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Resumen: Sabemos que el mundo enfrenta una terrible pandemia. La ciencia, con esfuerzo y prontitud, ha podido desarrollar diversas vacunas contra el covid-19, generando ello grandes expectativas. Sin embargo, por diversos factores, los procesos masivos de vacunación no han avanzado a la velocidad requerida; uno de los principales es la resistencia de muchas personas a vacunarse, aduciendo diferentes razones. Frente a esta situación se ha oscilado entre la realización de campañas de publicidad hasta propuestas de imposición forzada. Una alternativa para ir más allá de lo meramente lírico y lo coercitivo es generar formas de motivación para que aquellas personas decidan voluntariamente vacunarse a través de diversas medidas, directas e indirectas, apelando a "Nudge" -o "teoría del pequeño empujón"-, con el fin de propiciar la mejor protección de la salud individual y colectiva, tema del que trata el presente artículo, a partir de la revisión bibliográfica sobre la materia y diversas experiencias en la lucha contra el coronavirus.
Abstract: We all know that the world is facing a terrible pandemic. Science, with effort and promptness, has been able to develop various vaccines against Covid-19, generating great expectations. However, mass vaccination processes have not advanced at the required speed due to various factors; one of the main ones is the resistance of many people to get vaccinated, for different reasons. Faced with this situation, it has oscillated between carrying out advertising campaigns to proposals for forced imposition. An alternative to go beyond the merely lyrical and coercive is to generate forms of motivation for those people to voluntarily decide to be vaccinated through various measures, direct and indirect, appealing to "Nudge" -or the "little push theory" - in order to promote the best protection of individual and collective health, the subject of this article, based on the bibliographic review on the matter and various experiences in the fight against coronavirus.
Resumo: Sabemos que o mundo enfrenta uma terrível pandemia. A ciência, com esforço e prontidão, pode desenvolver diversas vacinas contra a Covid-19, gerando grandes expectativas. Sem dúvida, os processos massivos de vacinação não avançaram à velocidade requerida por diversos fatores; um dos principais é a resistência de muitas pessoas a vacinar-se, alegando diferentes razões. Frente a esta situação, observou-se uma oscilação entre a realização de campanhas de publicidade a propostas de imposição forçada. Uma alternativa para ir além do meramente lírico e do coercitivo é gerar formas de motivação para que as pessoas decidam voluntariamente vacinar-se através de diversas medidas, diretas e indiretas, apelando a "Nudge" -ou a "teoria do pequeno empurrão"- a fim de propiciar a melhor proteção da saúde individual e coletiva, tema do que trata o presente artigo, a partir da revisão bibliográfica sobre a matéria e diversas experiências na luta contra o coronavírus.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vaccination/ethics , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19/prevention & control , Motivation/ethics , Social Responsibility , Coercion , Paternalism , Personal Autonomy , PandemicsABSTRACT
Behaviors Economics is presently a thriving field of research for many researchers. It offers a descriptive model of decision making which is entirely different from the traditional decision making models of economics. This research paper is an attempt to bring insights from Behavioral Economics which can help Human Resource personnel to address the issues like Dynamic Inconsistency and incentive design strategies. The author argues that the insight from Behavioral Economics can transform HR practices. HR managers and leaders stand to benefit from the emerging evidence from the lab and field of behavioral economics that calls for s rethinking of traditional decision making model
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Based on the ideas of management systemization, system standardization, process specialisation, post accountability, duty formalization, form informatization, information digitization and digital intelligence, the smart, mobile and paperless bedside billing service was developed which incorporated both functional and financial prospects. The innovation was realized by Internet+ bedside billing and an integrated information platform, so that the inter-hospital billing system could be connected to the medical insurance system, electrical receive system and commercial insurance system. This saved manpower and equipment deployment, and improved service quality. The bedside intelligent mobile billing system of a hospital was launched in January 2021, and the average discharge billing time of inpatients in 2020 and 2021 was 44.36 min and 30.59 min, respectively, and the online billing fee time was significantly shorter than offline billing in 2021, and the differences were all significant( P<0.01).
