Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a Psychiatric Outpatient Population

BACKGROUND: To further understand the relationship between anxiety and depression, this study examined the factor structure of the combined items from two validated measures for anxiety and depression. METHODS: The participants were 406 patients with mixed psychiatric diagnoses including anxiety and depressive disorders from a psychiatric outpatient unit at a university-affiliated medical center. Responses of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were analyzed. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis of 42 items from the BAI and BDI-II. Correlational analyses were performed between subscale scores of the SCL-90-R and factors derived from the factor analysis. Scores of individual items of the BAI and BDI-II were also compared between groups of anxiety disorder (n = 185) and depressive disorder (n = 123). RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed the following five factors explaining 56.2% of the total variance: somatic anxiety (factor 1), cognitive depression (factor 2), somatic depression (factor 3), subjective anxiety (factor 4), and autonomic anxiety (factor 5). The depression group had significantly higher scores for 12 items on the BDI while the anxiety group demonstrated higher scores for six items on the BAI. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that anxiety and depressive symptoms as measured by the BAI and BDI-II can be empirically differentiated and that particularly items of the cognitive domain in depression and those of physical domain in anxiety are noteworthy.

Adaptation of the BDI-II in Mexico / Adaptación del IDB-II en México

BACKGROUND: The number of Spanish-speaking individuals and immigrants in the United States has risen dramatically and is projected to continue to rise. The availability of appropriately translated and validated measurement instruments, such as the Beck Depression Inventory, is a priority for researchers and clinicians in the U.S. and Mexico, where the first edition of the BDI is still prominently used.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to pilot a Mexican adaptation of the BDI-II and report its initial psychometric characteristics.METHOD: Two samples were used: students from across Mexico and community adults from Mexico City. Descriptives and internal consistency, in addition to convergent, discriminant, and structural validity were considered.RESULTS: Results indicated that the translation was easily understood by most individuals. It had an adequate internal consistency, a three-factor structure (negative attitude, performance difficulties, and somatic elements) and the best fit.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Implications and future directions for use with Spanish speakers of Mexican origin are discussed.

ANTECEDENTES: El número de hispanohablantes en los Estados Unidos ha aumentado drásticamente y va a seguir aumentando. El desarrollo de instrumentos de medición, como el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB) es una prioridad para los investigadores y clínicos en los Estados Unidos. Este es también una prioridad en México, donde la primera edición del IDB, debidamente traducida y validada, se utiliza todavía de manera prominente.OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio fue desarrollar una traducción mexicana del IDB-II e informar de sus características psicométricas.MÉTODO: Fueron utilizadas dos muestras: estudiantes de todo México y adultos de la comunidad del Distrito Federal. Las estadísticas incluyeron descriptivos, consistencia interna, validez convergente, validez discriminante y validez estructural.RESULTADOS: Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de los individuos entendió fácilmente la traducción. Ésta tuvo una consistencia interna adecuada, una estructura de tres factores (actitud negativa, dificultades de rendimiento y elementos somáticos) y un mejor ajuste.DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Se discuten las implicaciones para el uso con hispanohablantes de origen mexicano.

Validation and Factor Structure of Korean Version of the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) : In a University Student Sample

OBJECTIVES: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most widely used self-report measures of depression in both research and clinical practice. The Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) is the most recent version of the BDI. Validity of the BDI-II has been documented in other countries. This study examined the factor structure of the Korean version of BDI-II in a large sample of university students. METHOD: Data were obtained from 2,529 students of Kongju National University. The factor structures of the Korean version of BDI-II were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: A high level of internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) and item homogeneity was confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure (cognitive and somatic-affective), which was almost identical to the original model demonstrated by Beck et al. The following confirmatory factor analysis also supported the two-factor structure (cognitive and somatic-affective) is a better fit than the other two-factor structure (cognitive-affective and somatic). The higher mean score for women compared to men is consistent with the results of previous reports. CONCLUSION: These data support the reliability and concurrent validity of the Korean version of BDI-II as a measure of depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples.