Development of a 30 Y-STR Loci with middle or low mutations multiplex PCR system / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To deveplope construct and validate a novel multiplex PCR system comprised of 30 Y-STR markers only with low and moderate mutation rates. Methods 30 Y-STRs characterized by low/moderate mutation rate and middle/high polymorphic was amplified simultaneously in a multiplex PCR system using the six color labeling fluorescence. PCR product was analyzed in a ABI 3500XL Genetic Analyzer. The accuracy, specifity, sensitivity and stability of the system and its validation on the mixtures were evaluated. Results The validation studies demonstrated that the system is a stable, accurate, and sensitive multiplex PCR system. The sensitivity was 0.0625ng DNA. Y-STR could be detection in a male/female DNA mixture ratio of 1:4. Conclusion The primary study demonstrates that this multiplex PCR system is effective and reliable for forensic routine DNA analysis. It will be very helpful for constructing Chinese forensic Y-STR database and population genetic research.

An analysis of mutations at 41 short tandem repeat loci in Han Chinese population / 中国法医学杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate mutations of 41 STR loci. Methods 4546 bloodstain samples were typed from 1932 father–mother–child trios by using AGCU_21+1, AGCU_EX22 and GlobalFiler_ExpressTM amplification Kit. Calculate the mutation rates of STR loci. Results 154 mutations were identified at 32 of the 41 loci. The average mutation rate was 1.0×10-3per locus(95%CI: 0.8~1.1×10-3), and the mutations of SE33 was highest. 152(98.7%) mutation events were one-step mutation, 2(1.3%) events were two-steps. The mutation events occurred in 150 father–mother–child triplets. The mutations in 146(97.3%) triplets occurred at single locus, 8 mutations were observed at two loci in 4(2.7%) triplets simultaneously. 104 paternal and 22 maternal mutations could be determined under 79212 paternal and maternal allelictransfers. The ratio of paternal versus maternal mutations was 4.7:1, and 28 unassigned mutations were observed. Conclusion STR mutation are common in paternity testing, and we should pay more attention to it.

An analysis of genotypes absence at DYS448 locus / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To provide the basic data for forensic application by analyzing the genotypes absence at DYS448 locus. Method 5487 bloodstain samples from unrelated male individuals of Chinese Han population were obtained. 4479 samples was co-amplified using Y-filerTM and AGCU Y-24 kits. 1008 samples was co-amplified using Yfiler PlusTM and AGCU Y-24 kits .Probability of genotype absence was calculated. Results 35 samples of 35 haplotypes among 5487 non-related individuals were found to have DYS448 genotypes absence ,while 2 individuals displayed additional alleles at else locus. Conclusion The probability of DYS448 genotype absence was 0.637%, forensic scientists should pay more attention in practical cases and YSTR database.

Conhecimento dos acadêmicos de uma universidade de Goiás sobre a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano, Câncer do colo do útero e vacina anti-hpv / Knowledge of human papillomavirus, cervical cancer, and anti-hpv vaccine among students from a university in Goiás, Brazil

O câncer do colo do útero afeta as mulheres em todo o mudo. O agente etiológico é o papilomavírus humano (HPV). Apesar da alta incidência, existem programas de prevenção que incluem o exame Papanicolau e a vacina anti-HPV. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção e o conhecimento dos acadêmicos de graduação em Biomedicina da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás) sobre a infecção pelo HPV, o câncer do colo do útero e a vacina anti-HPV. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado com perguntas de múltipla escolha. A média de acerto para cada grupo de questões foi classificada como satisfatória quando acima de 80%; razoável, entre 70 e 80%; e insatisfatório, quando menor que 70%. Os dados foram transportados para o programa R Core Team 2012 e para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ( χ 2 ), com intervalo de confiança de 95% e valor significativo inferior a 0,05. Resultados: Entre os 268 participantes, índices de acerto observados para as questões relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre a infecção pelo HPV variaram de 23,2 a 99,6%, com média de 75,7%; acerca do câncer do colo do útero, os índices de acerto ficaram entre 25,9 e 98,1%, com média de 68,9%; concernente à vacina anti-HPV, os índices de acerto variaram de 14,3 a 97,4%, com média geral de 69,3%. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que o conhecimento geral dos acadêmicos foi insuficiente. Destaca-se a necessidade de novas estratégias de ensino na graduação sobre o HPV, suas complicações e prevenção.

