Improvement effects and mechanism of total flavonoids of Bidens pilosa on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroin-flammation in mice / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of total flavonoids of Bidens pilosa L. （TFB） on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced neuroinflammation in mice. METHODS Fifty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control group， LPS group and TFB low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups， with 10 mice in each group. TFB low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups were given TFB solution intragastrically at 60， 120 and 240 mg/kg， and the normal control group and LPS group were given corresponding volume of normal saline， once a day， for consecutive 21 d. From the 15th day of administration， except for the normal control group， other groups were given LPS （400 μg/kg） intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days to establish neuroinflammatory model. Brain tissues were taken under anesthesia 4 h after the final administration. The morphological changes of neuronal cells in mice were observed； the contents of nitric oxide （NO）， tumor necrosis factor α （TNF- α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， IL-6 and IL-10 were measured， and the expressions of inflammatory pathway-related proteins [inducible NO synthase （iNOS）， cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2）， myeloid differentiation factor 88 （Myd88） and protein kinase C （PKC）] were measured in the brain tissues of mice. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group， the neuronal arrangement in the hippocampal region of the brain tissue of mice in the LPS group was sparsely disorganized， with a large number of neuronal fixations and shrunken nuclei； the contents of TNF-α， IL-1β， IL-6 and NO in the brain tissue were significantly increased， the contents of IL-10 were significantly decreased， and the relative expressions of iNOS， COX-2， Myd88 and PKC proteins were significantly increased （P＜0.05）. Compared with the LPS group， the neuronal pathological changes in the brain tissue of mice in the TFB low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups were 202014810） significantly improved， and the changes of the above indices in the brain tissue were significantly reversed （P＜0.05） CONCLUSIONS TFB has an inhibitory effect on E-mail：pangxjun@163.com neuroinflammation， and its mechanism of action may be related to down-regulation of the expressions of inflammatory pathway-related proteins iNOS， COX-2， Myd88 and PKC， and reduction of inflammatory factors release.

Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) cultivated in Brazil on acute liver disease in dogs / [Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) cultivada no Brasil na doença hepática aguda em cães]

Bidens pilosa L. is a medicinal plant popularly used for treatment of liver diseases. In this study, the dry extract of aerial parts of Bidens pilosa and Silymarin, a phytocomplex obtained from the Silybum marianum fruits and marketed as hepatoprotective, were tested in dogs experimentally acutely intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. The liver activity was evaluated by hematological and biochemical profiles, and histological and ultrasound analyzes. It was observed that the lowest serum activities of ALT and serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the groups treated with the dry extract of Bidens pilosa, while only decreased serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the group treated with Silymarin. Best liver recovery was also observed for the dry extract of B. pilosa at a 400mg/Kg dose by ultrasonography. This study showed that the dry extract of Bidens pilosa acted more efficiently in the treatment of acute toxic hepatitis induced in dogs than Silymarin.(AU)

Bidens pilosa L. é uma planta medicinal utilizada popularmente para tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Neste trabalho, o extrato seco das partes aéreas da Bidens pilosa e a silimarina, um fitocomplexo obtido dos frutos da Silybum marianum e comercializado como hepatoprotetor, foram testados em cães intoxicados experimentalmente de forma aguda com tetracloreto de carbono. A atividade hepática foi avaliada por meio dos perfis hematológico e bioquímico, análises histológica e ultrassonográfica. Observou-se que, nos grupos tratados com o extrato seco da Bidens pilosa, ocorreram as menores atividades séricas da ALT e de concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total, enquanto no grupo tratado com silimarina, ocorreu apenas diminuição de concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total. Melhor recuperação hepática também foi verificada para o extrato seco de B. pilosa na dose de 400mg/kg por ultrassonografia. Este estudo evidenciou que o extrato seco da Bidens pilosa atuou de forma mais eficiente no tratamento da hepatite aguda tóxica induzida em cães do que a silimarina.(AU)

Effect and mechanism of Bidens pilosa decoction on non-alcoholic fatty liver induced by high fat and high glucose in mice / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of Bidens pilosa decoction on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by high fat and high glucose in mice. Bald/c mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, metformin(200 mg·kg~(-1)) treatment group, Bidens pilosa decoction(10 g·kg~(-1)) treatment group, metformin and B. pilosa decoction(100 mg·kg~(-1)+5 g·kg~(-1)) treatment group. Except for the normal group, mice in the other four groups were fed with high-fat and high-glucose diet for 8 weeks to establish the non-alcoholic fatty liver model. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood was collected from the eyeballs, the mice were sacrificed, and relevant indicators were detected. The results showed that compared with the model group, blood lipid and blood glucose levels of each treatment group were significantly lower(P<0.05); HE staining results showed that liver pathological damage in each treatment group was significantly improved; oil red O staining results showed fat distribution in each treatment group significantly reduced(P<0.01); immunohistochemical staining showed that glucose regulated the protein expression of protein 78(GRP78) in liver tissues of each treatment group was also significantly reduced(P<0.01); Western blot results showed that endoplasmic reticulum stress signal pathway-related factors GRP78, phosphorylated-protein kinase R-like ER kinase(p-PERK), eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2α(eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4(ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein(Chop), inositol requiring 1α(IRE1α), and cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 12(cleaved-caspase-12) were significantly reduced(P<0.01). The results of the combined drug treatment group were better than those of the single drug treatment group. These results showed that B. pilosa decoction had the effect in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver, and its mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related factors, and the reduction of the apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by ERS and the down-regulation of blood lipid and blood glucose levels.

Impact of Altitude on Morphological Traits-based Phenotypic Variability in Bidens pilosa L. from Three Natural Regions of Burundi

Aims: To examine the possible influence of varying altitudes on the morphological traits-based phenotypic variability in Bidens pilosa L. Study Design: Randomly selected plants from each natural region. Place and Duration of Study: Three natural regions of Burundi, i.e. IMBO (842 m), KIRIMIRO (1645 m), and MUGAMBA (2075 m), between November 2015 and May 2016. Methodology: We randomly selected 36 plants (12 plants from each of the three sites of seed sowing and plant development) for which we measured plant life cycle stages such as the period of germination, the period of leaf formation, flowering period, fruit formation period and complete maturity period. Plant height, internode length, leaf length, leaf width, inflorescence length, achene length, inflorescence number, node number, achene number per inflorescence and achene number per plant, after plant complete maturity were also recorded. Obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results: Bidens pilosa from IMBO (842 m) showed the lowest periods of germination, leaf formation, flowering, fruit formation and complete maturity, while longest periods were observed in MUGAMBA (2075 m) region. In addition, one-way analysis of variance showed that phenotypic variation in Bidens pilosa was highly significant within and across populations (P = 0.000) for the studied quantitative morphological traits except the achene number/inflorescence (P = .887). Some traits increased with increase in altitude while others decreased with increase in altitude. Moreover, internode length, leaf length, inflorescence number and achene number per plant significantly differentiated the three populations from the three regions (P < 0.01). Cluster analysis revealed also that IMBO (842 m) population was different from KIRIMIRO (1645 m) and MUGAMBA (2075 m) which are tending to be closer. Conclusion: Altitudes significantly influenced phenotypic variability of Bidens pilosa. However, further studies on a wide range of morphological traits and altitudes are needed as well as biochemical and molecular analyses.

Evaluation of two Brazilian indigenous plants for phytostabilization and phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils / Avaliação de duas plantas nativas brasileiras para fitoestabilização e fitorremediação de solos contaminados com cobre

Abstract Indigenous plants have been grown naturally and vigorously in copper contaminated soils. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation ability of two indigenous plants naturally grown in two vineyard soils copper contaminated, and in a copper mining waste. However, it was evaluated the macro and micronutrient uptake and the potential of phytoremediation. So, a greenhouse study was carried out with Bidens pilosa and Plantago lanceolata in samples of vineyard soils (Inceptisol and Mollisol) copper contaminated, and in a copper mining waste. Plant growth, macro and micronutrient up take, tolerance index (TI), translocation factor (TF), metal extraction ratio (MER), bioaccumulation factor (BCF), plant effective number of the shoots (PENs), and plant effective number of the total plant (PENt) were analyzed. Both plants grown in vineyard soils showed high phytomass production and TI. P. lanceolata plants cultivated in the Inceptisol showed the highest copper concentrations in the shoots (142 mg kg–1), roots (964 mg kg–1) and entire plants (1,106 mg kg–1). High levels of copper were phytoaccumulated from the Inceptisol by B. pilosa and P. lanceolata with 3,500 and 2,200 g ha–1 respectively. Both B. pilosa and P. lanceolata plants showed characteristics of high copper hyperaccumulator. Results showed that both species play an important role in the natural copper phytoaccumulation in both vineyard soils contaminated with copper, being important to its phytoremediation.

Resumo Plantas nativas crescem naturalmente e vigorosamente em solos contaminados com cobre. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de fitorremediação de duas plantas nativas, naturalmente encontradas em dois solos de vitivinicultura contaminados com cobre, e em rejeito de mineração de cobre. Foram avaliados os teores de macro e micronutrientes nos tecidos das plantas, e o potencial de fitorremediação. Assim, um estudo em casa de vegetação foi realizado com plantas de Bidens pilosa e Plantago lanceolata, com amostras de dois solos de vitivinicultura (Neossolos e Cambissolos) contaminados com cobre, e com rejeito de mineração de cobre. O crescimento das plantas, teores de macro e micronutrientes nos tecidos, índice de tolerância (TI), fator de translocação (TF), taxa de extração do metal (MER), fator de bioacumulação (BCF), número efetivo dos plantas da parte aérea (PENs) e número efetivo de plantas inteiras (PENt) foram analisados. Ambas as espécies cultivadas em solos vitivinicultura mostraram elevada produção de fitomassa e os TI. P. lanceolata cultivadas no Neossolo mostraram as concentrações de cobre mais elevados na parte aérea (142 mg kg–1), nas raízes (964 mg kg–1) e nas plantas inteiras (1.106 mg kg–1). Altos níveis de cobre foram fitoacumulados pelas plantas B. pilosa e P. lanceolata com 3.500 e 2.200 g ha–1, respectivamente, quando cultivadas em Neossolo. Ambas as espécies apresentaram características hiperacumuladoras de cobre. Os resultados mostraram que estas espécies desempenham um papel importante na fitoacumulação de cobre naturalmente em ambos os solos de vitivinicultura contaminados com cobre, sendo importantes para a fitorremediação.