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Nesta resenha do livro "Misbehaving: construindo a economia comportamental", demonstra-se como a mais recente obra de Richard Thaler, ganhador do prêmio Nobel em Economia de 2017, configura-se como uma obra fundamental para todos que possuem interesse em compreender a relação entre a Psicologia e a Economia, bem como a formação dos comportamentos econômicos de indivíduos e grupos. Por meio de dezenas de exemplos apresentados com humor e alguma ironia, o autor demonstra como as pessoas se comportam quando o assunto é a tomada de decisão envolvendo escolhas econômicas desde as mais básicas, como fazer compras, até as mais complexas, como realizar investimentos financeiros. O livro também apresenta como ocorreu o surgimento e o desenvolvimento da Economia Comportamental, um campo muito próximo da Psicologia Econômica e que vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque no mundo, tanto dentro quanto fora da academia. Trata-se de uma obra essencial para profissionais e estudantes de Psicologia e Economia, assim como para todos que tenham interesse em compreender o comportamento humano relacionado a decisões econômicas e de consumo. (AU)
This review of the book "Misbehaving: the making of Behavioral Economics", demonstrates as the latest work Richard Thaler, winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Economics, is a fundamental work for anyone interested in understanding the relationship between psychology and economics, as well as the formation of behaviors. of individuals and groups. Through dozens of humorously presented examples and a bit of irony, the author demonstrates how people actually behave when it comes to decision making involving the most basic economic choices, such as shopping, to the most such as making financial investments. The book also presents how the emergence and development of Behavioral Economics occurred, a field very close to Economic Psychology and that has been gaining more and more prominence in the world, both inside and outside academia. It is an essential work for professionals and students of Psychology and Economics, as well as for anyone interested in understanding human behavior related to economic and consumer decisions. (AU)
Esta revisión del libro "Misbehaving: Building Behavioral Economics", demuestra cómo el último trabajo de Richard Thaler, ganador del Premio Nobel de Economía 2017, es un trabajo fundamental para cualquier persona interesada en comprender la relación entre psicología y economía, así como la formación de comportamientos de individuos y grupos. A través de docenas de ejemplos presentados con humor, y un poco de ironía, el autor demuestra cómo se comportan realmente las personas cuando se trata de la toma de decisiones que involucran las opciones económicas más básicas, como ir de compras, como hacer inversiones financieras. El libro también presenta cómo se produjo la aparición y el desarrollo de la Economía del Comportamiento, un campo muy cercano a la Psicología Económica y que ha ido ganando cada vez más protagonismo en el mundo, tanto dentro como fuera de la academia. Es un trabajo esencial para profesionales y estudiantes de psicología y economía, así como para cualquier persona interesada en comprender el comportamiento humano relacionado con las decisiones económicas y del consumidor. (AU)
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Psychology , Book Reviews as Topic , Decision Making , Economics, BehavioralABSTRACT
Cases of Pneumonia of unknown etiology detected in Wuhan City, China, at the end of 2019, was diagnosed as pneumonia caused by a new-type coronavirus （SARS-CoV-2） in a subsequent study and was named COVID-19. The infection epidemic expanded to the whole world in a moment, and the number of infected cases exceeded 90 million, and the number of deaths exceeded 2 million as of January, 2021. While Humans are in an unprecedented crisis since plague and the Spanish cold, and are trying to end COVID-19 pandemic by accelerating the development of vaccines and therapeutics at an unprecedented speed, there has been a movement toward reluctance to get vaccinated called Vaccine Hesitancy, and the hurdle to acquire herd immunity may be heightened by delayed vaccine rollout. For the future, it is also an important issue to establish a system that allows the vaccine industries to develop and produce vaccines in Japan without relying solely on imported vaccines when emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases spread in Japan. This article provides recommendations for solutions against these issues from the perspective of the vaccine industry and the private sector.
