ABSTRACT
A medida que a se avanza en el siglo XXI, los sistemas de energía deben alejarse de los combustibles fósiles y aumentar la capacidad de las energías renovables si se quieren cumplir los objetivos de temperaturas máximas del Acuerdo de París. Sin embargo, debido a los desafíos en la adopción de tecnologías bajas en carbono, ciertas áreas de los sistemas energéticos globales son difíciles de controlar y descarburar. Por otra parte, el compostaje es una de las prácticas de gestión de residuos orgánicos más importantes que se puede utilizar para lograr la sostenibilidad del suelo y del medio ambiente. El compost tiene un mínimo impacto en algunas emisiones, y puede ayudar a controlar la huella de carbono y limitar los efectos ambientales negativos de los métodos de eliminación de desechos más deficientes. La investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar la calidad de producir biogás y biometano a partir de la cáscara de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.). Metodológicamente se desarrolló una investigación aplicada, con nivel de investigación de tipo experimental. Las cáscaras de plátano se colectaron de la planta de compostaje de la Municipalidad Provincial de Leoncio Prado, Perú. De la muestra se prepararon cinco sub muestras para la producción de biogás y cinco muestras adicionales para la producción de biometano. Los sistemas mostraron una producción de 0,067 m3 BG/Kg ST de biogás y 0,059 m3CH4/Kg ST de biometano, que generó subproductos como el biol y biosol. Estos resultados presentaron una baja toxicidad al ser sometidos a pruebas germinativas, concluyéndose que solo el 11,5% de la cáscara introducida al biorreactor se degrado y de esta fracción solo el 2,8% se convirtió en biogás(AU)
As progress is being made in the 21st century, energy systems must move away from fossil fuels and increase the capacity of renewable energies if you want to meet the maximum temperatures objectives of the Paris Agreement. However, due to the challenges in the adoption of low carbon technologies, certain areas of global energy systems are difficult to control and decarbure. On the other hand, composting is one of the most important organic waste management practices that can be used to achieve soil and environmental sustainability. The compost has a minimum impact on some emissions, and can help control the carbon footprint and limit the negative environmental effects of the most deficient waste removal methods. The research aimed to determine the quality of producing biogas and biomethane from the banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.). Methodologically, an applied investigation was developed, with experimental research level. The banana peels were collected from the composting plant of the Provincial Municipality of Leoncio Prado, Peru. From the sample, five sub samples were prepared for the production of biogas and five additional samples for biomethane production. The systems showed a production of 0.067 m3 bg/kg ST of biogas and 0.059 m3ch4/kg ST of biomethane, which generated by -products such as biol and biosol. These results presented a low toxicity when they were subjected to germinative evidence, concluding that only 11.5% of the shell introduced into the bioreactor was degraded and of this fraction only 2.8% became biogas(AU)
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Musa/metabolism , Biofuels/analysis , Carbon/analysis , Composting , Anaerobic Digestion , Musa/chemistry , Plant Bark/chemistry , Renewable EnergyABSTRACT
Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as intera��es medicamentoalimento em pacientes em uso de terapia antirretroviral descritas na literatura. Fonte de dados: Trata-se de uma revis�o sistem�tica utilizando os bancos de dados Medline e LILACS, no per�odo de 1998 at� 2012, com os seguintes descritores: food and bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs, food and antiretroviral failure and food and antiretroviral pharmacokinetic. A busca foi restrita aos idiomas ingl�s, portugu�s e espanhol. S�ntese dos dados: Foram selecionados 11 artigos, tendo como desenho estudos de coorte. Destes, seis estudos foram realizados nos Estados Unidos, dois na Espanha, um na Austr�lia, um na Alemanha e um na Su��a. A avalia��o da concord�ncia entre os avaliadores na classifica��o da qualidade dos artigos demonstrou boa concord�ncia (k=0,74), sendo este dado significativo (p<0,05). Do total de estudos analisados, nenhum foi considerado de qualidade A, sete (59,0%) foram de qualidade B e cinco (41,0%) de qualidade C. Todos os estudos consideram os efeitos da intera��o entre o alimento e o medicamento que possam resultar em aumento, decr�scimo, atraso ou que n�o afetem a absor��o do medicamento. Certos componentes dos alimentos, principalmente a gordura, s�o conhecidos por afetar significativamente a absor��o de medicamentos antirretrovirais e efeitos adversos proporcionados pelo medicamento podem acarretar piora na ades�o ao tratamento. Conclus�es: Escassos s�o os estudos prospectivos de qualidade que tenham descrito a associa��o entre a interfer�ncia dos alimentos na biodisponibilidade dos medicamentos antirretrovirais, sendo, os que investigaram esta associa��o, contradit�rios. N�o foram encontrados estudos que atendam a mais de 80% dos crit�rios de qualidade estabelecidos pelo Cochrane.