Efeito da competição de plantas daninhas na cultura do feijoeiro / Effect of weed competition in bean

Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. , Amaranthus hybridus L. e Bidens pilosa L., bem como, a interferência do feijoeiro sobre o crescimento dessas plantas daninhas, além do efeito da mistura herbicida, fomesafen+fluazifop-p-butyl, sobre o desenvolvimento do feijoeiro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 15 dm³, utilizandose o delineamento em blocos casualizados. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se a interferência das plantas daninhas e o efeito da mistura herbicida sobre a cultura, já no segundo avaliou o efeito da interferência do feijoeiro no desenvolvimento das três espécies de plantas daninhas. A competição do feijoeiro com as plantas daninhas ocasionou efeitos negativos no crescimento da cultura, assim como, reduziu o crescimento das plantas infestantes. B. plantaginea e B. pilosa foram às espécies daninhas que mais acarretaram efeito negativo no crescimento da cultura. Todas as plantas infestantes tiveram o seu crescimento afetado negativamente quando em convivência com a cultura. A mistura herbicida ocasionou redução no crescimento radicular da cultura, podendo se refletir em futuras perdas de rendimento em condição de déficit hídrico ou escassez de nutrientes.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of interference Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus hybridus in the growth of bean plants, as well as the interference of bean on the growth of these weeds, plus the effect of the herbicide mixture, fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl, on the development of bean. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in pots of 15 dm ³, using a randomized block design. The first experiment evaluated the effect of weed and the effect of the herbicide mixture on the culture, in the second evaluated the effect of interference of bean in the development of three weed species. The bean competition with weeds caused negative effects on crop growth as well as reduced the growth of weeds. B. plantaginea and B. pilosa were the weeds that have resulted in more negative effect on crop growth. All weeds had negative affected growth of the culture. The herbicide mixture caused reduction in root growth of culture; this fact may be reflected in future income losses in water stress conditions or lack of nutrients.

Alelopatia de acículas de pínus na germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas de milho, picão preto e alface / Allelopathy of pine needles on the germination and development of corn, lettuce and beggartick

Os sistemas agrosilvipastoris estão ampliando os espaços ocupados e ganhando novos adeptos, tendo em vista ampliações produtivas nas mesmas áreas. Porém algumas questões, como efeitos alelopáticos de algumas culturas, nesse caso o pinus, ainda são pouco conhecidas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso de acículas de Pinus taeda na germinação e no desenvolvimento de plântulas de alface, picão-preto e milho. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em um bifatorial (2x5), onde: condições das acículas (verdes e secas) x concentrações dos extratos (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), em quatro repetições sob condições de temperatura, umidade e luminosidade controladas. As avaliações foram realizadas no tempo em intervalos regulares de 24 horas, de 0 a 144 horas. Avaliou-se a germinação, velocidade média da germinação, comprimento das radículas e epicótilos da alface, picão-preto e milho. Extratos a base de acícula verde afetou significativamente as variáveis, onde o efeito aumentava conforme aumentava a concentração, sendo o efeito mais perceptível no picão-preto. Já no extrato a base de acículas seca de pínus, houve resultados mínimos quando comparados a testemunha.

Agrosilvipastoris systems are expanding the spaces occupied and gaining new adherents in order expansions productive in the same areas. But some issues, such as allelopathic effects of some cultures, in which case the pine, are still poorly known. This research aimed to evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract from the pine needles on the germination and development of lettuce, corn and beggarticks seedlings. The experiment was carried in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a factorial (2x5), where: conditions of the needles (green and dry) x extracts concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in four replications, under temperature, humidity and light controlled. Evaluations were carried out time intervals of 24 hours, from 0 to 144 hours. It was evaluated the germination, average speed of germination, the length of the primary roots of lettuce and the length from the seedlings roots of lettuce, beggarticks and corn. Extracts the base of green needles affected the variables, where the effect increased with increase in concentration, the effect being more marked in beggarticks. In the statement the basis of dry pine needles, there were minimal results when compared to control.

In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Bidens pilosa Linn. (Asteraceae) Leaf Extracts against Haemonchus contortus Eggs and Larvae.

Haemonchus contortus is a major health and welfare problem for small ruminants, responsible for economic losses through reduced productivity and increased mortality. The in vitro efficacy of Bidens pilosa was determined against this gastrointestinal nematode (GIN). Fresh eggs, embryonated eggs and larvae (L1 and L2) were incubated at room temperature in infused aqueous extract, macerated aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of B. pilosa at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 mg/ml for 48, 6 and 24 hours, respectively. Distilled water and 1.5% Tween 80 were used as negative controls. They did not affect development of eggs and larvae whereas extracts showed a concentration dependent activity eventhough aqueous extracts exhibited a weak activity on the different developmental stages of H. contortus compared to ethanolic extract. Ethanolic extract was more potent on larvae than on eggs. It inhibited 92.5±7.5% and 67.4±7.4% egg embryonation and egg hatch at 5 mg/ml, with IC50 values of 2.1 mg/ml and 3.3 mg/ml respectively and induced 100±0% and 89.8±3.2% L1 and L2 larvae mortality at 5 mg/ml with LC50 values of 1.8 and 1.96 mg/ml respectively. The overall findings of the current study indicated that the evaluated medicinal plant in occurrence B. pilosa possess potential anthelmintic effect and further in vivo and toxicity evaluation are indispensable to validate its use as anthelmintic for the control of GIN.

