regra do anonimato, existe uma tendência inegável para garantir o direito de conhecer as suas origens, criando exceções relevantes ou abolindo completamente o estatuto de anonimato dos dadores. 26. Este artigo oferece considerações éticas e legais sobre se o chamado "direito ao esquecimento" poderia ser alargado para incluir o direito dos dadores de gâmetas a permanecerem anónimos. Esta perspetiva vai contra a tendência geral, certamente na Europa, de reconhecer que os descendentes nascidos de gâmetas doadas têm o direito de aceder à informação relacionada com os seus progenitores genéticos. O novo aditamento é debater se o Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados (RGPD) poderá fornecer um terreno fértil para questionar esta abordagem, e apoiar efetivamente as jurisdições onde o anonimato ainda é possível.

Reflexos da (in)capacidade de estar só em tempos de isolamento social na pandemia COVID-19 / Reflections of the (in)ability to be alone in times of social isolation in pandemia COVID-19

As medidas adotadas em diversos países, necessárias como tentativa de contenção da pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-19), desencadearam mudanças radicais no dia a dia dos indivíduos, ocasionando sentimentos de incerteza, angústia, ansiedade e depressão na população em geral. O aumento do sentimento de solidão levou muitos indivíduos a utilizarem recursos internos e pôs à prova a capacidade de estar só. Alguns conceitos psicanalíticos evidenciam que o indivíduo que atinge um ego integrado, através de cuidados maternos suficientemente bons nos momentos primitivos, como bebê, adquire a capacidade de estar só. Isso ressalta a importância das primeiras relações objetais para a construção de um mundo interno satisfatório. Em contrapartida, a interrupção desse amadurecimento emocional pode despertar no sujeito adulto a utilização de mecanismos de ordem externa, como diversos tipos de adições, exposição a comportamentos de risco e, provavelmente, no caso da pandemia, desrespeito às medidas de distanciamento social. Diante disso, observa-se quão importante é o desenvolvimento saudável das primeiras relações objetais para que o indivíduo seja capaz de lidar com a solidão, e adote estratégias saudáveis ao longo da vida, inclusive em situações críticas. Assim, esse artigo se propõe a revisar alguns aspectos da teoria psicanalítica sobre a capacidade de estar só dentro do desenvolvimento emocional e compreender as consequências psíquicas resultantes das falhas nessa etapa da vida psíquica dos indivíduos.(AU)

The measures adopted in several countries, necessary as an attempt to contain the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus (COVID 19), triggered radical changes in the daily lives of individuals, causing feelings of uncertainty, anguish, anxiety and depression in the general population. The increased feeling of loneliness has led many individuals to use internal resources and test their ability to be alone. Some psychoanalytic concepts show that the individual who reaches an integrated ego, through maternal care good enough in primitive moments, as a baby, acquires the ability to be alone. This underscores the importance of early object relations for building a satisfying inner world. On the other hand, the interruption of this emotional maturation can awaken in the adult the use of external mechanisms, such as various types of addictions, exposure to risky behaviors and probably, in the case of the pandemic, disrespect to the measures of social distancing. Therefore, it is observed how important the healthy development of the first object relations is for the individual to be able to deal with loneliness, and to adopt healthy strategies throughout life, including in critical situations. Thus, this article set out to review some aspects of psychoanalytic theory about the ability to be alone within emotional development and to understand the psychic consequences resulting from failures in this stage of the psychic life of individuals.(AU)

Las medidas adoptadas en varios países, necesarias como intento de contener la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID 19), desencadenaron cambios radicales en la vida cotidiana de las personas, causando sentimientos de incertidumbre, angustia, ansiedad y depresión en la población en general. El aumento de la sensación de soledad ha llevado a muchas personas a utilizar recursos internos y ha puesto a prueba la capacidad de estar solos. Algunos conceptos psicoanalíticos muestran que el individuo que alcanza un ego integrado, a través del cuidado materno suficientemente bueno en momentos primitivos, como un bebé, adquiere la capacidad de estar solo. Esto resalta la importancia de las primeras relaciones de objeto para la construcción de un mundo interno satisfactorio. Por otro lado, la interrupción de esta maduración emocional puede despertar en el sujeto adulto el uso de mecanismos externos, como varios tipos de adicciones, la exposición a conductas de riesgo y probablemente, en el caso de la pandemia, la falta de respeto a las medidas de distanciamiento social. Por lo tanto, se observa cuán importante es el sano desarrollo de las primeras relaciones de objeto para que el individuo sea capaz de afrontar la soledad y adoptar estrategias saludables a lo largo de la vida, incluso en situaciones críticas. Así, este artículo se propuso revisar algunos aspectos de la teoría psicoanalítica sobre la capacidad de estar solo dentro del desarrollo emocional y comprender las consecuencias psíquicas derivadas de los fracasos en esta etapa de la vida psíquica de los individuos.(AU)

