Bioseguridad y autocuidado: prioridad en la formación universitaria en momentos de pandemia / Biosafety and self-care: a priority in university training during pandemic times

Introducción: La bioseguridad y el autocuidado son dos prácticas importantes en el proceso de formación. Estas deben reforzarse permanentemente, ya que se relacionan de manera directa no solo con el riesgo de infecciones, sino con la calidad de la atención. Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia científica sobre los procesos de formación en bioseguridad y autocuidado en el marco de la pandemia. Métodos: Se hizo una revisión de la literatura científica publicada entre 2016 y 2020 sobre medidas de bioseguridad y autocuidado. La búsqueda se realizó en español, inglés y portugués, en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Pubmed, Science Direct y el motor de búsqueda de Google Académico. Se aplicó la metodología PRISMA y se evaluaron en total 25 artículos científicos. Resultados: El año 2020 tuvo mayor frecuencia. La generalidad de los estudios se realizó en el contexto universitario en programas de salud. La higiene de las manos y el uso de guantes fueron las medidas de bioseguridad más informadas; mientras que las medidas de precaución se conocen e implementan. Las publicaciones denotan moderado conocimiento en cuanto a prevención de factores de riesgos biológicos, especialmente en prácticas clínicas. Conclusiones: En los procesos de formación debe tenerse en cuenta la relevancia de reforzar las medidas de bioseguridad y autocuidado para favorecer el ejercicio profesional. Es importante diseñar y repensar estos procesos, tanto en docentes como estudiantes, a través de nuevos métodos y cambios curriculares. La salud mental puede verse afectada no solo por la situación, sino por desconocimiento, miedo a infectarse y sobrecarga laboral(AU)

Introduction: Biosafety and self-care are two important practices in the training process. These should be permanently reinforced, since they are directly related not only to the risk of infections, but also to the quality of care. Objective: To identify the scientific evidence on the biosafety and self-care training processes in the context of the pandemic. Methods: A review of the scientific literature published between 2016 and 2020 on biosafety and self-care measures was carried out. The search was performed in Spanish, English and Portuguese, in the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Science Direct, and the Google Scholar search engine. The PRISMA methodology was applied and a total of 25 scientific articles were assessed. Results: The year 2020 had the highest frequency. Most of the studies were carried out in the university context in health programs. Hand hygiene and glove-wearing were the most reported biosafety measures, while warning measures are known and implemented. The publications are indicative of moderate knowledge regarding prevention of biological risk factors, especially in clinical practices. Conclusions: The relevance of reinforcing biosafety and self-care measures to favor professional practice should be taken into account in training processes. It is important to design and rethink these processes, both in professors and students, through new methods and curricular changes. Mental health may be affected not only by the situation, but also by ignorance, fear of infection and work overload(AU)

Assessment of Biological Risk among Dentists during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The health and life of a healthcare worker are repeatedly under threat due to the rising number of epidemics and pandemics. The COVID?19 pandemic is said to be fatal in people with a risky biological, demographic profile and working environment. This study is the first of its kind carried out on the dentist population from India, who were most affected during the COVID?19 pandemic. Aims and Objective: The present study aims to assess the biological risk of dentists based on the objective risk stratification (ORS) tool developed by Strain et al. Materials and Methods: This was a cross?sectional study of dentists in government dental colleges of Kerala using the online form of the ORS tool consisting of questions which included certain demographic characteristics and comorbid conditions of the individual. An additional question was added to the tool, to categorise the work of the dentist depending on the exposure to aerosol (non?aerosol, minimal aerosol and aerosol). Results: Out of the 74 dentists, 48.6% reported high aerosol and 31% with minimal aerosol. The median score of the study participants was 2 (ranging from 1 to 12). Using the ORS tool, 16.2% had medium risk and only 2.7% had high risk. When the ORS tool was stratified with the aerosol generation, 5.4% had minimal and 6.7% had significant with medium?risk scores. Also, 2.7% with a high?risk score had minimal aerosol generation. Conclusion: Identifying the high?risk category to allocate duties accordingly and decrease the morbidity and mortality among dentists has to be kept a top priority in the event of a pandemic.

Exposición a riegos en la sala de autopsias / Risk exposure in the autopsy room

Resumen Este artículo describe la exposición a riesgos laborales en la actividad laboral de las salas de autopsia abarcan de manera general las condiciones en las cuales los trabajadores de las salas de autopsia se exponen a condiciones y situaciones durante la realización de una necropsia, con el objetivo de generar conciencia en la minimización de los riesgos por medio de la gestión de estos a través de medidas de mitigación, prevención y protección. Para estos efectos se define, clasifica, y se recomiendan tópicos al respecto de los riesgos laborales, así como propone la creación de protocolos y programas de prevención de enfermedades y accidentes laborales en las salas de autopsia.

Abstract This article describes the exposure to occupational risks in the work activity of the autopsy rooms, covering in a general way the conditions in which the workers of the autopsy rooms are exposed to conditions and situations during the performance of a necropsy, with the objective of generate awareness in minimizing risks by managing them through mitigation, prevention, and protection measures. For these purposes, it defines, classifies, and recommends topics regarding occupational risks, as well as proposing the creation of protocols and programs for the prevention of occupational diseases and accidents in autopsy rooms.

Riesgos biológicos, condiciones de trabajo y efectos psicológicos del COVID-19 en personal de enfermería / Biological risks, working conditions and psychological effects of COVID-19 in nursing personnel

Los profesionales de enfermería están relacionados con la atención directa del paciente con Covid- 19, dejándolos expuestos a riesgos biológicos y condiciones de trabajo modificadas que podrían causar efectos psisociales significativos. Como objetivo, se realizo una revisión bibliográfica para determinar las condiciones de trabajo y efectos psicológicos del COVID-19 en personal de enfermería durante el período 2020-2021. El estudio fue descriptivo, con una muestra de 39 articulos resultantes de la aplicación criterios de exclusión, las fuentes de datos utilizados fueron: EBSCO Host, Hinari, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online, Library, Redalyc, SciELO; se incluyó la búsqueda de palabras clave mediante los tesauros en DeCS y MeSH, las cuales se formularon ecuaciones con los operadores boléanos AND y OR con descriptores de búsqueda como: WorkingCondition/Labor condition, Covid-19/ SARS-CoV-2/ Coronavirus Infections, Nurse emotions/emotion/emotions/emotional/Feelings/Regrets, Nurse/nurses/nursing, y Method/ Methodology/ Model. Como resultado, a nivel de riesgo biológico, las condiciones inseguras repercutían en deficiencia y escases de equipos de protección personal, infraestructura y equipamiento, así mismo, las condiciones laborales a nivel organizacionales aludían a ausencia de políticas y directrices, bajos salarios, carga e inestabilidad laboral, además de esto, los efectos psicológicos del COVID-19 en personal de enfermería se pudieron evidenciar de manera positiva a través de decisión, motivación y orgullo y, negativa con ansiedad, depresión, estrés, inseguridad, molestia y temor. Como conclusión, es indispensable ofrecer infraestructura, condiciones y equipamiento al personal de enfermería, además de actividades de descanso para disminuir el estrés y la presión que generan agotamiento y efectos psicosociales(AU)

Nursing professionals are related to the direct care of patients with Covid-19, leaving them exposed to biological risks and modified working conditions that could cause significant psychosocial effects. As an objective, a bibliographic review was carried out to determine the working conditions and psychological effects of COVID-19 on nursing personnel during the 2020-2021 period. The study was descriptive, with a sample of 39 articles resulting from the application of exclusion criteria, the data sources used were: EBSCO Host, Hinari, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online, Library, Redalyc, SciELO; the search for keywords was included using the DeCS and MeSH thesauri, which were formulated with Boolean operators AND and OR with search descriptors such as: WorkingCondition/Labor condition, Covid-19/ SARS-CoV-2/ Coronavirus Infections , Nurse emotions/emotion/emotions/emotional/Feelings/Regrets, Nurse/nurses/nursing, and Method/ Methodology/ Model. As a result, at the level of biological risk, the unsafe conditions affected deficiency and scarcity of personal protective equipment, infrastructure and equipment, likewise, the working conditions at the organizational level alluded to the absence of policies and guidelines, low wages, workload and instability. In addition to this, the psychological effects of COVID-19 on nursing staff could be evidenced positively through decision, motivation and pride, and negatively with anxiety, depression, stress, insecurity, annoyance and fear. In conclusion, it is essential to offer infrastructure, conditions and equipment to nursing staff, as well as rest activities to reduce stress and pressure that generate exhaustion and psychosocial effects(AU)

