Caffeine Adsorption onto Bentonite Clay in Suspension and Immobilized

Abstract This study describes the use of bentonite in suspension for the caffeine adsorption (pollutant of emerging concern) by taking different conditions of the pH, adsorbent mass, adsorbent calcination temperature and interferents into account. The results were compared with those obtained using bentonite immobilized in alginate beads. The acid medium has a greater efficiency for the caffeine adsorption and the adsorbent calcination temperature exerts, due to structural changes. Caffeine removal higher than 90% was obtained at optimized conditions. The Langmuir model indicated a better fit of the data and the adsorption capacity of caffeine onto bentonite. The bentonite immobilized led to a slower adsorption process in relation to the suspended.

Phasa: todo sobre la arcilla comestible / Phasa: everything about edible clay

La phasa (conocida así entre los pobladores aymaras) es un tipo de arcilla comestible que se encuentra en los suelos, empleada como medicina tradicional en la mayoría de los continentes, principalmente para aliviar o tratar patologías gastrointestinales e infecciones cutáneas. Su consumo se remonta muchos siglos atrás; existe evidencia del uso de este elemento en las Placas de arcilla de Nippur en Mesopotamia (2500 años a. C.). Develar las propiedades bio-físico-químicas de las arcillas comestibles está permitiendo a la ciencia explicar las propiedades terapéuticas que posee y así confirmar los grandes avances en la medicina alternativa que tuvieron nuestros antepasados. El uso de la phasa no se limita a la medicina, sino también a muchas otras ramas de la ciencia. En los últimos 10 años se ha experimentado en la agricultura, veterinaria, incluso en el cuidado del medio ambiente dando resultados muy gratificantes y prometedores.

Phasa, an Aymara's language word, is a type of edible clay found in soils; which is used in traditional medicine worldwide mainly to relieve or treat gastrointestinal pathologies and skin infections. Its consumption dates back many centuries, even millennia ago; there is evidence of the use of this element in the clay plates of Nippur in Mesopotamia (2500 years BC). Revealing the bio-physical-chemical properties of edible clay has allowed science to explain their healing and therapeutic properties and confirms the great advances our ancestors got. The use of phasa is not limited to medicine, it is also used in many other sciences; in the last 10 years it has been used in agriculture and veterinary medicine, getting gratifying results.

Bentonite dust-induced occupational pneumoconiosis: a report of 2 cases / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the data of occupational pneumoconiosis caused by bentonite dust. METHODS: The data of 2 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis caused by bentonite dust was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Both 2 cases had a clear history of occupational exposure to bentonite dust. Case 1 has a 14 years and case 2 has 7 years of bentonite exposure history. The radiographic examination of chest X-ray in both cases showed diffuse miliary nodules with high density in both lungs. The small opacity total profusion of chest X-ray images in both cases belong to category 2. The small opacity of lung in case 1 distributed in 5 areas,while case 2 distributed in 4 areas. The pulmonary function test for case 1 showed that the forced vital capacity( FVC) was 81. 4%,the first second forced expiratory volume( FEV_1) was 76. 8%and FEV_1/FVC was 74. 4%,mild pulmonary ventilation damage; lung function test results for case 2 showed: FVC was84. 0%,FEV_1 was 90. 0%,FEV_1/FVC was 93. 0%,pulmonary ventilation function was in the normal range. Case 1 was diagnosed as occupational pneumoconiosis stage Ⅱ( bentonite); Case 2 was diagnosed as occupational pneumoconiosis stageⅠ( bentonite). CONCLUSION: The clinical symptoms and signs of occupational pneumoconiosis caused by bentonite dust are not obvious. Its diagnosis is mainly based on X-ray chest radiograph.

Comparing the effects of Bentonite & Calendula on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial.

Background & objectives: Infantile diaper dermatitis is a common, acute inflammatory reaction of the skin around diaper among infants. This study was undertaken to compare the effect of topical application of Bentonite and Calendula creams on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis. Methods: This double blind randomized controlled trial was undertaken on 100 patients of infantile diaper dermatitis. The 100 participants were randomly assigned into two groups of 50 each, and were prescribed the coded medicine. The mothers were trained to apply the cream and level of improvement was judged by observing the affected area on the first visit and then after three days of receiving treatment. Results: The mean age of infants was 6.45±5.53 months in Calendula group and 7.35±6.28 months in Bentonite group. Overall, 88 per cent of lesions in the Bentonite group started improving in the first six hours while this rate was 54 per cent in Calendula group (P<0.001). The risk ratio for the improvement in the first six hours was 2.99 folds in the Bentonite group. Also, lesions in 86 per cent infants in the Bentonite group and 52 per cent in the Calendula group were completely improved in the first three days after treatment (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that in comparison with Calendula, Bentonite had faster healing effect and was more effective on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis (IRCT ID: IRCT 2012112811593N1).

04-7 Thermal profile of three clays suitable to be used as solid components in the preparation of peloids / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  There is little doubt that the main therapeutic action of the peloid’s, therapy depends on their thermal properties. For this reason is quite of interest getting to know the thermal properties of the materials that form peloids. Objective: Study the thermal properties of three inorganic solids that can be used in the preparation of therapeutic peloids. Materials and Method: The products used are aluminic Bentonite, Kerolita (Süd Chemie) and SPLF ELITE (Tolsa).   From the thermal point of view the specific heat was determined using a Scanning Calorimetry equipment, model DSC1, cooled by air of Mettler Toledo and it was used the software STARe for the collection and processing of data.   An extemporaneous product was prepared with a liquid phase of 60%, using distilled deionized water. Its cooling curves their relaxation and inertia times were studied.   For the determination of the cooling curves we have followed the Rambaud technique, obtaining graphs and equations that best fit the experimental curve, using the ORIGIN program 8. We used Thermostatic baths, models Lauda RA Alpha 8 and E-100 and a thermocouple Cole-Parmer, model 91100-50. Results and Discussion: The following Table 1 shows the results of the specific heat measures of the three studied products, in the range of 45-36°C and its corresponding average value. We also include the inertia and relaxation time of peloids. Conclusions: The SPLF, a sepiolite, presents the highest value of the specific heat, whose corresponding peloid with an equal percentage of water would provide the greatest amount of heat. The specific heat of the bentonite and kerolita is very similar.   Bentonite Al shows the most relaxation time of the three products, releasing therefore the heat more slowly.

04-7Thermal profile of three clays suitable to be used as solid components in the preparation of peloids / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  There is little doubt that the main therapeutic action of the peloid’s, therapy depends on their thermal properties. For this reason is quite of interest getting to know the thermal properties of the materials that form peloids.<BR><b>Objective: </b>Study the thermal properties of three inorganic solids that can be used in the preparation of therapeutic peloids.<BR><b>Materials and Method: </b>The products used are aluminic Bentonite, Kerolita (Süd Chemie) and SPLF ELITE (Tolsa). <BR>  From the thermal point of view the specific heat was determined using a Scanning Calorimetry equipment, model DSC1, cooled by air of Mettler Toledo and it was used the software STARe for the collection and processing of data.<BR>  An extemporaneous product was prepared with a liquid phase of 60%, using distilled deionized water. Its cooling curves their relaxation and inertia times were studied.<BR>  For the determination of the cooling curves we have followed the Rambaud technique, obtaining graphs and equations that best fit the experimental curve, using the ORIGIN program 8. We used Thermostatic baths, models Lauda RA Alpha 8 and E-100 and a thermocouple Cole-Parmer, model 91100-50.<BR><b>Results and Discussion</b>: The following Table 1 shows the results of the specific heat measures of the three studied products, in the range of 45-36°C and its corresponding average value. We also include the inertia and relaxation time of peloids.<BR><b>Conclusions: </b>The SPLF, a sepiolite, presents the highest value of the specific heat, whose corresponding peloid with an equal percentage of water would provide the greatest amount of heat. The specific heat of the bentonite and kerolita is very similar. <BR>  Bentonite Al shows the most relaxation time of the three products, releasing therefore the heat more slowly.