Cervical cancer affects women worldwide. The etiological pathogen is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Despite the high incidence, there are some prevention programs that include Pap smear test and the anti-HPV vaccine. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception and knowledge of HPV infection, cervical cancer, and anti-HPV vaccine among biomedicine students from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás). Methods: A questionnaire was administered with objective questions in a multiple-choice format. The mean score for each group of questions was classified as follows: satisfactory, if above 80%; reasonable, between 70 and 80%; and unsatisfactory, when less than 70%. The data was transferred to the R Core Team 2012. In order to develop the statistical analysis, the chi-square test ( χ 2 ) was applied, with a confidence interval of 95% and a significant value below 0.05. Results: From 268 participants, the scores concerning the HPV infection varied from 23,2 to 99,6%, with an average of 75,7%; with regard to cervical cancer, scores ranged from 25,9 to 98,1% with an average of 68,9%; and regarding the anti-HPV vaccine, scores ranged from 14,3 to 97,4%, with an average of 69,3%. Conclusion: The results showed that the general performance of the academics was insufficient. We highlight the need for new strategies on undergraduate teaching about HPV, its complications and prevention.

Acciones didácticas para un aprendizaje desarrollador desde las ciencias básicas en la carrera de Medicina / Didactic actions for a developing learning through the basic sciences in the Medicine career

Fundamento: el aprendizaje desarrollador garantiza en el estudiante la apropiación activa y creadora de los conocimientos y lo prepara para resolver los problemas que se le presenten en su práctica profesional. Objetivo: diseñar un conjunto de acciones didácticas encaminadas a lograr un aprendizaje desarrollador desde la asignatura Anatomía Patológica de la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad de Guayaquil, República de Ecuador. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el periodo comprendido de noviembre 2015 a febrero 2016. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: sistémico, histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético; y empíricos: análisis documental, encuesta en forma de cuestionario a estudiantes y de entrevista a expertos; y métodos matemáticos para los valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: se constató que en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje de Anatomía Patológica aún se utilizan rasgos de la enseñanza memorística, los alumnos reconocieron no saber identificar lo esencial del contenido o invariantes del conocimiento, tienen dificultades para aplicarlo ante nuevas situaciones, les es difícil establecer relaciones y realizar resúmenes y copian textualmente del libro de texto, por lo que se diseñaron acciones para lograr un aprendizaje desarrollador acorde con las tendencias contemporáneas de la educación superior, desde la mencionada asignatura. Conclusiones: las necesidades existentes en los estudiantes estimularon a los autores a diseñar acciones para lograr un aprendizaje desarrollador desde la asignatura Anatomía Patológica, las cuales fueron valoradas como pertinentes y de adecuado acierto científico- metodológico por el grupo de expertos.

Background: the developing learning guarantees the active and creative knowledge acquisition in the student so that he/she gets ready to solve the current problems in its professional practice. Objective: to design a group of didactic actions guided to achieve a developing learning through the Pathological Anatomy subject of the Medicine career in the University of Guayaquil, Republic of Ecuador. Methods: it was carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study from November 2015 to February 2016. Theoretical methods were used: systemic, historical-logical and analytic-synthetic; and empiric ones: documental analysis, interviews in questionnaire form to students and an interview was applied to experts; and mathematical methods for the absolute and relative values. Results: it was verified that in the teaching-learning process of Pathological Anatomy features of rote learning teaching are still used, the students recognized not to know how to identify the core contents of knowledge, they have difficulties to apply it to new situations, it is difficult for them establishing interrelations and carrying out summaries and they copy from the text book textually, that´s why actions were designed to achieve a developing learning according to the contemporary tendencies of higher education, through the above mentioned subject. Conclusions: the student´s necessities stimulated the authors to design actions to achieve a developing learning through the Pathological Anatomy subject, which were valued as pertinent and with a scientific-methodological adequacy by the group of experts.