Cumplimiento de protocolos y técnicas de enfermería y exposición accidental a riesgos biológicos en estudiantes en las prácticas clínicas / Compliance with nursing protocols and techniques and accidental exposure to biological risks in students in clinical practices

La exposición a peligros biológicos para la salud y las medidas preventivas implementadas para evitar o minimizar esta exposición, es parcialmente desconocida en Ecuador; particularmente, por los estudiantes de enfermería, los cuales, durante sus prácticas pre-profesionales, están expuestos a factores que pueden afectar negativamente el bienestar en su lugar de trabajo. El riesgo puede ser de origen diversos, físicos, ergonómicos, químicos, psicosociales y biológicos. Entre los biológicos se incluyen pinchazos con agujas, salpicaduras de sangre y otros fluidos corporales, cortes de ampollas de medicamentos, cortes de bisturí, perforación de guantes durante la cirugía, contacto con la sangre de los pacientes con las manos sin guantes y contaminación de heridas abiertas con la sangre de los pacientes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer la relación entre el cumplimiento de los protocolos y técnicas de enfermería con la exposición accidental a riesgos biológicos en estudiantes. Los resultados demostraron asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables en estudios, evidenciándose que, a menor cumplimiento de los protocolos e inexperiencias en las maniobras técnicas de enfermería, mayor era la probabilidad a accidentes por riesgo biológico. Se concluye que el conocimiento de los protocolos de enfermería, la vigilancia sobre la prevención de infecciones, la adherencia a las normas de bioseguridad son algunas de las medidas a seguir para reducir la exposición de los estudiantes de enfermería a los riesgos laborales biológicos. Se recomienda, establecer sistemática para el reporte y abordaje de accidentes por riesgo biológicos que ocurran a los estudiantes de enfermería, durante su proceso formativo(AU)

Exposure to biological health hazards and the preventive measures implemented to avoid or minimize this exposure are partially unknown in Ecuador; particularly by nursing students, who, during their pre-professional practices, are exposed to factors that can negatively affect well-being in their workplace. The risk can be of various physical, ergonomic, chemical, psychosocial and biological origins. Biological include needle sticks, splashes of blood and other body fluids, cuts from medication blisters, scalpel cuts, perforation of gloves during surgery, contact with blood from patients on bare hands, and contamination of wounds opened with the blood of patients. This study aimed to establish the relationship between compliance with nursing protocols techniques and accidental exposure to biological risks in students. The results showed a statistically significant association between the variables in the studies, showing that, the less compliance with the protocols and inexperience in nursing technical maneuvers, the greater the probability of accidents due to biological risk. It is concluded that knowledge of nursing protocols, surveillance of infection prevention, adherence to biosafety standards are some of the measures to be followed to reduce the exposure of nursing students to biological occupational hazards. It is concluded that knowledge of nursing protocols, surveillance of infection prevention, adherence to biosafety standards are some of the measures to be followed to reduce the exposure of nursing students to biological occupational hazards. It is recommended to establish a system for reporting and addressing biological risk accidents that occur to nursing students during their training process(AU)

Seguridad ocupacional contra Bacillus anthracis en la industria de curtiembre peruana / Occupational safety against Bacillus anthracis in the Peruvian tannery industry

El carbunco es una zoonosis que afecta a animales herbívoros, causada por el microorganismo Bacillus anthracis; que se encuentra en su forma vegetativa en el organismo infectado, y una vez en contacto con el aire forma esporas que infectan al huésped, liberando toxinas que inducen edema, septicemia y necrosis tisular. En humanos, la transmisión se produce por cortes, pinchazos o contacto directo de piel lesionada con esporas o tejidos de animales infectados. En Perú, para la década de 1980, se reportaron 400 casos anuales en áreas rurales agrícolas, adquiridos por manipulación del ganado vacuno, muerto por ántrax. Es por ello, que la piel y el cuero procedente de animales infectados representa un riesgo de infección para los trabajadores de industrias curtiembres. Se realizó un estudio transversal para evaluar el riesgo biológico ocupacional y las medidas de bioseguridad relacionadas con el Bacillus anthracis en pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas curtiembres peruanas. Se aplicó un instrumento a los trabajadores para cuantificar las variables, componentes de riesgo biológico y conocer las medidas higiénicas adoptadas. Posteriormente se calculó e interpretó el nivel de riesgo biológico. Se encontró que el nivel de riesgo supera el límite de exposición biológica para el Bacillus anthracis en todas las empresas evaluadas y los trabajadores de las pequeñas empresas tienen poco conocimiento acerca del riesgo biológico al que están expuestos, siendo necesaria la capacitación de los trabajadores acerca del Bacillus anthracis y adopción de medidas de bioseguridad en empresas curtiembres, que garanticen la salud de los trabajadores(AU)