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En los últimos cincuenta años, psicólogos y economistas han catalogado los errores que la gente adulta comete cuando toma decisiones. El objetivo de nuestro resumen narrativo es describir estos errores como ocurren en niños de edad escolar. Luego de una breve introducción a las teorías más importantes en economía comportamental (Utilidad Esperada, Prospect, Rastro Difuso, Proceso Dual) haremos un resumen de esta literatura, con énfasis en el período de edad escolar. Evaluamos si los niños comprenden el concepto de 'valor esperado', si sus respuestas cambian en base a como se hace la pregunta, y si prefieren arriesgar en vez de aceptar propuestas seguras. También describimos, desde una perspectiva del desarrollo, la tendencia a sobrevalorar las posesiones, a perseverar cuando el gasto es irrecuperable, y a tener diferentes cuentas mentales. Nuestra revisión indica que las tendencias que se ven en la adultez también suelen ocurrir en niños y niñas de edad escolar, y señala áreas en las que se carece de datos sólidos. Concluimos nuestro artículo sugiriendo futuras áreas de investigación
Over the last half century, psychologists and behavioral economists have catalogued myriad mistakes that people make when making decisions. The way those mistakes are expressed in school-aged children is the focus of this narrative review. After a brief introduction to the main theoretical positions (expected utility theory, prospect theory, fuzzy-trace theory, dual-systems theory), we do a comprehensive review of the developmental literature. We start with children's understanding of expected value, their sensitivity to framing effects, and their tendency to favor risky choices over riskless options. Next, we describe developmental research on the endowment effect, sunk cost, and mental accounting. Our review indicates that biases observed in adults are often evident in school-age children too, and singles out areas of developmental research in which solid information is not available. We conclude by highlighting areas in need of future research
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Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Decision Making , Psychology , Rationalization , Child , Educational StatusABSTRACT
Abstract From a behavioral-economic approach of delinquent behavior, this research aimed to identify potential consequences that could alter the cost of crime from the offender's perspective. A questionnaire prepared to assess the level of informational and utilitarian reinforcement and punishment of these consequences was answered by 118 juvenile offenders in confinement. The reported level of informational reinforcement did not predict the level of multiplicity of offenses committed. The reported levels of utilitarian reinforcement, informational punishment, and utilitarian punishment predicted this level of multiplicity. Only the level of utilitarian punishment decreased the likelihood of an offender having been involved in more types of criminal acts. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Resumo A partir de uma interpretação econômico-comportamental do comportamento delinquente, este estudo buscou identificar potenciais consequências capazes de alterar o custo do crime do ponto de vista do próprio infrator. Um questionário elaborado para a avaliação do nível de reforçamento e punição, informativo e utilitário, dessas consequências foi aplicado a 118 jovens em privação de liberdade. O relato do nível de reforçamento informativo não predisse o nível de multiplicidade dos atos infracionais praticados. Já os relatos dos níveis de reforçamento utilitário e de punição informativa e utilitária predisseram a multiplicidade. Apenas a punição utilitária diminuiu a chance de o infrator ter se envolvido em mais tipos de atos. Implicações teóricas e práticas desses achados são discutidas.
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Based on the research of individual’s behavior patterns, behavioral economics provided new perspectives and methods for the formulation of public policies. The nudge policies, based on the bounded rationality, framing effect, heuristics and limited willpower theory, had achieved good policy result in the medical insurance policy process optimization and health insurance behavior promotion, increase in organ donation rate, health education propaganda and health behavioral interventions. The nudge in the health policy might bring about failure to enhance individual utility, excessive nudge, lack of cost-effectiveness analysis and ethical issues. Formulated behavioral laws and experimental research in the field of health care were the future direction of development.