Síntesis y caracterización de bentonita modificada con especies de TiO2 y Fe-TiO2 obtenidas del mineral ilmenita / Synthesis and characterization of modified-bentonite with TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 species obtained from ilmenite / Síntese e caracterização de bentonita modificada com espécies de TiO2 e Fe-TiO2 obtidas do mineral ilmenita

Se sintetizó una serie de sólidosnanoestructurados obtenidos de laintercalación de nanopartículas de TiO2y Fe-TiO2 en los espacios interlaminaresde un mineral de arcilla esmectítico. Losnuevos materiales se prepararon mediantela modificación simultánea de dos mineralesnaturales: bentonita e ilmenita. Los materialesobtenidos se caracterizaron por fluorescenciade rayos X (FRX), espectroscopia infrarroja(IR), difracción de rayos X (DRX),microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM)y sortometría de nitrógeno. Los resultadosdel análisis químico (FRX) confirmaronclaramente la incorporación de titanio y dehierro en los materiales sintetizados. Losanálisis por DRX, SEM y sortometría denitrógeno verificaron la modificación delmineral de arcilla por incorporación deespecies de dióxido de titanio y la generaciónde estructuras mesoporosas delaminadas oexfoliadas con incremento en los valores deárea superficial y porosidad controlada.

A set of nanostructured porous solids was synthesized by intercalation of TiO2 and Fe- TiO2 into the interlayer sites of a smectite clay mineral. The new materials were prepared through simultaneous modification of two natural minerals: bentonite and ilmenite. Synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2-adsorption technique. Results of chemical analysis (XRF) clearly confirmed the incorporation of titanium and iron in the synthesized materials. Modification of clay mineral by incorporation of titanium dioxide species was verified by XRD, SEM and N2- adsorption analyses, showing the formation of mesoporous delaminated structures with increased surface areas and controlled porosity.

Uma serie de sólidos nanoestruturadosforam sintetizados, obtidos pela intercalaçãode nanopartículas de TiO2 e Fe-TiO2 nosespaços interlaminares de um mineralde argila esmectítica. Os novos materiaisforam preparados mediante a modificaçãosimultânea de dois minerais naturais:uma bentonita e uma ilmenita. Osmateriais obtidos foram caracterizadospor fluorescência de raios X (FRX),espectroscopia infra-vermelho (IR), difraçãode raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica devarredura (SEM) e sortometria de nitrogênio.Os resultados da análise química (FRX)confirmaram claramente a incorporação detitânio e de ferro nos materiais sintetizados.A análise por DRX, SEM e sortometriade nitrogênio verificaram a modificaçãodo mineral de argila por incorporação deespécies de dióxido de titânio, demonstrandoa geração de estruturas mesoporosasdelaminadas ou esfoliadas com incrementonos valores de área superficial e porosidade controlada.

Selective flocculation processing technology of chitosan complex flocculant on Shuanghuanglian aqueous extract / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the selective flocculation processing technology of chitosan complex flocculant on Shuanghuanglian aqueous extract. Methods: The impacts of preparation technology, the dosage of complex flocculant, the time of flocculation, and the performance index of chitosan on the flocculating effect of Shuanghuanglian aqueous extract were examined by using the retention rates of chlorogenetic acid and baicalin, as well as the elimination rate of tannin as observation indicators. Results: The selective flocculation processing technology on Shuanghuanglian aqueous extract was optimized as follows: the bentonite was loaded by chitosan after it was burned for 4 h at 450°C, the dosage of complex flocculant was 60 g/L, the flocculating time was 24 h, and the best performance index of chitosan is 95% in deacetylation, and 60 cps in viscosity. Conclusion: The complex flocculant made of high temperature modified bentonite loaded by chitosan shows the good selectivity in flocculation capacity. The flocculating effect of this method on Shuanghuanglian aqueous extract is remarkably better than that in the one documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