Anthrax is a zoonosis that affects herbivorous animals, caused by the microorganism Bacillus anthracis; which is found in its vegetative form in the infected organism, and once in contact with the air it forms spores that infect the host, releasing toxins that induce edema, septicemia and tissue necrosis. In humans, transmission occurs through cuts, punctures, or direct contact of broken skin with spores or tissues of infected animals. In Peru, for the 1980s, 400 annual cases were reported in rural agricultural areas, acquired by handling cattle, which died of anthrax. For this reason, the skin and leather from infected animals represent a risk of infection for workers in tanneries. A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the occupational biological risk and biosafety measures related to Bacillus anthracis in small, medium and large Peruvian tanneries. An instrument was applied to the workers to quantify the variables, components of biological risk and to know the hygienic measures adopted. Subsequently, the level of biological risk was calculated and interpreted. It was found that the level of risk exceeds the biological exposure limit for Bacillus anthracis in all the companies evaluated and the workers of the small companies have little knowledge about the biological risk to which they are exposed, being necessary the training of the workers about the Bacillus anthracis and adoption of biosafety measures in tanneries, which guarantee the health of workers(AU)

Estrés ocupacional en docentes universitarios expuestos a riesgos biológicos / Occupational stress in university teachers exposed to biological risks

El estrés laboral ha sido un factor determinante en la aparición de enfermedades en los docentes universitarios, lo cual ha generado absentismo, errores y accidentes en los ambientes de trabajo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar el estrés laboral en personal docente universitario del área de la salud, con riesgo biológico. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, transversal, de campo y prospectiva, con diseño no experimental, en 53 docentes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador, desde junio de 2018 a junio de 2021, aplicándose el Instrumento de Estrés Laboral OIT-OMS y la estimación índice numérico de riesgo biológico para entornos académicos. Prevalecieron las mujeres (73,6%), mayores de cincuenta años (52,8%) con estrés nivel bajo. Todas las dimensiones del estrés en general mostraron niveles bajos (2,25 ± 1,05), no obstante, al discriminar según el cargo académico, los pocos casos de niveles altos fueron los Auxiliares Titulares, específicamente en las dimensiones: tecnología, clima organizacional y respaldo de grupo, el riesgo biológico ocurre en el 7,5% de los casos y 64,2% similar a la población en general. Se determinó que existen docentes con niveles de estrés que pudieran afectar su homeostasis psico-biológica, por lo cual se recomienda su intervención, independientemente de su escalafón académico o dedicación laboral(AU)

Work stress has been a determining factor in the appearance of illnesses in university teachers, which has generated absenteeism, errors and accidents in work environments. The objective of this research was to characterize work stress in university teaching staff in the health area, with biological risk. A descriptive, cross-sectional, field and prospective research was carried out, with a non-experimental design, in 53 teachers of the Faculty of Health Sciences, of the Technical University of Manabí, Ecuador, from June 2018 to June 2021, applying the ILO-WHO Occupational Stress Instrument and the estimation of the numerical index of biological risk for academic environments. Women (73.6%), older than fifty years (52.8%) with low level stress prevailed. All the stress dimensions in general showed low levels (2.25 ± 1.05), however, when discriminating according to the academic position, the few cases with high levels were the Titular Assistants, specifically in the dimensions: technology, organizational climate and group support, biological risk occurs in 7.5% of cases and 64.2% similar to the general population. It was determined that there are teachers with stress levels that could affect their psycho-biological homeostasis, for which their intervention is recommended, regardless of their academic rank or work dedication(AU)

A vigilância de ambientes e processos de Trabalho na prevenção da Covid-19 na Bahia / The surveillance of work environments and processes in the prevention of Covid-19 in Bahia / La vigilancia de los entornos y procesos laborales en la prevención del Covid-19 en Bahía