El sujeto según Sartre y Lacan. Encuentros y desencuentros entre fenomenología y psicoanálisis / The subject according to Sartre and Lacan. Encounters and disagreements between phenomenology and psychoanalysis

Este trabajo consiste en comparar el concepto de sujeto propuesto por Jacques Lacan al psicoanálisis con la concepción de subjetividad que puede deducirse de la obra de Jean-Paul Sartre que da lugar a su propuesta de un psicoanálisis existencial

This work consists of comparing the concept of subject proposed by Jacques Lacan to psychoanalysis with the conception of subjectivity that can be deduced from the work of Jean-Paul Sartre that gives rise to his proposal of an existential psychoanalysis

Experiencia de aplicación de modelos de seguimiento de cumplimiento del perfil de egreso en el plan de estudios en las carreras de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Finis Terrae / Experience of applying models for monitoring compliance with the graduation profile in the study plan in the careers of the Faculty of Medicine of the Finis Terrae University

El Perfil de egreso constituye un modelo teórico y la imagen del profesional que la institución de educación superior aspira formar. Es un conjunto de atributos que son certificados y le permiten a una persona ser reconocida y aceptada por la sociedad como profesional. La emergencia de estándares de calidad, utilizados por las agencias de acreditación de carreras universitarias, hoy exigen la necesidad de evaluar y rendir cuentas acerca del logro de las competencias establecidas y declaradas en el perfil de egreso, sin embargo, hay escasa evidencia concreta que demuestre modelos operativos de cómo abordar ese proceso de evaluación en distintos programas. Dada la relevancia del Perfil de Egreso de una carrera de pregrado y considerando que constituye el eje fundamental para el desarrollo curricular de los programas educativos, para realizar el proceso de autoevaluación y la posterior acreditación de las carreras, diseñamos e implementamos un modelo de seguimiento del cumplimiento del perfil de egreso en el plan de estudios de las carreras de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Finis Terrae.

The Graduate Profile constitutes the theoretical model and the professional image that higher education aspires to form. It is a set of certified attributes and allows a person to be recognized and accepted by society as a professional. The emergence of quality standards, used by university careers' accreditation agencies, demands the need to evaluate and be accountable for achieving the competencies established and declared in the Graduate Profile. However, the is limited concrete evidence to demonstrate operational models of how to approach this evaluation process in different programs. Given the relevance of the Graduate Profile of an undergraduate career and considering that it constitutes the fundamental axis for the curricular development of educational programs, to carry out the self-evaluation process and the subsequent accreditation of the degrees, we design and implement a model for monitoring the compliance with the graduation profile in the study plan of the Faculty of Medicine of Universidad Finis Terrae.

Monitoring and analysis of activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in atmospheric aerosol in Beijing from 2017 to 2020 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To monitor and analyze the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in atmospheric aerosol in Beijing from 2017 to 2020. Methods:Totally 1 074 atmospheric aerosol samples were collected by high flow air sampler (SnowWhite) including 275 in spring, 266 in summer, 262 in autumn and 271 in winter and subjected to analysis by low background high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometery (ORTEC) to determine the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb. Results:The activity concentrations of 7Be in atmospheric aerosol were from 0.56 to 14.84 mBq/m 3, with an avearage of 6.84 mBq/m 3, and from 0.01 to 9.37 mBq/m 3 for 210Pb, with an avearage 3.19 mBq/m 3. The differences in activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in atmospheric aerosol among differernt seasons were statistically significant ( F=32.66, 93.93, P<0.05). Activity concentration of 7Be was highest in spring, followed by autumn, and lowest in summer and winter. Activity concentration of 210Pb ranged from winter, autumn, spring to summer in descending order. Conclusions:The activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in atmospheric aerosol in Beijing from 2017 to 2020 fluctated within the range of normal level.