Influência do tamanho do vaso e época de avaliação sobre o crescimento do picão preto em competição com milho e soja / Influence of the cup size and time of evaluation on growth black jack in competition with corn and soybean

A avaliação dos efeitos da competição das plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento de culturas como milho e soja é efetuada por meio de ensaios em ambientes protegidos para maior precisão experimental e segurança nos resultados obtidos. Esses ensaios geralmente são feitos em recipientes (vasos) onde se testam os efeitos desejados em épocas após plantio. O tamanho do vaso quando pequeno pode limitar o desenvolvimento da planta pelo volume de substrato neles contido. No entanto, essa limitação está diretamente relacionada às espécies em desenvolvimento e ao tempo de avaliação. Assim objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito do volume de vasos na capacidade competitiva das plantas de picão-preto, milho e soja em diferentes épocas de avaliação. O milho apresentou-se mais competitivo com o picão-preto que a soja tanto nos diferentes tamanhos de vaso quanto nas diferentes épocas. Dentro do intervalo testado, recomenda-se o uso de vasos com volume de 16 dm3, devido à baixa tendência de estabilização das curvas do modelo proposto. Por este motivo também, pode-se afirmar que intervalos iguais ou inferiores a 60 dias são inadequados para os ensaios de competição das plantas de picão-preto com milho ou soja.

The evaluation of the effects of weed competition on growth from crops like corn and soybeans is done by testing in protected environments for increased accuracy and confidence in experimental results. These tests are usually done in containers (pots) where they test their desired times after planting. The small size of the vessel when could limit development of the plant the volume of the substrate contained therein. However, this limitation is directly related to the species in the development and evaluation time. Thus the objective of this work is to verify the effect of the volume of vessels in the competitive ability of plants black jack, corn and soybean at different sampling times. The corn had become more competitive with black jack soybean so that the vessel in different sizes and at different times. Within the range tested, it is recommended the use of vessels with a volume of 16 dm 3, due to the low tendency to stabilize model curves. For this reason, too, can say what intervals not exceeding 60 days are inadequate for field trials of plants black jack with corn or soybeans.

Validación preclínica del efecto antiinflamatorio tópico de cinco plantas medicinales / Preclinical validation of the topical anti-inflammatory effect of five medicinal plants

INTRODUCCIÓN: en Cuba y otros países del Caribe se reporta el uso tradicional de plantas medicinales para afecciones como amigdalitis, cefaleas, aftas, picaduras, artritis, entre otras, que tienen entre sus síntomas y signos dolor e inflamación; no existen suficientes estudios de validación preclínica para las preparaciones que se utilizan. OBJETIVOS: evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio preclínico de preparaciones de 5 plantas medicinales de uso tradicional: Bidens pilosa L. (romerillo), Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) S. (limón), Hyptis verticillata J., Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) y Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano). MÉTODOS: se empleó el modelo de edema de oreja inducido por aceite de Croton en ratones albinos OF-1 machos (20-25 g), 6 animales por grupo. Se aplicó tópicamente: zumo de partes aéreas frescas de Bidens pilosa(romerillo) y de fruto de Citrus aurantifolia (limón), decocciones al 30 % de partes aéreas secas de Hyptis verticillata, hojas frescas de Morinda citrifolia (noni), y de hojas frescas de Musa x paradisiaca (plátano), 10 µL en cada cara de oreja tratada. Se utilizó como control positivo dexametasona 0,1 mg/oreja. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo una reducción del edema inducido por aceite de Croton con las preparaciones de zumo de Citrus aurantifolia y las decocciones al 30 % de Morinda citrifolia y Musa x paradisiaca; con un considerable porcentaje de inhibición para cada una de ellas. El zumo de Bidens pilosa y la decocción 30 % de Hyptis verticillatano redujeron significativamente la formación del edema. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados experimentales permiten la validación preclínica de la actividad antiinflamatoria del zumo de Citrus aurantifolia y las decocciones a 30 % de Morinda citrifolia y Musa x paradisiaca, así como su empleo tradicional, no siendo así para el zumo de Bidens pilosa y la decocción al 30 % de Hyptis verticillata.

INTRODUCTION: the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of conditions such as tonsilitis, headaches, aphtas, insect bites and arthritis, has been reported in Cuba and other Caribbean countries. Pain and inflammation are among the signs and symptoms of these conditions. There are not enough studies about the preclinical validation of the preparations used. OBJECTIVES: evaluate the preclinical anti-inflammatory effect of preparations from five medicinal plants of traditional use: Bidens pilosa L. (romerillo), Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) S. (lemon), Hyptis verticillata J., Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) and Musa x paradisiaca L. (banana). METHODS: the Croton oil ear edema test model was used in male albino OF-1 mice (20-25 g), 6 animals per group. Juice from fresh aerial parts of Bidens pilosa (romerillo) and from the fruit of Citrus aurantifolia (lemon), 30 % decoctions of dry aerial parts of Hyptis verticillata, fresh leaves of Morinda citrifolia (noni), and fresh leaves of Musa x paradisiaca (banana), 10 µL, were topically applied on both sides of the ear being treated. Dexamethasone 0.1 mg/ear was used as positive control. RESULTS: Citrus aurantifolia juice preparations and the 30 % Morinda citrifolia and Musa x paradisiaca decoctions reduced Croton oil ear edema with a high inhibition percentage. Bidens pilosa juice and the 30 % Hyptis verticillatadecoction did not reduce edema formation significantly. CONCLUSIONS: experimental results support the preclinical validation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Citrus aurantifolia juice and the 30 % decoctions of Morinda citrifolia and Musa x paradisiaca, as well as their traditional use. Bidens pilosa juice and the 30 % decoction of Hyptis verticillata are not validated.