Com o advento da pandemia de Covid-19, o olhar da vigilância de ambientes e processos de trabalho tem se voltado para a prevenção e controle de situações que possam favorecer a propagação desse risco biológico nos ambientes de trabalho. Este estudo propõe-se a descrever as intervenções realizadas pela Diretoria de Vigilância e Atenção à Saúde do Trabalhador/Centro Estadual de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (Divast/Cesat), voltadas para a prevenção da Covid-19 nos locais de trabalho no estado da Bahia. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, baseado nos relatórios das inspeções realizadas pela Divast/Cesat desde o início da pandemia, em atendimento a denúncias e demandas de trabalhadores, de conselhos regionais, da Ouvidoria do SUS e do Ministério Público do Trabalho. Inicialmente, foram produzidos roteiro de inspeção e formulário de notificação para a identificação de situações e fatores de risco para a Covid-19. Foram realizadas 53 inspeções, cerca de metade em serviços de saúde. Identificou-se diversas situações que poderiam contribuir para a propagação da Covid-19 nos ambientes de trabalho: número insuficiente/ou inadequação de medidas de prevenção e de proteção coletiva e individual, como máscaras e álcool em gel a 70%; desrespeito ao distanciamento mínimo recomendado; falta de protocolos ou planos de contingência para nortear o processo de trabalho frente a essa nova realidade, entre outras. Medidas de proteção foram recomendadas no intuito de corrigir as inadequações encontradas e, dessa forma, conter ou prevenir a incidência de casos de Covid-19 nos locais de trabalho.

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the workplaces surveillance has focused on prevention and control measures to avoid situations that may favor spreading the biological risk in workplaces. This study describes the interventions made by the Worker's Health Care and Surveillance State Office (Divast/Cesat) aimed at preventing Covid-19 cases in the workplace, in the state of Bahia. This is a descriptive study based on the reports of inspections conducted by Divast/Cesat since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. Inspection script and notification forms were produced as guides for identification and indication of situations and risk factors for Covid-19. The interventions covered several productive branches and in all of them, several situations were identified that could contribute to the spread of Covid-19 in workplaces, such as insufficient number of collective preventive measures to protect against the SARS-Cov-2 virus namely masks and 70% alcohol gel; disrespect to the recommended minimum distance; lack of protocols or contingency plans to guide the work process in this new reality, among other problems. Based on these findings, protective measures were recommended to correct the inadequacies and, thus, contain or prevent the incidence of Covid-19 cases in workplaces.

Con la aparición de la pandemia del Covid-19, la vigilancia de los ambientes y procesos laborales se ha orientado hacia la prevención y control de situaciones que puedan favorecer la propagación de este riesgo biológico en los ambientes laborales. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir las intervenciones realizadas por la Dirección de Vigilancia y Atención de la Salud de los Trabajadores/Centro Estadual de Referencia de Salud de los Trabajadores (Divast/Cesat) orientadas a la prevención del Covid-19 en el lugar de trabajo, en el estado de Bahía (Brasil). Es un estudio descriptivo de los informes de inspecciones realizados por Divast/Cesat, desde el inicio de la pandemia, que reciben denuncias y demandas de trabajadores, de comisiones regionales, de la Defensoría del Pueblo del SUS y del Ministerio Público del Trabajo. Se produjo un guion de inspección y un formulario de notificación para identificar e indicar situaciones y factores de riesgo del Covid-19. Se realizaron 53 inspecciones, de las cuales cerca de la mitad fue en servicios de salud. Se identificaron varias situaciones que podrían contribuir a la propagación de esa enfermedad en el ambiente laboral: el número insuficiente de medidas preventivas y de protección colectivas e individuales, como mascarillas y gel de alcohol al 70%; falta de respeto a la distancia mínima recomendada; falta de protocolos o planes de contingencia para orientar el proceso de trabajo ante esta nueva realidad, entre otras. Se recomiendan medidas de protección para corregir las deficiencias encontradas y, así, contener o prevenir la incidencia de casos del Covid-19 en los ambientes laborales.