Ciencias biológicas y línea profesional: opinión de enfermeras docentes para la formación de competencias profesionales / Biosciences and discipline-related subjects: views of nurse training teachers on professional competences

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de las Enfermeras docentes respecto a los factores asociados a la integración de Ciencias Básicas con la línea Profesional en el plan de estudio de la carrera de Enfermería. Método: Se realizó en el 2011 una investigación cualitativa a través de un estudio intrínseco de casos. Los informantes claves fueron 16 docentes de la Carrera de Enfermería que realizaban actividades de supervisión clínica, mínimo tres años de ejercicio docente, y que otorgaron Consentimiento Informado. La recolección de datos se hizo en grupos focales de 8 integrantes cada uno. El análisis siguió un esquema de reducción progresiva: disposición, transformación y obtención de conclusiones verificables, validándose por triangulación de investigadores. Para esos efectos se utilizó el programa ATLAS.ti. Resultados: Se encontraron 111 unidades de significado, originando tres categorías: "Propuestas para la integración", "Factores que dificultan la integración" y "Relación Ciencias Básicas con la profesión". Al final del proceso surge un dominio cualitativo "Consideraciones para favorecer la integración entre Bases Morfológicas I y II con la Línea Profesional en el desarrollo de competencias disciplinares para el futuro desempeño laboral". Conclusión: No se verificó la integración de Ciencias Básicas con la línea Profesional. Los informantes identifican sólo factores que dificultan la integración.

Objective: To know the opinion of teaching nurses regarding factors associated with integrating basic science to the discipline-ralated subjects present in the nursing major curriculum. Method: A qualitative study was conducted in 2011 through intrinsic case study. The key informants were 16 teachers of Nursing School who were involved in active clinical supervision, had at least three years of teaching practice and had signed an informed consent. Data collection was done through focus groups of 8 members each. The analysis followed a progressive reduction scheme: arrangement, processing and obtaining verifiable conclusions, validating triangulation of researchers. The ATLAS.ti program was used for this purpose. Results: 111 units of meaning were found, resulting in three categories: "Proposals for integration", "Factors that make integration difficult" and "Basic Sciences relationship with the nursing profession". At the end of the process a qualitative domain emerged: "Considerations to promote integration between Morphological Bases I and II with the professional line in the development of disciplinary competences for future work performance". Conclusion: The integration of Basic Science to the Professional line was not verfied. Informants identified factors that hinder integration only.

Perfeccionamiento del programa Filosofía y Sociedad en la carrera de Medicina. Dimensión contenidos / Improvement of the syllabus Philosophy and Society in the Medicine career. Content dimension

Fundamento: a partir de 2008 se iniciaron profundas transformaciones en la impartición de la enseñanza del marxismo en las universidades de ciencias médicas, que requieren ser estudiadas para el perfeccionamiento del programa Filosofía y Sociedad, y en las cuales la dimensión contenidos resulta definitoria. Objetivo: identificar los principales aciertos y deficiencias de su puesta en marcha, según el criterio de los estudiantes sobre la dimensión contenidos, a fin de determinar las principales modificaciones de interés como parte del perfeccionamiento constante de la disciplina. Método: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara entre febrero 2012 y julio 2013. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Medicina, a los que se les aplicó un grupo de instrumentos para conocer sus criterios sobre el contenido de la disciplina Filosofía y Sociedad. Resultados: los contenidos con mayores deficiencias según la valoración de estudiantes fueron: el II. El marxismo como ruptura y continuidad del pensamiento filosófico; III. Sistema teórico metodológico de la filosofía marxista; VIII. La producción espiritual y sus formas y IX. La gnoseología marxista leninista. Las variables que recibieron una evaluación más baja fueron la asequibilidad y el interés. Conclusiones: existe una aprobación general del programa Filosofía y Sociedad en la dimensión contenidos y sus variables por parte de los estudiantes, aunque hay también valoraciones negativas o cuestionamientos en esta dimensión, así como en algunas variables y/o indicadores sometidos a su consideración.