Objective: The objective of the present study was to identify drug-food interactions in patients on antiretroviral therapy reported in the literature. Data source: It is a systematic review that used the databases Medline and LILACS from 1998 until 2012, with the following descriptors: food and bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs, food and antiretroviral failure, and food and antiretroviral pharmacokinetic. The search was limited to English, Portuguese and Spanish. Data synthesis: Eleven articles were selected, with the design of cohort studies. Of these, six studies were performed in the United States, two in Spain, one in Australia, one in Germany, and one in Switzerland. The assessment of agreement among raters in classifying the quality of the articles showed good agreement (k=0.74), this factor being significant (p<0.05). None of the studies analyzed was considered as quality A, seven (59.0%) were quality B, and five (41.0%) were quality C. All studies consider the effects of the interaction between food and drug that may result in increase, decrease, delay, or that do not affect drug absorption. Certain components of food, especially fat, are known to significantly affect the absorption of antiretroviral drugs, and adverse effects provided by the drug may result in worsening of treatment adherence. Conclusions: Scarce are the prospective studies with quality that have described the association between the interference of food on the bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs, and those who have investigated this association are contradictory. No studies were found that meet more than 80% of the quality criteria set by the Cochrane.
Subject(s)
Biological Availability , Food/classification , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: O Câncer de tiróide é a neoplasia endócrina maligna mais frequente com incidência de 1% no Brasil. Os carcinomas diferenciados da tireóide (CDT) - papilífero e folicular- são responsáveis por 90% das neoplasias tireoidianas, com elevado percentual de curas, porém em 7 a 20% dos pacientes, evolui com metástases e recorrências precoces. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os marcadores moleculares que auxiliam no prognóstico e tratamento mais adequado do CDT e as novas perspectivas terapêuticas. CONTEÚDO: Inúmeros estudos vem buscando identificar marcadores prognósticos, que possam dividir os pacientes de baixo e alto risco e assim determinar uma forma de tratamento mais adequada nos casos resistentes ao tratamento convencional. Alguns marcadores moleculares tem sido estudados e relacionados ao CDT, como o NIS, RAS, BRAF, RET/PTC, PAX8/PPARY, p53, NRTK1, Galectina-3 e ciclo-oxigenase-2. Novas drogas estão em estudo em base aos marcadores moleculares, como o sorafenib, zactima, ácido retinóico, inibidores da ciclo-oxigenase-2, troglitazona, dentre outros, com resultados animadores. CONCLUSÃO: A medida que se conhece a patogêse molecular das neoplasias tiroideanas, novos drogas estão sendo estudadas e testadas in vitro e in vivo e avaliados em ensaios clínicos com resultados bastantes promissores para o CDT, principalmente o carcinoma papilífero da tireóide (CPT)...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignantendocrine neoplasm, with an incidence of 1% in Brazil. Differentiated thyroidcarcinoma (DTC) - papillary and follicular - are responsible for 90% of thyroid cancers with high cure rates, but in 7-20% of patients with metastasis and recurrence develops early. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular markers that aid in prognosis and most appropriate treatment of DTC and the new therapeutic perspectives.CONTENTS: Numerous studies has sought to identify prognostic markers that can stratify patients with low or high risk and thus determine a more appropriate form of treatment in cases resistant to conventional treatment. Some molecular markers have been studied and related to CDT, such as NIS, RAS, BRAF, RET / PTC, PAX8/PPARY, p53, NRTK1, Galectin-3 and Cyclooxygenase-2. New drugs are being studied based on the molecular markers, such as sorafenib, zactima, retinoic acid, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, troglitazone, among others, with encouraging results.CONCLUSION: As we know the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer, new drugs are being studied and tested in vitro and in vivo and evaluated in clinical trials with very promising results for the CDT, mainly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)...