CoolClot, a novel hemostatic agent for controlling life-threatening arterial bleeding / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled bleeding is the first leading cause of preventable death in the battlefield and the 2nd cause of mortality in civil accidents. Incompressible hemorrhage control is among the interventions that drastically increase the survival rate in wound individuals. We have previously shown that a certain mixture of bentonite and zeolite minerals can significantly decrease the bleeding in rats. METHODS: In this study, nine healthy hybrid dogs were selected and after induction of anesthesia with ether, either arterial puncture by a needle or arteriotomy was performed on both groin regions of the dogs. For control arteries (either the right or left femoral artery), only pressure by sterilized gauze was performed, while for the femoral arteries of the opposite side, our invented hemostatic agent, namely CoolClot, was topically used before applying the pressure. In the second stage of the study, to assess the coagulation time, blood samples were collected from 10 volunteer students. RESULTS: CoolClot significantly decreased the bleeding time in animals whose femoral arteries were cut or punctured. In the human phase of the study, the mean coagulation time in control blood samples was 253.4±44.1 seconds, whereas it was 149.5±50.0, 162.3±74.6 and 143.4±114.6 seconds, respectively in blood samples treated with bentonite, zeolite and CoolClot (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As controlling bleeding after a life-threatening arterial damage is critical for increasing the chance of survival, the results obtained in this study indicate the significant efficacy of CoolClot in shortening the bleeding time. Our experiments also indicate that CoolClot can significantly reduce the clotting time in human blood samples.

A Pilot Study of the Physical Characteristics and Thermal Effects of Mud compared with Bentonite / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Design : A pilot, comparative study was conducted. Background : Heat wraps using bentonite (HWb) are commonly used in thermotherapy. In the Okayama University Misasa Medical Center, heat wraps using mud (HWm) produced by mixing soil with boiling water have also been used. The subjective thermal effects of HWm on patients with osteoarthritis of the knee have been reported. However, the objective thermal effects of HWm have not been examined. As such, the physicochemical thermal effects of HWm were analyzed and compared with those of HMb. Methods : The thermal effects of HWm and HWb were investigated regarding heat radiation, conduction, capacity and moisture content. Heat radiation and conduction were measured by changes in temperature of the heat wraps, in addition heat conduction was also assessed by blood flow in body surfaces (<i>N</i>=7). Heat capacity and moisture content were measured with a Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Results: Heat radiation and heat conduction of HWm were significantly greater than those of HWb (<i>p</i><0.001). The specific heat capacity of HWm was 2.0 J/g/°C, and was 1.7 J/g/°C for HWb. Moisture content of HWm and HWb were 0.6 mg/g and 0.3 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion : Heat radiation, conduction and capacity of HWm are superior to those of HWb. Moreover, the moisture content in HWm is greater than that of HWb. These results indicate that the thermal effects of HWm would have more be physicochemical usefulness.

CARACTERIZACIÓN TÉRMICA Y ESPECTROSCÓPICA DE ARCILLAS PILARIZADAS CON SOLUCIONES POLIHIDROXOCATIÓNICAS DE Al, Ce, Fe / THERMAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CLAYS PILLARED WITH Al, Ce, Fe POLYHYDROXOCATIONIC SOLUTIONS / CARACTERIZAÇÃO TÉRMICA E ESPECTROSCÓPICA DE ARGILAS PILARIZADAS COM SOLUÇÕES POLIHIDROXOCATIÔNICAS DE Al, Ce, Fe

Este trabajo presenta la caracterización por espectroscopía infrarroja (IR), análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), análisis térmico diferencial (DTA) y espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN de 29Si y RMN de 27Al) de un conjunto de arcillas pilarizadas con soluciones polihidroxocatiónicas de Al, Al-Fe, Al-Ce o Al-Ce-Fe. Los análisis de TGADTA indican un efecto térmico favorable (mayor estabilidad térmica) con la adición de Ce, Fe o Ce-Fe. Los resultados de IR y deRMNde 29Si revelan una probable formación de enlace entre el pilar de alúmina y la capa tetraédrica de SiO4 de la arcilla, mientras que la RMN de 27Al no muestra evidencias de reemplazo isomórfico de Fe o Ce en los pilares de alúmina incorporados. Igualmente y por IR, no se observan diferencias estructurales entre los sólidos pilarizados con Al y los pilarizados con Al-Ce, lo cual indica que el cerio posiblemente se incorpora de manera independiente al pilar de alúmina.