Bioseguridad en el contexto actual

RESUMEN Introducción: El surgimiento y desarrollo de la seguridad biológica están estrechamente relacionados con la evolución de la microbiología debido al interés mundial en las infecciones adquiridas en los laboratorios. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado actual de la bioseguridad y la importancia de su correcta implementación. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sobre bioseguridad en las bases de datos Springer, Willey Online Library y Pubmed en el período entre Enero 2010-Julio 2020. Resultados: La bioseguridad es un problema complejo que cambia sobre la base de interacciones entre humanos, microorganismos, factores ambientales, tensiones políticas y socioeconómicas. Su gestión se base en la aplicación de principios básicos como cultura de seguridad biológica, percepción del riesgo biológico, procedimientos sobre bioseguridad ajustados a cada entidad y capacitación entre otros. En la actualidad, bioseguridad es seguridad de la vida. Sobre esta base se comentan algunos artículos sobre SARS-CoV-2 y la importancia de la bioseguridad para el control del virus. Finalmente, se presentan datos sobre los sistemas de bioseguridad en Cuba y en Canadá. Consideraciones finales: La bioseguridad es tema de interés mundial, pero en su aplicación existen todavía deficiencias que incrementan el riesgo biológico y las posibilidades de infecciones en el personal, la comunidad y el medio ambiente. A finales de 2019 con la pandemia del COVID-19 quedó demostrado que la principal arma para controlar el virus, hasta el momento, consiste en la correcta implementación y cumplimiento de protocolos de bioseguridad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The emergence and development of biological safety are closely related to the evolution of microbiology, due to the worldwide interest in laboratory acquired infections. Objective: Evaluate the current status of biosafety and the importance of its correct implementation. Methods: A search was conducted about biosafety in the databases Springer, Willey Online Library and Pubmed in the period January 2010-July 2020. Results: Biosafety is a complex problem that varies in keeping with inter-personal interactions, microorganisms, environmental factors, and political and economic tensions. Its management is based on the application of basic principles such as biological safety culture, biological risk perception, biosafety procedures adjusted to each institution, and professional training, among others. In the current context, biosafety is life safety. On the basis of this premise, comments are made on several papers about SARS-CoV-2 and the importance of biosafety to control the virus. Data are also presented about the biosafety systems of Cuba and Canada. Final considerations: Biosafety is a topic of worldwide interest, but deficiencies are still found in its application which increase biological risk and the possibilities of infections in the health personnel, the community and the environment. At the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic made evident that the main tool to control the virus so far is the correct implementation of and compliance with biosafety protocols.

Asociación entre los rasgos de personalidad y la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo de riesgo biológico del personal de enfermería en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS): Estudio de casos y controles / Association between personality traits and the occurrence of work accidents involving biological hazards among nursing staff at Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS): Case-control study / Associação entre traços de personalidade e ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho com risco biológico em profissionais de enfermagem do Hospital Universitário de Santander (HUS): Estudo caso-controle

Introducción. Los accidentes de trabajo por exposición al riesgo biológico (ATBIO) son causas potenciales de enfermedades infecciosas relacionadas con alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La identificación de las causas que generan dicha accidentalidad permitirá establecer estrategias que controlen y disminuyan la siniestralidad laboral. El objetivo del presente manuscrito fue establecer la asociación entre los rasgos de personalidad, principalmente el rasgo de personalidad de despreocupación y la ocurrencia de ATBIO en el personal de enfermería del Hospital Universitario de Santander entre el periodo 2008 y 2009. Metodología. Estudio de casos y controles. Resultados. Se incluyeron 68 (18%) casos con historia de ATBIO y 290 controles, para una razón caso: control de 1:4. En el análisis multivariado se encontraron las siguientes variables asociadas a la accidentalidad laboral de riesgo biológico: percibir el riesgo de presentar un ATBIO en el servicio como alta OR: 0.42 (IC 95% 0.23 ­ 0.75), trabajar 24 o más horas adicionales a la semana OR: 2.66 (IC 95% 1.34 ­ 5.28), laborar en el servicio de urgencias OR: 2.72 (IC 95% 1.38 ­ 5.35) , no disponer de guantes cuando se requieren durante su labor OR: 2.05 (IC 95% 1.10 ­ 3.79), y percibir el riesgo como alto disminuye el riesgo en el 60%. Conclusión. Se identificaron variables significativas relacionadas con la ocurrencia de accidentes de trabajo, las cuales facilitarán la planeación, ejecución e implementación de programas de salud ocupacional dirigidos al control de la accidentalidad laboral de riesgo biológico. No se evidenció relación entre rasgos de personalidad y la ocurrencia de ATBIO.