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Doctor-patient relationship is essentially a kind of trust relationship.From the perspective of economics,the trust between people is based on the cooperative behavior with the intersection of interest.Although the stag hunt game shows that the attitudes of bounded rational individuals on cooperationissues tend to be cautious and suspicious,the practice attribute of doctor-patient interaction enables the two sides to generate socialized cooperation emotion.In reality,the doctor's too much consideration on personal interests,the patients' previous negative medical experience,the particularity of medical market and other issues will hinder the cooperation of doctor-patient and it needs to be solvedtargeted.
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We investigated how the type of resource, food (wafer) or non-food (sticker), age and sex influence cooperation in children. 251 children were tested in a public goods game during eight rounds in two experimental conditions: wafer or sticker condition. Wafers were all of the same kind but stickers were varied. The results indicated that 1) older children donated more stickers than younger children, but they did not differ in relation to wafer donations; and 2) sticker donations remained high along the rounds, while wafer donations decreased. We propose that different strategies may be adopted according to the quality, particularly to the diversity of the resource used, and the cost of cooperation may be overcome when it is more advantageous to wait for a future reward.
Investigamos como o tipo de recurso, alimentar (wafer) ou não-alimentar (adesivo), a idade e o sexo influenciam a cooperação em crianças. Foram testadas 251 crianças em um jogo de bens públicos durante oito rodadas, em duas condições experimentais: condições wafer ou adesivo. Os wafers eram todos iguais, mas os adesivos eram variados. Os resultados indicaram que 1) as crianças mais velhas doaram mais adesivos do que as crianças mais jovens, mas elas não diferiram em relação às doações de wafers; e 2) as doações de adesivos mantiveram-se elevadas ao longo das rodadas, enquanto as doações de wafers diminuíram. Propomos que diferentes estratégias podem ser adotadas de acordo com a qualidade, particularmente quanto à diversidade do recurso utilizado, e o custo de cooperar pode ser superado quando é mais vantajoso esperar por uma recompensa.
Investigamos como el tipo de recurso, alimentar (oblea) o no alimentar (pegatina), la edad y el género influyen en la cooperación de los niños. 251 niños fueron investigados en ocho partidos de un juego de bienes públicos, en dos condiciones experimentales: oblea o pegatina. Las obleas eran todas iguales, pero las pegatinas eran variadas. Los resultados indicaron que 1) los niños mayores donaron más pegatinas que los niños más pequeños, pero no difieren con respecto a las donaciones de obleas; y 2) las donaciones de pegatinas se mantuvieron altas durante las rondas, mientras que las donaciones de obleas disminuyeron. Proponemos que diferentes estrategias pueden ser adoptadas de acuerdo con la calidad, particularmente con respecto a la diversidad de los recursos utilizados, y el costo de la cooperación puede ser superado cuando es más ventajoso esperar por una recompensa futura mejor.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Reward , BehaviorABSTRACT
The increasing number of patients with depression is a serious social issue in contemporary Korean society. To fully understand the pathophysiology of depression, this paper reviewed how depression affects the decision making process of humans. Various recent studies in behavioral economics, mathematics, medicine, and neurobiology have shown how humans make decisions and how emotional disturbances, such as depressive disorder, affect this process. There has been great progress in behavioral economics during this decade, and numerous experiments have been designed to evaluate decision making process in humans. In general, economic decision making is evaluated using the Iowa Gambling Task, and social decision making is assessed using the ultimatum game. Numerous research studies have analyzed the performance and reaction of patients with depression in these games. As a result of the advancement of neurophysiology, research has successfully identified the part of the brain that causes the specific results of tests being conducted on patients with depression. Meanwhile, computational neuroscientists have established decision making models based on bayesian framework. These models also match with the neuroanatomy. Although a large part remains unclear, researchers look forward to achieving a better understanding in depression by analyzing the distinct patterns of responses that patients under depression show in the experiment of behavioral economics.