This work shows the characterization by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29SiNMRand 27Al NMR) of a set of pillared clays synthesized with Al, Al-Fe, Al-Ce or Al-Ce-Fe polyhydroxocationic solutions. TGADTA analyses indicate a favorable thermal effect (higher thermal stability) when Ce, Fe or Ce-Fe are added. IR and 29Si NMR results reveal a probable formation of a bond between the alumina pillar and the clay (SiO4)-tetrahedral sheet, whereas the 27Al NMR does not evidence any isomorphous substitution of iron or cerium in the alumina pillars. Moreover, by IR spectroscopy was not observed any structural difference between solids pillared with Al and those pillared with Al-Ce, showing that cerium is possibly incorporated in an independent way to the alumina pillar.

Esse trabalho apresenta a caracterização mediante espectroscopia de absorção na região de infravermelho (IV), análise térmica (TGA/DTA) e espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN de 29Si yRMNde 27Al) de um conjunto de argilas pilarizadas com soluções polihidroxocatiônicas de Al, Al-Fe, Al-Ce o Al-Ce-Fe. As análises de TGA-DTA indicam um efeito térmico favorável (maior estabilidade térmica) com adição de Ce, Fe o Ce-Fe. Os resultados de IV e de RMN de 29Si revelam uma provável formação de ligação entre o pilar de alumina e a camada tetraédrica de SiO4 da argila, entretanto que RMN de 27Al não apresenta evidencias de substituição isomórfica de Fe ou Ce nos pilares de alumina incorporados. Além de mais, mediante IV não se observam diferencias estruturais entre os sólidos pilarizados com Al e os pilarizados com Al-Ce, indicando que o cério possivelmente incorpora-se de maneira diferente ao pilar de alumina.

Caracterizacióneestructural y textural de una bentonita Colombiana / Structural an teextural characterization of a Colombian bentonite / Caracterizaço esstrutural e textural de uma bentonita Colômbiana

En el presente trabajo se caracteriza una arcilla-bentonita colombiana (Valle del Cauca), mediante difracción de rayos X, técnicas espectroscópicas (IR, RMN y EPR) y análisis textural. Los resultados indican que el componente principal en este material natural es una esmectita dioctaédrica (aluminosa). Igualmente, los resultados de RMN de 29Si y de 27Al revelan la substitución isomórfica de Al3+ por Si4+ en la capa tetraédrica. El estudio de EPR evidencia la presencia de hierro (III) ocupando posiciones en la capa octaédrica del mineral de arcilla y formando nanoclusters, posiblemente de óxidos u oxihidróxidos. El análisis textural indica que el material es predominantemente mesoporoso.

In the present work a Colombian bentonite (from Valle del Cauca) was characterized by X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR and EPR) and textural analysis. The results indicate that dioctahedral (aluminian) smectite is the principal component in the natural material. In addition, both 29Si NMR and 27Al NMR analysis reveal the isomorphous substitution of Al3+ by Si4+ in the tetrahedral sheet. The EPR study shows iron (III) in octahedral sheet positions of the clay mineral besides “nanoclusters” probably in oxides or oxyhydroxides form. The textural analysis indicates that the bentonite is predominantly a mesoporous material.

