ABSTRACT
Hypermetabolism is one of the remarkable characteristics of burn injury. Prolonged hypermetabolism causes insufficient energy supply, which leads to delayed wound healing, immune system dysfunction, increased infection rate, and multi-organ failure. In recent years, it is concerned that the activation of brown or beige adipose tissue may be related to hypermetabolism in severe burn patients. Brown or beige adipose tissue could be regulated by stress hormones and some cytokines which increase and persist in high level for several months after severe burn. This paper reviews the current knowledge of brown or beige adipocytes developmental lineages, molecular regulation mechanism, and regulation of brown or beige adipocytes activation after severe burn.
ABSTRACT
Studies on promoting thermogenesis of brown and beige adipose tissue have become a hot topic in various metabolic conditions, which based on the conclusions that brown and beige adipose tissue are able to facilitate weight loss and improve metabolic health.However, recent studies showed that there were several problems for the anti-obesity application via promoting brown/beige adipose tissue thermogenesis.In obese individuals, classical brown adipose tissue presents thermogenesis dysfunction.Moreover, the beige adipose tissue has significantly lower thermogenesis capability compared with brown adipose tissue.On such conditions, excessively excited sympathetic innervation is essential to increase energy consumption in obesity via increasing classic brown adipose thermogenesis and inducing white adipose tissue browning.However, excessive excited sympathetic nerve results in cardiovascular side effects.Additionally, excessive induction of white adipose tissue browning might disrupt the white adipose tissue homeostasis and aggravate the intrinsic metabolic disorders.Therefore, solving these practical application problems of brown/beige adipose tissue is a new research area for improving metabolic disorders.
ABSTRACT
Type II innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s) are widely distributed in the blood , intestines, trachea, lung, spleen, liver, animal fat and skin, and involved in the innate immune responses .ILC2s have attracted much atten-tion for its important roles in the conversion of white adipose to beige adipose .Studies have shown that ILC2s are essential for the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells , and they also play a vital role in anti-parasitic infection and allergic inflammation .This review discusses the discovery , differentiation , development , distribution and function of ILC2s, and their relationships with the browning of white adipose tissue for providing valuable references on understanding the pathogenesis , prevention and treatment of obesity and fat metabolism disorders .