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Humans , Affective Symptoms , Brain , Decision Making , Depression , Depressive Disorder , Economics, Behavioral , Gambling , Interdisciplinary Studies , Iowa , Mathematics , Neuroanatomy , Neurobiology , NeurophysiologyABSTRACT
Apresenta-se neste artigo uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre métodos de pesquisa em Psicologia com uma orientação para estudos de consumo, acompanhada de exemplos da prática profissional dos autores junto a empresas que investigam o comportamento dos consumidores. A realidade de mercado exige que o pesquisador saiba escolher e empregar o método mais apropriado para o problema de pesquisa (exploratório, descritivo, experimental), o que institui a necessidade de classificar, descrever e comparar os diferentes métodos. A contínua transformação do consumidor e a constante evolução do mercado também tornam necessária a integração desses métodos em uma ferramenta essencial que oportunize a compreensão dos fenômenos em estudo. Conclui-se que o psicólogo deve saber diferenciar o emprego de diferentes métodos de pesquisa frente a demandas específicas de compreensão dos consumidores, em uma orientação que parte da prática profissional e não apenas de orientações metodológicas pré-estabelecidas com base na teoria...
The present paper presents a critical review of the literature about research methods in psychology with a focus on consumer studies, followed by examples of the professional practice of the authors in consumer behavior research. The market reality urges the researcher to be able to choose and make use of the most appropriate method to solve the research problem (exploratory, descriptive, experimental), what creates the need to classify, describe and compare the different methods. The scenery and the consumer in constant transformation also brought the call for an integrative view of the different methods into an essential tool to the comprehension of the study phenomenon. The conclusion is that the psychologist should know how to differentiate the need to use each distinct research method when facing specific requirements to understand consumers based not only on pre-established methodological rules from theory, but also based on guidance from professional practice...
En este artículo se presenta una revisión crítica de literatura sobre los métodos en investigación psicológica orientados para los estudios de consumo, acompañado por ejemplos de la práctica profesional de los autores en empresas con investigaciones sobre el comportamiento de los consumidores. El escenario actual del mercado exige por parte del investigador un conocimiento del método más eficaz para el problema de investigación (exploratorio, descriptivo, experimental), que abarca la necesidad de clasificar, describir y comparar los diferentes métodos. La constante transformación del escenario y del consumidor generó una necesidad de integrar esos métodos como herramientas esenciales. En conclusión el psicólogo deberá saber diferenciar la necesidad de implementar diferentes métodos de investigación para las empresas, debido a las demandas específicas de los consumidores orientados a partir de la práctica profesional y no solo en función de las orientaciones metodológicas preestablecidas en función de la teoría...
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Humans , Economics, Behavioral , PsychologyABSTRACT
In recent years, Chinese residents’self-medication has a rapid upward trend. From the perspective of behavioral economics, it analyzes the reasons for the increasing proportion of Chinese residents’self-medication which has been tested by four data of National Health Service Survey, and provides objective understanding reference for the self-medication.
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O mundo ainda está enfrentando uma crise financeira, que começou em meados de 2007 e até o momento está longe de ser resolvida. Os mercados de ações ao redor do mundo reagiram mal e as notícias em tempo real nunca desempenharam um papel tão importante para os investidores, como visto nesta crise. Em outras palavras, o impacto dos meios de comunicação aprofundou a dinâmica de baixa dos mercados financeiros, o que é amplificada pela volatilidade intrínseca do mesmo. Assim, a Neuroeconomia veio como um novo campo de questionamentos, o qual tem a finalidade de estudar a tomada de decisão, tendo em conta o papel desempenhado pela emoção e seus aspectos fisio-patológicos. Se utiliza neste estudo uma amostra de oitenta (80) pessoas, classificados em quarenta alunos de graduação e quarenta (40) trabalhadores experientes do mercado financeiro (traders), ambos igualmente divididos em 50% do sexo masculino e 50% do sexo feminino. O escopo é de avaliar o envolvimento de uma ampla rede de circuitos neurais envolvidos na avaliação de riscos, benefícios e conflitos (esta ponderação está intimamente relacionada à serotonina em caso de riscos e benefícios no caso de dopamina) para cada grupo a fim de verificar como reagem neste ambiente. Compreender a funcionalidade de tais sistemas é de fundamental importância para a compreensão da dinâmica do mercado financeiro e de suas anomalias, ou seja, para registrar a percepção de cada indivíduo em relação ao sentimento geral do mercado, seja ele a favor ou adverso. Portanto, o principal objetivo desta tese é mapear a atividade cerebral usando uma técnica desenvolvida por Rocha (2001, 2004 e 2010), operando uma simulação de negociação da Bolsa de Valores BMF&Bovespa, a fim de compreender melhor a neurodinâmica do processo de decisão no mercado de capitais