Background: from 2008 on deep transformations began in the teaching of Marxism in the universities of medical sciences that require to be studied for the improvement of the program Philosophy and Society, and in which the content dimension is essential. Objective: to identify the main successes and deficiencies in Marxism teaching, according to the student´s point of view on the content dimension, in order to determine the main modifications as a steady improvement of the discipline. Methods: it was carried out a development investigation in Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences from February 2012 to July 2013. The study universe comprised the students of first year of the Medicine career. Different methods were applied to know the students criteria on the contents of the Philosophy and Society discipline. Results: according to the students the contents with greater difficulties were: II. Marxism as rupture and continuity of the philosophical thought; III. Methodological theoretical system of the Marxist philosophy; VIII. The spiritual production and its forms and IX. The Marxist-Leninist gnoseology. The variables with a lower evaluation were the approachability and interest. Conclusions: it exists a general approval of the program Philosophy and Society in the content dimension and its variables on the part of the students, although there are also negative valuations or questions in this dimension, as well as in some variables and/or indicators which were subjected.

Rendimiento académico de estudiantes en asignaturas del área básica en policlínicos universitarios / The academic efficiency of the University polyclinic students in the basic area subjects

Fundamento: las asignaturas del área básica sientan las bases cognoscitivas y educativas para la formación integral de los futuros profesionales de la Medicina. Objetivo: caracterizar el rendimiento académico de estudiantes en las asignaturas del área básica en dos policlínicos universitarios del municipio Santa Clara, en exámenes ordinarios. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cuanti-cualitativo en los policlínicos "XX Aniversario" y "Capitán Roberto Fleites" durante el curso 2013-2014. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción; empíricos: análisis documental y encuesta a estudiantes y profesores; y matemáticos para los valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: se constató en los estudiantes, que no existe una adecuada motivación para la carrera en algunos casos, no cuentan con la bibliografía necesaria, sobre todo de aquellas en formato digital, consideran la Medicina como una carrera muy difícil, que requiere mucho sacrificio y refieren dificultades en los métodos de estudio; los profesores, por su parte, no tienen preparación pedagógica elevada aunque dominan los contenidos que imparten, la categoría docente que predomina es la de instructor, y aunque orientan bien la bibliografía, no es accesible toda la necesaria; la mayoría imparte la docencia por más de seis años. Conclusiones: los aspectos fundamentales del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje que han influido en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes fueron la escasa motivación por la carrera, los inadecuados métodos de estudio y la insuficiente preparación pedagógica de sus docentes.

Background: the subjects of the basic area set the cognitive and educative bases for the full formation of the future Medicine professionals. Objective: to characterize the academic efficiency of the students in the subjects of the basic area in two university polyclinics in Santa Clara municipality, in ordinary exams. Methods: a descriptive research work was carried out within the scope of the quantitative and qualitative methodologies in "XX Aniversario" & "Capitán Roberto Fleites" polyclinics in the academic year 2013-2014. Different methods were used. Theoretical methods: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction. Empirical methods: review of documents and a survey was applied to the professors and the students. Mathematical methods: for the analysis of absolute and relative values. Results: it was determined that in some cases the students don´t have an adequate motivation for the Medicine career and they don´t have the necessary digital bibliography, besides, they consider the Medicine career as a difficult one, that much effort is needed and poor methods of study. On the other hand, the professors don´t have an adequate pedagogical preparation, even though, they master the contents they teach, the predominant teaching rank is instructor, they make a proper orientation of the bibliography they assign but it is not accessible in all the cases. Most of the teachers have more than six years of teaching experience. Conclusions: the fundamental aspects of the learning process that have influenced the academic efficiency of the students were: Lack of motivation for the Medicine career, incorrect study methods and the insufficient pedagogical preparation of the teachers.

El razonamiento clínico desde el ciclo básico, una opción de integración en las ciencias médicas / The clinical reasoning through the basic cycle, an option for the integration of the medical sciences

Fundamento: el razonamiento clínico propicia la integración de conocimientos en la formación del profesional de la salud para el desempeño adecuado de su futura labor. Objetivo: analizar la opinión general de los estudiantes acerca de la inserción de casos clínicos en la asignatura Fisiología, para propiciar el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico desde las ciencias básicas biomédicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas. El universo estuvo constituido por los estudiantes del tercer semestre de la carrera durante el período de enero a mayo de 2013. Se seleccionó una muestra de 60 que cursaban la asignatura de Fisiología en ese período, mediante un muestro no probabilístico consecutivo. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo, y empírico: cuestionario a estudiantes. Resultados: se constató una opinión satisfactoria por parte de los estudiantes, sobre la discusión de casos clínicos en los contenidos del área básica de la carrera de Medicina. La mayoría de ellos determinó que la aplicación del razonamiento clínico en los conocimientos básicos de la carrera, beneficia el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Los estudiantes consideraron importante el papel del tutor en la metodología utilizada. Conclusiones: la inserción de casos clínicos en las asignaturas de las ciencias básicas para lograr la integración de sus contenidos con las ciencias clínicas, desde etapas tempranas de la carrera, ofrece ventajas para sentar las bases de una transferencia más efectiva y un mejor desarrollo del razonamiento clínico.