No presente trabalho caracterizou-se uma argila-bentonita colômbiana (Vale do Cauca), mediante difração de raios X, técnicas espectroscópicas (IV, RMN e EPR) e análise textural. Os resultados indicam que o composto principal neste material natural é uma esmectita dioctaédrica (aluminous). Também os resultados de RMN de 29Si e de 27Al revelam a substituição isomórfica de Al3+ por Si4+ na camada tetraédrica. O estudo de EPR evidência a presença de Ferro (III) ocupando posições na camada octaédrica do mineral de argila e formando nanoclusters, possivelmente de óxidos ou oxihidróxidos. A análise textural indica que o material é predominantemente mesoporoso.

Viscosidad de ssspensiones de una bentonita en estado natural y organofílica / Susensions viscoosity of a natural and organophilic bentonite

Se estudió la viscosidad de suspensiones, en función del contenido de sólidos, de una bentonita procedente del Valle del Cauca, en estado natural en agua y modificada con iones bencildimetiltetradecil amonio en mezclas etanol-glicerina, a 25 °C. Para la bentonita natural la función: viscosidad frente a%de sólidos es lineal, mientras que para la organofílica es parabólica. La función matemática: viscosidad específica /%de sólidos frente a % de sólidos es un polinomio de grado dos, tanto para las suspensiones de la bentonita natural como para las de la organofílica. En ninguno de estos dos casos se cumple la ecuación de Einstein, de DoughertyKreiger o de Farris.

It was studied the suspensions viscosity of a bentonite, from the CaucaValley, related to the solids content, in natural state with water and modified with benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium ions with ethanol- glycerine mixture at 25 °C. For the natural bentonite the function : Viscosity vs. % of solids is lineal, but for the organophilic bentonite is parabolic. The mathematical function: Specific viscosity /%of solids vs,%of solids is a polynomial of grade two as the suspensions of the natural bentonite as well as the organophilic one. None of theses cases the Einstein, Dougherty-Kreiger or Farris ecuations is followed.

Sudies on the Influence of Using Bentonite Clarifying Agent on Hygroscopicity of Astragalus Extracting Powder / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To research the hygroscopicity of Astragalus extrating powder by use of Bentonite Clarifying Agent of Fruit Wine. Methods Determing the hygroscopicity rate of extracting powder whether or not dealing with bentonite, drawing and comparing hygroscopicity graphs, and determing the transforming rates of the content of total Astragalim, polysacch-aride in Astragalus. Results Extracting powder dealing with bentonite reduces hygroscopicity, and the transforming rates of the content of total Astragalim, polysacch-aride in Astragalus are high. Conclusions The method can be used for increasing the moisture-proof properties of Astragalus extrating powder.

The Effect of Bentonite and Glycolic Acid on the Stratum corneum

BACKGROUND: Bentonite clay, which is a major component of mud pack, has been used for various purposes in cosmetics. Glycolic acid is known to be effective in the treatment of acne. Al-though those products are used widely, information on the mode of action and effects on the skin are little and controversial till now. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether bentonite alone, or bentonite with glycolic acid in mixed formulation affect the stratum corneum leading to alteration on cutaneous barrier function and whether those products alter the lipid lamellae and desmosomes of corneocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mud pack-type ointment of bentonite, bentonite and 5% glycolic acid formulation, bentonite and 10% glycolic acid formulation were applied on the volar fore-arm of the five healthy men and flank skin of five 6-8 week old hairless mice. Transepidermal water loss and capacitance were measured. Electron microscopic examination after ruthenium tetroxide postfixation was performed on the flank skin of the mice. RESULTS: Transepidermal water loss(TEWL) increased immediately and normalized 4 to 6 hours later after removal of vapor permeable membrane in both mouse and human. Capacitance did not show any evidence of change in the water content of the stratum corneum. Electron microscopic examination revealed that lipid lamellae and desmosome of corneocytes were not de-graded, but lamellar body secretion and partially electron-lucent material was-increased in 10% glycolic acid and bentonite mixture-treated area. CONCLUSION: Barrier function of stratum corneum is not disturbed by bentonite and glycolic acid formulations at the concentration used. Barrier structures are not disrupted, but lamellar body secretion and partially electron-lucent material was increased by bentonite and glycolic acid formulations at higher concentration.