Molecular authentication and phylogenetic relationship of Bidens pilosa and its relative species / 中草药

Objective: To construct the phylogenetic relationship of Bidens pilosa and its relative species, and to accurately identify B. pilosa and its relative species. Methods: Total genomic DNA was isolated from B. pilosa and its relative species. Nuclear DNA internal transcibed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast gene psbA-trnH sequences were amplified and sequenced. The Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distances were calculated. Authentication analyses were performed using Nearest Distance, BLAST1, and Neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. Results: The NJ trees (ITS and psbA-trnH data) indicated that the different populations of B. pilosa form a monophyletic clade [Bootstrap (BS) = 79% and 87%]. B. pilosa and B. pilosa var. radiata formed one monophyletic clade, and B. biternata was sister to B. bipinnata (ITS and combined data: BS = 100%). B. tripartita, B. cernua, and B. frondosa formed one monophyletic clade (ITS and combined data: BS = 100%; psbA-trnH data: BS = 99%). The inter-specific genetic distances (ITS and psbA-trnH data) between B. pilosa and its relative species were (0.00794-0.12880) and (0.005 18-0.074 52) which were far higher than intra-specific genetic distances of B. pilosa (0-0.00159) and (0-0.00252). Conclusion: The closest relative of B. pilosa is B. pilosa var. radiata. B. tripartita is closely relative to B. cernua and B. frondosa. The sister relationship between B. biternata and B. bipinnata is corroborated. ITS and psbA-trnH are two efficient barcodes for the authentication of B. pilosa and its relative species.

Baixa umidade do solo na eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência / Low soil moisture in effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicide application

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da baixa umidade do solo na eficácia da aplicação dos herbicidas clomazone + ametrina, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron em pré-emergência, submetidos à aplicação de lâminas de chuva em diferentes intervalos de tempo após sua aplicação, no controle de plantas de B. pilosa, C. echinatus e U. plantaginea. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos com capacidade de 2,5L, em condição de casa-de-vegetação, e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, disposto em um esquema fatorial 3x5 (três herbicidas e cinco intervalos de chuva). Os herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência foram clomazone+ametrina (Sinerge EC) a 5,0 L p.c. ha-1, sulfentrazone (Boral 500 SC) a 1,2 L p.c. ha-1 e tebuthiuron (Combine SC) a 2,0 L p.c. ha-1, e as lâminas de chuva de 20 mm foram aplicadas sobre os vasos em cinco intervalos de tempo após a aplicação dos herbicidas (0h, 4h, 8h, 12h e 24h). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle nas plantas que emergiram aos 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos e a porcentagem de emergência das plantas foi calculada. A aplicação dos três herbicidas em solo muito seco, seguida de chuvas em até 24 horas após a aplicação, permitiu a emergência de plantas de C. echinatus, reduziu a emergência das plantas de B. pilosa, mas ao final das avaliações controlou eficazmente estas duas especies e as plantas de U. plantaginea.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low soil moisture on the efficacy of applying herbicides ametryn + clomazone, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron in pre-emergence application submitted to simulated rainfalls at different time intervals after application in control of B. pilosa, C. echinatus and U. plantaginea plants. The experiment was carried out in pots with a capacity of 2.5 L in green-house conditions and experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, arranged in a 3x5 factorial (three herbicides and five rains intervals). The herbicides clomazone + ametryn (Sinerge EC) 5.0 L commercial product (cp) ha-1, sulfentrazone (Boral 500 SC) 1.2 L cp ha-1 and tebuthiuron (combine SC) 2.0 L cp ha-1 were applied in pre-emergence and the precipitation of 20 mm were applied under de pots in five time intervals after the herbicide application (0h, 4h, 8h, 12h and 24hours). Visual evaluations of plants control that emerged plants were realized at 14 and 21 days after treatment application and the plant emergence percentage was calculated. The application of these three herbicides in dry soil then rain within 24 hours after application provided C. echinatus plants emergence, reduced B. pilosa emergency but in the end of the experiment effectively controlled these two species and U. plantaginea plants.

Bioactive compounds in Bidens pilosa L. populations: a key step in the standardization of phytopharmaceutical preparations

The total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenols content (TPC), and in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) of six Bidens pilosa L., Asteraceae, populations harvested from different localities were evaluated in this work. The plants were separated in roots, stems, and leaves/flowers, and the influence of extraction methods was investigated.Areversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was developed and employed to obtain characteristic HPLC fingerprints of the bioactive compounds present in the extractive solutions, which were correlated with the TFC, TPC, and AA. Extractive solutions of leaves/flowers presented a higher AA when compared with those obtained from other parts of the plant (IC50 of 35.35±0.10 µg/mL). The stem extracts presented the lowest AA (IC50 117.2±1.96 µg/mL). A direct correlation of AA with TFC and TPC was evidenced. The highest AA was obtained by dynamic maceration and was statistically different from the AA presented by the extractive solutions obtained by other extraction methods. The results of this work evidenced differences that can be found at different stages of development of phytopharmaceutical preparations from B. pilosa and highlighted the importance of using the concentration of marker compounds as well as HPLC fingerprints as quality control parameters.