Study on the radiation device of 241Am-Be neutron source and its dosimetric properties / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To design and build a set of experimental equipment for neutron radiation irradiation by using the 241Am-Be neutron source. Methods In the preliminary work, the spatial distribution data of the neutron energy spectrum and the gamma energy spectrum inside and outside the device were simulated by Monte Carlo method, and the changes of radiation fluence rate with spatial distribution was studied. The model of the 241Am-Be neutron device was established, and the neutron transport process in the irradiation field was studied using the method of shadow cone, inverse square law and other data analysis methods. Results Based on the simulation results, the normalized effective does of fast neutron fluence at the measurement point is about 72.9 pSv/n, and the one of photon fluence is about 3.04 pSv/γ. The ratio of effective dose of photon fluence to neuteon is about 4.17%. Conclusion Using Monte Carlo method, a standard model of 241Am-Be neutron source was constructed, the shadow cone design was optimized, and the feasibility of using the shadow cone conversion method to establish a standard neutron source radiation device was discussed.

Só... Solidão...: Fronteiras entre a curva e a reta / Alone... Loneliness: borders between curve and straight / Solo... soledad...: fronteras entre curva y recta / Seul... solitude...: limites entre la courbe et la ligne

Com base no poema de Manoel de Barros "A reta é uma curva que não sonha", a autora descreve a capacidade de estar só, como uma série de curvas em espiral, e o sentimento de solidão, como uma reta sem curvas. Apoia-se em Winnicott, Bion e Klein. Ilustra com o caso de uma família haitiana atendida no setting da clínica transcultural e com o de um menino de 1 ano e 11 meses com indicadores de risco de desenvolvimento atendido no setting clássico de psicanálise com crianças. Assim, nas duas situações clínicas, apresenta como alternativa aos caminhos retilíneos, os caminhos sinuosos, pelos quais a construção de capacidade de estar só tem sido possível, sem que os elementos de angústia mais submersos e profundos sejam caçados ostensivamente, mas possam tomar corpo na sessão e, progressivamente, vir à tona, para serem transformados. Finaliza com uma história infantil que retrata o universo emocional da criança quando falha a relação de intimidade mãe-bebê. Nesta história a mãe reconhece suas falhas e repara os vínculos esgarçados, uma mamãe que tece as emoções promovendo um encontro emocional.

From "The line is a dream without curve", a Manoel de Barros' poem, the author describes the capacity to be alone as a series of spiral curves, and the feeling of loneliness as a straight line without curves. It relies on Winnicott, Bion and Klein. It illustrates with the attendance of a Haitian family attended in the setting of the transcultural clinic and the case of a boy (1 year and 11 months) with indicators of developmental risk attended in the psychoanalysis setting with children. Thus, in both clinical situations, it presents, as an alternative to the rectilinear paths, the winding paths, through which the building of being capacity has only been possible, without the most submerged and deep distress elements being hunted ostensibly, but can take shape and, progressively, have occasion to be transformed. It ends with a children's story that portrays the child's emotional universe when the mother-baby relationship fails. In this story the mother recognizes her flaws and repairs the broken bonds, a mother who weaves her emotions promoting an emotional encounter.

Del poema "La línea es una curva sin sueños", de Manoel de Barros, el autor describe la capacidad de estar solo como una serie de curvas en espiral, y el sentimento de soledad como una línea recta sin curvas. Se basa en Winnicott, Bion, Klein y Quinodoz. Ilustra con el cuidado de una familia haitiana atendida en el setting de la clínica transcultural y con el caso de un niño de 1 año y 11 meses con indicadores de riesgo de desarrollo atendido en el setting de psicoanálisis con niños. Por lo tanto, en ambas situaciones clínicas, presenta, como una alternativa a los caminos rectilíneos, los caminos sinuosos, a través de los cuales la construcción de la capacidad solo ha sido posible, sin que los elementos de busca más profundos y sumergidos sean cazados aparentemente, pero pueden tomar forma y, progressivamente, se destacan y tienen ocasión de transformarse. Termina con una historia infantil que retrata el universo emocional del niño cuando la relación madre-bebé falla. En esta historia, la madre reconoce sus defectos y repara los lazos rotos, una madre que teje sus emociones promoviendo un encuentro emocional.