The world is still facing a financial crisis, which started in mid 2007 and up to now is far from being solved. Stock markets around the world reacted badly and the real time news has never played such an important role to investors as seen in previous crisis. In other words, the impact of the media deepened the bear dynamics of the markets, that is, it amplified the volatility of it. Thus, Neuroeconomics comes as a new field of inquiring that has the purpose of studying decision making taking into consideration the role played by emotion and its physio-pathological aspects. Here, it is used a sample of eighty (80) volunteers, sorted out into forty undergraduate students and forty (40) experienced financial market practioneers (namely traders), both equally divided into 50% male and 50% female. The scope is to evaluate the involvement of a wide network of neural circuits involved in risk assessments, benefits and conflicts (this weighting is closely related to the serotonin neural circuits in the event of risks and benefits in the case of dopamine) so as to verify how both groups react to this environment. Understanding the functionality of such systems is of fundamental importance for understanding the dynamics of the financial market and its anomalies, ie to record the perception of each individual in relation to the general market sentiment, being it in favour or on the contrary, adverse. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is then to map brain activity using a technique developed by Rocha et al (2001, 2004 and 2010), operating a simulation of trading within the BMF&Bovespa, in order to better understand the process of neurodynamics decision making in the capital market
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Humans , Male , Female , Economics, Behavioral , Electroencephalography , Neurobiology , Neurosciences , PsychophysicsABSTRACT
Debido al incremento del estudio de la justicia como un fenómeno social de interés para la psicología,se hace una revisión que precisa los antecedentes de la psicología social en el estudio de las distribuciones materiales individuales en diversas situaciones, y las limitaciones de los análisis derivados de dichos estudios. Además, se presentan las posibilidades de indagación de las decisiones distributivas en al menos tres tipos de estudios que se reseñan en amplias revisiones y finaliza con la presentación de una reflexión sobre un "contexto" experimental como nueva perspectiva para el estudio de la justicia distributiva. Desde ese contexto, se describe el término "decisiones distributivas", y se propone como alternativa metodológica la consideración de variables habitualmente utilizadas en el análisis de algunos procesos cognitivos de interés para la economía experimental y comportamental.
Due to the increased study of justice as a social phenomenon of interest to psychology, a revision is carried out to specify the social psychology background in the study of individual material distributions in various situations and the constraints derived from such studies. In addition, the possibilities of inquiry into allocation decisions in at least three types of studies summarized in extensive reviews are presented, and finally, there is a reflection about an experimental "context" as a new perspective for the study of distributive justice. From this context, the term "distributive decisions" is described and, as a methodological alternative, the consideration of variables commonly used for the analysis of cognitive processes of interest for experimental and behavioral economics is proposed.
Devido ao aumento do estudo da justiça como um fenômeno social de interesse para a psicologia se faz uma revisão que especifica os antecedentes da psicologia social no estudo das distribuições materiais individuais em diversas situações, e as limitações das análises derivadas desses estudos. Além disso, apresentam-se as possibilidades de indagação das decisões distributivas em pelo menos três tipos de estudos que são resenhados em amplas revisões e finaliza com a apresentação de uma reflexão sobre um "contexto" experimental como nova perspectiva para o estudo da justiça distributiva. Desde esse contexto, descreve-se o termo "decisões distributivas", e propõe-se como alternativa metodológica a consideração de variáveis habitualmente utilizadas na análise de alguns processos cognitivos de interesse para a economia experimental e comportamental.