Mapeamento de picão preto resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS na região sul mato-grossense / Mapping hairy beggarticks resistant to ALS herbicide in the mato grosso do sul region

Quando herbicidas com o mesmo mecanismo de ação são utilizados repetidamente por vários anos, biótipos resistentes de plantas daninhas, de ocorrência natural, podem sobreviver ao tratamento, propagar e passar a dominar a área. Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar e mapear as plantas de picão preto (Bidens pilosa) resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS (acetolactatosintase) na região Sul Mato-Grossense. Foi utilizado o método de contorno das reboleiras, que se define pelo caminhamento ao redor das áreas de ocorrência da planta. Biótipos de picão preto foram avaliados em relação a sua resistência aos herbicidas inibidores de ALS pela utilização de dosagens crescentes de um herbicida em parcelas experimentais instaladas na área. A metodologia testada para o mapeamento de picão preto pelo contorno das reboleiras foi eficaz para as condições avaliadas. O mapa geoespacial da planta daninha foi obtido, possibilitando seu uso para a aplicação localizada de herbicidas. Houve regiões do talhão onde o picão preto não estava presente. A área em estudo estava infestada de biótipos de picão preto com alguma resistência ao herbicida utilizado, que não fora eficaz.

When herbicides with the same action mechanism are used repeatedly for several years, the herbicide resistant weeds can survive the treatment, propagate and dominate the area. The aim of this work was to identify and to map the patches of hairy beggarticks (Bidenspilosa) resistant to ALS inhibitors (acetolactate synthase) in the Mato Grosso do Sul region. Weed patch contour method was used to mapping, which is defined by walking around the weed patch. Hairy beggarticks biotypes were evaluated for their resistance to ALS inhibitors according to the increment on the doses of an herbicide on experimental field plot in the mapped area. The method used for hairy beggar ticks mapping by weed patch contour was considered effective under the evaluated conditions, and the geospatial weed map was obtained, allowing the patch spraying. There were areas of the field free of hairy beggar ticks. The studied field area was infested by hairy beggarticksbiotypes resistant to the applied herbicide, which was not efficient.

Studies on flavonoids from Bidens pilosa / 中草药

Objective: To study the bioactive flavonoids from Bidens pilosa. Methods: Various chromatographic methods including silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns, middle pressure liquid chromatography, and high speed counter current chromatography were applied to isolating and purifying the compounds. Their structures were confirmed based on the physicochemical properties and spectral data. Results: Six compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of B. pilosa, and their structures were identified as 2(R/S)-isookanin-3, 4'-dimethyl ether-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1a-1b), quercetin-3, 4'-dimethyl ether-7-O-glucoside (2), quercetin 3, 4'-dimethyl ether-7-O-rutinoside (3), (Z)-6-O-(6'-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-6, 7, 3', 4'-tetrahydroxyaurone (4), maritimein (5), and okanin 4-methyl ether-3'-O-β-glucoside (6). Conclusion: Compound 1a-1b is a novel compound named bidenoside H.

Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): traditional use in a community of southern Brazil / Bidens pilosa Linn (Asteraceae): uso tradicional em uma comunidade do Sul do Brasil

The correct use of plants for therapeutic purposes requires selection of those showing efficacy and safety based on the popular tradition and/or scientific validation. Bidens pilosa L. is a species that widely occurs in tropical regions and is known in Brazil as "picão-preto". Four agents from the Health Pastoral Service were identified in the region of Criciuma, Santa Catarina State, for their popular knowledge of Bidens pilosa. The study was conducted by means of interview which provided data concerning the knowledge of "picão preto", handling, used plant part, plant/solvent proportion, preparation methods, administration route/dosage, indication and restrictions. The pharmaceutical form, as well as the posology, was significantly variable. Analysis of the collected data showed anti-inflammatory action as the main therapeutic indication.

O emprego correto de plantas para fins terapêuticos pela população requer o uso daquelas selecionadas por sua eficácia e segurança, com base na tradição popular e/ou cientificamente validadas como medicinais. Bidens pilosa L. é uma espécie que ocorre amplamente em regiões tropicais sendo conhecida no Brasil pelo nome popular "picão-preto". Quatro agentes da pastoral da Saúde foram identificadas na região de Criciúma/SC por possuírem maiores informações de cunho popular sobre Bidens pilosa. A pesquisa ocorreu por meio de entrevista, onde foram compiladas informações sobre o conhecimento do "picão-preto", manuseio, farmacógeno, proporção farmacógeno/ solvente, técnica de preparo, formas de uso/posologia, indicações e restrições de uso. A forma farmacêutica utilizada variou significativamente, assim como a posologia. A análise de informações coletadas mostra a ação antiinflamatória como principal indicação terapêutica.