À partir du poème de Manoel de Barros « La droite est une courbe qui ne rêve pas ¼, l'auteur décrit la capacité d'être seul, comme une série de courbes en spirale, et le sentiment de solitude, comme une droite sans courbes. Il s'appuie sur Winnicott, Bion et Klein. Il illustre avec la prise en charge d'une famille haïtienne servie dans le cadre de la clinique interculturelle et le cas d'un garçon de 1 an et 11 mois avec des indicateurs de risque de développement assisté dans le cadre de la psychanalyse avec enfants. Ainsi, dans les deux situations cliniques, il se présente comme une alternative aux chemins rectilignes, les chemins sinueux, à travers lesquels la construction de la capacité à être n'a été que possible, sans que les éléments d'angoisse les plus submergés et profonds soient ostensiblement chassés, mais ils peuvent prendre forme dans le session et progressivement surface, à transformer. Il se termine par une histoire pour enfants qui dépeint l'univers émotionnel de l'enfant lorsque la relation mère-bébé échoue. Dans cette histoire, la mère reconnaît ses défauts et répare les liens brisés, une mère qui tisse les émotions favorisant une rencontre émotionnelle.

Compare outcome in patients of ileostomy and colostomy closure with surgical stapler versus ileostomy and colostomy closure with hand sewn anastomosis: a prospective study

Background: Diverting temporary stoma is created to protect the primary bowel pathology and distal anastomosis. Once that primary pathology has been overcome or distal anastomosis gets healed, closure of temporary stomas can be carried out. Invention of stapling devices for intestinal anastomosis provided another dimension than hand sewn method to the stoma closure techniques. In this study, we have compared two methods of loop stoma closure-hand sewn method versus stapler method.Methods: This is prospective comparative study in which 50 cases of loop ileostomy/colostomy were taken. 25 patients underwent ileostomy/colostomy closure by hand sewn anastomosis (group A). Another 25 patients underwent ileostomy/colostomy closure by stapler anastomosis (group B). Time taken for operation, initiation of oral intake, anastomotic leak, post-operative wound infection and total hospital stay duration were compared between these two groups to conclude about which method is superior and in the best interest of patient and surgeon.Results: Mean operation time 105.96 minutes (group A) and 72.84 minutes (group B). Mean time to start oral intake 5.36 days (group A), 3.6 days (group B). 16% patients (4/25) group A and 4% patients (1/25) group B developed anastomotic leak. 28% patients (7/25) group A and 8% patients (2/25) group B had post-operative wound infection. Mean hospital stay 10.4 days in group A and 7.84 days in group B.Conclusions: Stapler method provides significant benefits in terms of less operative time, early oral intake and less hospital stay. Overall stapler method for stoma closure is more efficient and cost effective.

La obligación de informar y el consentimiento informado en Odontología: una mirada crítica más allá de la regulación normativa / Right to be informed and informed consent in Dentistry: A critical look beyond law regulation / A obrigação de informar e o consentimento informado em Odontologia: uma visão crítica para além da regulação normativa

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad mostrar que la regulación normativa chilena de la obligación de informar y el consentimiento informado en Odontología no resultan suficientes para un apropiado ejercicio de tales derechos. Para ello describe en qué consisten tales obligaciones, considerando aspectos históricos y doctrinarios, y analiza el derecho a ser informado y el consentimiento informado haciendo énfasis en su finalidad y utilidad. Detalla además, de manera crítica y pormenorizada, la actual regulación chilena sobre la materia y aspectos de la práctica odontológica en materia de consentimiento informado. En último término, propone soluciones para superar los inconvenientes encontrados.

Abstract This article aims to make clear that the Chilean regulation of the right to be informed and informed consent in Dentistry is not sufficient for the proper exercise of such rights. To do this, it begins by describing this obligations, considering historical and doctrinal aspects. It continues to analyze the right to be informed and informed consent, emphasizing its purpose and usefulness. Subsequently, the current Chilean regulation on the matter is critically detailed, to finish exposing aspects of dental practice in the field of informed consent. Lastly, some solution proposals for overcoming the problems found are indicated.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem por finalidade mostrar que a regulação normativa chilena da obrigação de informar e do consentimento informado em Odontologia não é suficiente para um exercício apropriado de tais direitos. Para isto, descreve no que consistem tais obrigações, considerando aspectos históricos e doutrinários, e analisa o direito a ser informado e o consentimento informado dando ênfase na sua finalidade e utilidade. Além disto, detalha de maneira crítica e pormenorizada a atual regulação chilena sobre o tema e aspectos da prática odontológica em termos de consentimento informado. Por fim, propõe soluções para superar os inconvenientes encontrados.