Consulta do Registo de Saúde Eletrónico ­ Análise ética de um caso clínico / Electronic Health Registry Query - Ethical Case Study / Consulta electrónica de registros de salud - Estudio de caso ético

Introducción: La bioética surgió de la necesidad de regular un código de conducta ética que evitara las prácticas médicas abusivas llevadas a cabo durante varios siglos. El Procedimiento Deliberativo (PD), aplicado a la medicina, ayuda a tomar decisiones éticas de forma objetiva (equilibrada, podenrada) y justa. Con la presentación de este caso clínico se pretende, como ejemplo, demostrar la importancia de aplicar el PD en la práctica clínica en medicina general y familiar (MGF). Caso clínico: Un hombre de 58 años que, después de un antígeno prostático específico alterado, fue derivado a una consulta de urología. Un mes después de la biopsia de próstata, asiste a la consulta de MGF con la confianza de que el resultado sería negativo. Sin su autorización, el médico de familia (MF) accedió al registro electrónico de salud y descubrió que el paciente tenía un adenocarcinoma de próstata, aunque no habia sido re-evaluado por Urologia. Se eligió el problema ético más importante y se definió el curso de acción óptimo que cumplía los criterios de legalidad, publicidad y temporalidad. Conclusión: La decisión del médico siempre debe beneficiar el paciente. El PD permite tomar decisiones estructuradas, por lo cual debe aplicarse en el contexto de la MGF frente a problemas éticos

Introduction: Bioethics emerged from the need to implement an ethical code of conduct that would avoid abusive clinical practice carried for centuries. The Deliberative Procedure (DP) applied to medicine helps in making ethical decisions in a well-reasoned and fair manner. This clinical case report is intended to exemplify the importance of applying the deliberative process in clinical practice in general practice/family medicine (GP/FM). Clinical case: Male, 58 years old referenced to urology office visit after positive Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test. A month after prostatic biopsy he went to the medical consultation with his Family Doctor, believing the result was negative. His family doctor assessed his health electronic record without his authorization, and verified the result of the biopsy was a prostatic adenocarcinoma, without new urology appointment. It was elected the most important ethic problem and defined the action curse that accomplish the legality, publicity and temporary criteria. Conclusions: Whatever the physician decides, it should always be for the benefit of the wearer. DP allows structured decision making so it should be applied in the context of GP/FM in the face of ethical problems.

Introdução: A bioética surgiu da necessidade de regulamentar um código de conduta ética que evitasse as práticas médicas abusivas realizadas durante vários séculos. O Procedimento Deliberativo (PD) aplicado à medicina, ajuda na tomada de decisões éticas de forma ponderada e justa. Com a apresentação deste caso clínico pretende-se exemplificar a importância da aplicação do PD na prática clínica em Medicina Geral e Familiar (MGF). Apresentação do caso: Homem de 58 anos que no seguimento de um antígeno específico da próstata (PSA) alterado foi referenciado à consulta de urologia. Um mês após biópsia prostática recorre à consulta de MGF confiante de que o resultado seria negativo. Sem a sua autorização, o Médico de Família (MF) acedeu ao Registo de Saúde Eletrónico e verificou que o doente apresentava um adenocarcinoma da próstata, embora não tivesse ainda consulta de reavaliação de urologia. Foi eleito o problema ético mais importante e definido o curso de ação ótimo que cumpria os critérios de legalidade, publicidade e temporalidade. Conclusões: Qualquer que seja a decisão do médico, deve ser sempre em benefício da pessoa. O PD permite uma tomada de decisão estruturada pelo que deve ser aplicado no contexto de MGF perante a ocorrência de problemas éticos.

Excepciones al uso del consentimiento informado en investigación: ¿cuándo es esto posible en Chile? / Exception to informed consent in research: when is this possible in Chile?

Exceptions or waivers to informed consent in research in Chile are an ethical issue that has not been addressed in all its complexity by the scientific community. The possible waivers to this process could make the difference for the feasibility, success or failure of a study. The purpose of this document is to clarify within the available information, what is the current situation about the exceptions to informed consent in research and what are the ethical-legal guidelines in Chile. Articles were reviewed in both English and Spanish from indexed journals and those documents that meet the inclusion criteria were selected. There is limited information available about waivers to informed consent, which indicates that the ethical guidelines are similar among countries that honor the Declaration of Helsinki, including Chile. However, the current Chilean legislation does not include exceptions. Ethics Committees that authorize research in line with international ethical guidelines could allow possible exceptions. Based on our findings, it is necessary to evaluate possible exceptions for informed consent for research performed in Chile, both from the legal point of view and based on the experience of scientists.

Bioética y derecho a decidir sobreel propio cuerpo, sus extensiones, productos y derivados: el discutible caso de las células HeLa / Bioethics and the right to decide over your own body, their extensions, products and derivatives: the controversial HeLa cells case

Resumen: la investigación con células de origen humano y animal fue incorporada en la ciencia hace más de un siglo y su uso, tan cotidiano, no había merecido cuestionamiento alguno acerca de sus implicaciones éticas, legales y sociales por parte de la comunidad científica pues se asumía que era inocuo e impersonal. La información genética evidencia comportamientos biológicos individuales o colectivos de sus grupos familiares o generaciones, situación que puede transgredir la confidencialidady el derecho a la privacidad de las personas y sus familias. El caso de la investigación con células HeLa constituye un modelo de interpretación del ethos científico que requiere ser abordado desde un enfoque interdisciplinario, con una perspectiva de derechos humanos y bajo una redefinición de los conceptos legales, sociales y éticos del cuerpo humano, la salud, la enfermedad y la vida, a fin de garantizar la efectiva protección de los derechos personales fundamentales.

Abstract: the use of human and animal cells in research was incorporated into scientific processes more than one century ago, and due its daily use it had not aroused any questioning about their ethical, legal, and social implications by the same researchers because its use was considered as innocuous and impersonal. The genetic information realizes the biological behavior of people individuallyand collective of their familiar groups and generations, situation that can transgress the confidentiality, privacy, and the right to privacy of individuals and their families. HeLa cell research constitutes a model of interpretation of the scientific community against the personal and familiar rights that must be studied from an interdisciplinary approach, from an human rights perspective and with a redefinition of legal, social and ethical concepts of human body, health, disease and life, to ensure the effective protection of fundamental personal rights.