Efeito do déficit hídrico na eficiência de herbicidas e nas características bioquímicas de picão-preto / Effect of water deficit on the efficiency of herbicides and biochemical characteristics of hair beggarticks

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS) e protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX) no controle de Bidens pilosa sob duas condições hídricas, bem como determinar a influência deste déficit hídrico sob o conteúdo de carboidratos e proteínas solúveis da planta daninha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos, com quatro repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro herbicidas (fomesafen, lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr, na dose recomendada pelo fabricante) e duas condições hídricas (-0,5 MPa e -0,01 MPa). Aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos tratamentos foi avaliada de forma visual a eficiência de controle dos herbicidas. Para a determinação dos solutos orgânicos foram coletadas plantas às 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Os herbicidas controlaram de forma eficiente as plantas de B. pilosa, com exceção do lactofen, enquanto que o déficit hídrico afetou a eficiência de controle de todos os herbicidas testados. O conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis aumentou com a imposição do déficit hídrico, contudo, os herbicidas e o déficit hídrico proporcionaram redução de proteínas solúveis nas plantas de B. pilosa.

The objective of this work was to evaluate conditions the effectiveness of acetolactate synthase (ALS) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitors in the Bidens pilosa control under two water deficit conditions, as well as to determine the influence of water deficit under the contents of soluble carbohydrates and protein of weed. The experimental design was randomized completely design with the treatments, with four replications, setup in a factorial scheme 4x2, with four herbicides (fomesafen lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr), and two water conditions (-0.5 MPa and -0.01MPa). At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA), was assessed visually control efficiency of herbicides. For the determination of organic solutes plants were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after application (HAA). Herbicides controlled efficiently plants of B. pilosa, except lactofen, whereas the water deficit affected the efficiency of control of all the herbicides. The soluble carbohydrate content increased with the imposition of water deficit, however, herbicides and water deficit further reduction of soluble proteins in plants of B. pilosa.

Efecto insecticida in vitro del extracto etanólico de algunas plantas sobre la mosca adulta Haematobia irritans / In vitro insecticidal effect of the ethanolic extract from some plants on the adult fly Haematobia irritans

Introducción: por el constante desarrollo de resistencia a los grupos de insecticidas comercializados a nivel mundial, en agricultura y ganadería, se ha tenido la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas para el control de insectos que además sean seguros para el ecosistema, los animales y el hombre. Desde la medicina popular se reconocen varias plantas con efecto insecticida, pero no se han estudiado por completo. Objetivos: determinar el efecto insecticida de los extractos etanólicos de 5 plantas Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, Bidens pilosa L., Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh., Sambucus nigra L. y Nicotiana tabacum L. sobre la mosca adulta Haematobia irritans. Métodos: los extractos se obtuvieron por el método de extracción Soxhlet y concentrados por medio de un rotoevaporador Buchi; de modo adicional se identificaron los metabolitos secundarios responsables del efecto insecticida con evaluaciones preliminares cualitativas y confirmándose mediante cromatografía en capa fina. Las moscas se capturaron de bovinos parasitados naturalmente. Resultados: después de asperjar los extractos diluidos sobre las moscas, se encontró mayor actividad insecticida con Nicotiana tabacum, con un porcentaje de mortalidad de 100, 96,6, 80 y 60 por ciento, con diluciones de 5:10; 2,5:10; 1,25:10 y 0,62:10, respectivamente; seguida por Brugmansia arborea y Sambucus nigra. Los extractos que mostraron menor efectividad resultaron Bidens pilosa y Ambrosia cumanensis. Conclusiones: bajo las condiciones propuestas en este estudio se demuestra que las 5 plantas tienen acción sobre la mosca Haematobia irritans aunque con diferentes grados de eficacia.

Introduction: the constant development of resistance to several groups of insecticides marketed worldwide in the fields of agriculture and livestock breeding has led to the urgent search of new alternatives to control insects in a safe way for the ecosystem, the animals and the man. Several plants with insecticidal effect have been recognized in herbal medicine, although they have not been fully studied. Objectives: to determine the insecticidal effect of ethanolic extracts from five plants, that is, Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, Bidens pilosa L., Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerth., Sambucus nigra L. and Nicotiana tabacum L. on the adult fly Haematobia irritans. Methods: the extracts were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction methods and then concentrated by the rotoevaporator Buchi; additionally, the secondary metabolites responsible for the insecticidal effect were identified with preliminary qualitative evaluations and confirmed through thin-layer chromatography. The flies were captured from cattle having natural parasites. Results: after sprinkling the flies with the diluted extracts, the highest insecticidal activity was found in Nicotiana tabacum, with a mortality rate of 100, 96.6, 80 and 60 percent at dilution ratios of 5:10; 2.5:10; 1,25:10 and 0.62:10 respectively, followed by Brugmansia arborea and Sambucus nigra. The extracts from Bidens pilosa and Ambrosia cumanensis showed the lowest effectiveness. Conclusions: under the suggested conditions in this study, it was proved that the five plants had some insecticidal effect on fly Haematobia irritans, but at different levels of effectiveness.

Biomass productoon and heavy metal absorptionbyfour plants grown at the moraviia dump, medellín, Coommbia. / Producción de biomasa y absorción de metales pesados por cuatro plantas crecidas en el basurero Morovia, Medellín, Colombia.