Background: the clinical reasoning facilitates the integration of knowledge in the formation of health professionals to have an adequate performance in the future profession. Objective: to analyze the general opinion of the students about the inclusion of clinical cases in the Physiology subject to propitiate a clinical reasoning through the biomedical basic sciences. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Tamaulipas Autonomous University. The universe comprised the students who were in the third semester of the career from January to May 2013. 60 students who were studying the Physiology subject in this period were included in a non-random consecutive sampling. Theoretical methods were used: Analysis-Synthesis, induction-deduction. Empirical methods: a questionnaire was applied to the students. Results: the students gave satisfactory opinions about the inclusion and discussion of clinical cases in the basic area of the Medicine career. Most of the students stated that the application of the clinical reasoning to the basic knowledge of the career benefits the teaching- learning process. The students regarded as very important the role of the tutors. Conclusions: the inclusion of clinical cases in the subjects of the basic sciences allows to achieve the integration of its contents with the clinical sciences, since early stages of the career, it provides advantages to set the bases for a more effective transference and a better development of the clinical reasoning.

Acciones para fortalecer el respaldo bibliográfico de los residentes de ciencias básicas biomédicas / Actions for further bibliographical support to residents in Biomedical Basic Sciences

Fundamento: la finalidad esencial de los servicios de referencia es dotar a los usuarios de la información de la localización y el acceso a todas las fuentes bibliográficas posibles de forma exhaustiva. Objetivo: elaborar un conjunto de acciones para fortalecer el respaldo bibliográfico que necesitan los residentes de las ciencias básicas biomédicas de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cualitativo, en el área de Consulta y Referencia del Centro Provincial de Información de Villa Clara, en el período julio 2009-diciembre 2013; se utilizaron métodos teóricos: histórico-lógico y analítico sintético, y empíricos: análisis documental de los programas de formación de residentes, recopilación de la información y los datos que ofrecen las boletas de préstamo; y encuesta a los residentes, directivos y especialistas de experiencia para indagar acerca de la pertinencia de los fondos documentales del Servicio de Consulta y Referencia. Resultados: es evidente el nivel de desactualización del fondo bibliográfico, carece de diversidad y pertinencia, por lo que se elaboraron acciones para lograr un mayor respaldo bibliográfico para las necesidades de los residentes, y para el funcionamiento en general, con la incorporación del servicio de búsquedas automatizadas personalizadas y la realización de búsquedas digitales por encargo. Conclusiones: las acciones fueron valoradas como pertinentes por criterios de especialistas, porque contribuyen a transformar progresivamente el respaldo bibliográfico en el proceso de formación de residentes de las ciencias básicas biomédicas.

Background: the main purpose of the reference services is to provide users with information about the location, information and access to all possible literature sources exhaustively. Objective: to prepare a whole series of actions to strengthen the bibliographic support that residents in Biomedical Basic Sciences need, at the Medical University of Villa Clara. Methods: in the Consultation and Reference area at the Information Provincial Center, in Villa Clara, a qualitative study was conducted from July 2009 to December 2013. Theoretical methods: historical-logical and analytic-synthetic and empirical ones: documentary analysis of resident's curriculums, information retrieval and the data obtained from report cards, were used; and residents, managers and skilled specialists were surveyed to inquire about the relevance of the document collections at the Consultation and Reference Service. Results: it is obvious that bibliographic collection is outdated, it lacks diversity and relevance, so actions were developed to achieve greater bibliographic support for the needs of residents, and in general, to make the entire service operational, by incorporating the personalized automated search service. Conclusions: according to expert group criteria, actions were assessed as relevant, because they contribute to the progressive transformation of the bibliographic support to the professional training process for basic biomedical sciences residents.