Dumps are sites where the presence of high heavy metal (HM) concentration is a common occurrence, creating the need for implementing restoration processes immediately after their closure. In the 7.6 ha and 45 m high Morro de Moravia dump, arose from the disposal of Medellín solid wastes from 1974 to 1984, previous studies have demonstrated high contents of contaminants, including HM, prompting the need to identify effective mechanisms to implement its restoration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adaptation, growth and phytoremediation capacity of Bidens pilosa, Lepidium virginicum, Brachiaria decumbens and Arachis pintoi. Content of HM (mg/kg) in Moravia residue matrix went from 17 to 8193 for Pb, 44 to 564 for Cr, 0.2 to 339 for Cd and 77 to 1679 for Ni. Measurements of plant cover, plant height and dry matter production at all plant species studied suggested adequate growth and adaptation to the Moravia dump conditions. Plant absorption of HM showed the pattern Cr > Cd > Ni > Pb. Estimated bioconcentration factors were generally low, and maximum values were 0.36 in A. pintoi (Cr), 2.96 in B. pilosa (Cd) and 0.26 in B. decumbens (Ni). However, our estimations of the phytoremediation potential of the assayed species, suggested they possess low remediation efficiency. Further investigation should be carried out in order to identify more efficient HM accumulators, and to test the use of technologies such as modification of pH, rhizoremediation or the use of genetically enhanced accumulators to increase HM availability to plants.

En los basureros se observan altas concentraciones de metales pesados (MP), creando la necesidad de conducir procesos de restauración en dichos lugares. En el Morro de basuras de Moravia, con 7,6 ha y 45 m de altura, conformado por la disposición de los residuos sólidos de la ciudad de Medellín entre 1974 y 1984, estudios anteriores demostraron alto contenido MP, evidenciando la necesidad de identificar mecanismos efectivos para su restauración. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la adaptación, crecimiento y capaci-dad fitorremediadora de Bidens pilosa, Lepidium virginicum, Brachiaria decumbens y Arachis pintoi. El contenido de MP (mg/kg) en la matriz de residuos de Moravia varió entre 17 y 8.193 para Pb, 44 a 564 para Cr, 0,2 a 339 para Cd y 77 a 1.679 para Ni. Las mediciones de cobertura, altura y producción de materia seca mostraron que todas las especies evaluadas tuvieron un nivel adecuado de adaptación y crecimiento a las condiciones del basurero de Moravia. La absorción de MP presentó el orden Cr > Cd> Ni > Pb. Los factores de bioconcentración estimados fueron bajos, siendo los valores máximos: 0,36 (A. pintoi, Cr), 2,96 (B. pilosa, Cd) y 0,26 (B. decumbens, Ni). Sin embargo, nuestras estimaciones del potencial de fitorremediación de las plantas evaluadas sugieren que éstas poseen baja eficiencia fitorremediadora. Debe dirigirse investigación con el fin de identificar especies acumuladoras de MP más eficientes o introducir tecnologías que aumenten la disponi-bilidad de los MP, tales como la modificación del pH, rizorremediación o el uso de plantas acumuladoras genéticamente modificadas.

Variáveis qualitativas da pulverização em feijão, Bidens pilosa E Brachiaria plantaginea / Qualitative variables of spraying in common beans, Bidens pilosa and Brachiaria plantaginea

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. e de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. presentes na linha e entrelinha da cultura. Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 (500 ppm). Utilizaram-se cinco pontas de pulverização: jato plano (XR 110015 VS e XR 11002 VS), jato plano duplo (TJ60 11002 VS) e jato cônico (TX-6 VS e TX-8 VS) e dois volumes de aplicação 150 e 200 L ha-1. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Foram amostradas 25 plantas em cada parcela/repetição, de plantas de feijão e plantas daninhas presentes na linha e na entrelinha da cultura. Após a aplicação, as plantas foram coletadas e lavadas em água destilada para quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados ajustaram-se à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Os resultados evidenciaram que: para as plantas de feijão as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 proporcionaram as deposições mais uniformes, nos volumes de 150 e 200 L ha-1, respectivamente; a ponta TX-6 no volume de 150 L ha-1 apresentou melhor uniformidade de distribuição para ambas as espécies de plantas daninhas presentes na linha da cultura; para as plantas daninhas presentes na entrelinha, no volume de 150 L ha-1, destacaram-se as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 11002 para B. pilosa e B. plantaginea, respectivamente, no volume de 200 L ha-1 destacou-se a ponta TX-8 para ambas as espécies.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the deposition quality of spray solution in common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc., present in the crop row and spacing row. Brilliant blue FDC - 1 was used as a tracer solution (500 ppm). Five nozzles were used: flat fan nozzle (XR 110015 VS and XR 11002 VS), double flat fan nozzle (TJ60 11002 VS) and cone nozzle (TX-6 VS and TX-8 VS), and two application volumes: 150 and 200 L ha-1. A randomized blocks design was used, with four replications. 25 plants were sampled for replication in each plot, common beans as well as weeds in crop row and spacing row. After the application, the plants were collected and washed in distilled water for tracer quantification in spectrophotometer. The data adjusted to the regression curve according to the Gompertz model. The results showed that, for the common bean plants, XR 110015 and TJ60 nozzles had provided the most uniform depositions in 150 and 200 L ha-1 application volume, respectively; the nozzle in the volume of 150 L ha-1 had a more uniform distribution for both the species of harmful plants present in the crop line; for the weeds present in the crop row in a volume of 150 L ha-1 the best performances were presented by the XR 110015 nozzle for B. pilosa and the TJ60 nozzle for B. plantaginea. For the volume of 200 L ha-1 , the TX-8 nozzle presented the best performance for both species.