Introduction. Work accidents involving exposure to biological hazards (ATBIO for its Spanish original) are potential causes of infectious diseases related to high morbidity and mortality rates. The identification of the causes that produce such accident rate will enable the implementation of strategies to control and reduce work-related accidents. The objective was establishing the association between personality traits, particularly the personality trait of unconcern, and the occurrence of ATBIO among the nursing staff of Hospital Universitario de Santander in the period from 2008 to 2009. Methodology. Case-control study. Results. The study included 68 (18%) cases with ATBIO history and 290 controls, for a case-to-control ratio of 1:4. The multivariate analysis found the following variables associated with work-accident rate involving biological hazards: perceiving the risk of an ATBIO at work as high, OR: 0.42 (CI 95% 0.23 ­ 0.75); working 24 or more additional hours per week, OR: 2.66 (CI 95% 1.34 ­ 5.28); working in the emergency room, OR: 2.72 (CI 95% 1.38 ­ 5.35); not wearing gloves when they are required for the task, OR: 2.05 (CI 95% 1.10 ­ 3.79), and perceiving the risk as high reduces the risk by 60%. Conclusion. Significant variables were identified related to the occurrence of work accidents, which will facilitate planning, execution and implementation of occupational health programs aimed at controlling work-accident rate involving biological hazards. No evidence was found of a relationship between personality traits and the occurrence of ATBIO.

Introdução. Acidentes de trabalho por exposição a risco biológico (ATBIO) são potenciais causas de doenças infecciosas relacionadas à alta morbimortalidade. A identificação das causas que geram essa acidentalidade permitirá estabelecer estratégias que controlem e reduzam a taxa de acidentes de trabalho. Objetivo era estabelecer stabelecer a associação entre os traços de personalidade, principalmente o traço de personalidade despreocupada e a ocorrência de ATBIO nos profissionais de enfermagem do Hospital Universitário de Santander entre o período de 2008 e 2009. Metodologia. Estudo caso-controle. Resultados. Foram incluídos 68 (18%) casos com um histórico de ATBIO e 290 controles, para uma relação caso: controle de 1:4. Na análise multivariada, foram encontradas as seguintes variáveis associadas à taxa de acidente de trabalho de risco biológico: perceber o risco de apresentar ATBIO no serviço como elevado OR: 0.42 (IC 95% 0.23 - 0.75); trabalhar 24 ou mais horas adicionais por semana OR: 2.66 (IC 95% 1.34 - 5.28); trabalhar na área de emergências OR: 2.72 (IC 95% 1.38 - 5.35); não usar luvas quando são necessárias durante o trabalho OR: 2.05 (IC 95% 1.10 - 3.79); e perceber o risco como alto reduz o risco em 60%. Conclusão. Foram identificadas variáveis significativas relacionadas à ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho, o que facilitará o planejamento, execução e implantação de programas de saúde ocupacional voltados ao controle de acidentes de trabalho de risco biológico. Não houve evidência de uma relação entre traços de personalidade e a ocorrência de ATBIO.

Factores que intervienen en la aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad del profesional de enfermería / Factors Associated with the Application of Biosafety Measures Taken by Nursing Professionals

Introducción: Las medidas de bioseguridad son normas preventivas que debe aplicar el personal de salud para evitar el contagio por la exposición de agentes infecciosos que pueden provocar daño. Objetivo: Determinar factores que intervienen en la aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad del profesional de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. La población fue de 30 profesionales de enfermería que laboran en un Centro Quirúrgico de un Hospital de Lima, específicamente en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo de Lima, Perú, meses de marzo a julio del 2019. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta y el instrumento, un cuestionario estructurado. Para el cálculo de la confiabilidad estadística la prueba Alpha de Cronbach, juicio de expertos y "r" de Pearson. Resultados: En referencia a los factores que intervienen en la aplicación de las medidas de bioseguridad del profesional de enfermería, 56,70 por ciento presentaron factores desfavorables y 43,30 por ciento, factores favorables. En cuanto a los factores personales, 66,70 por ciento presentaron factores desfavorables y 33,30 por ciento, factores favorables; y con respecto a los factores institucionales, 53,30 por ciento presentaron factores favorables y 46,70 por ciento factores desfavorables. Conclusiones: Los factores desfavorables que intervinieron en la aplicación de las medidas de bioseguridad en el profesional de enfermería fueron la edad adulta joven, sin estudios de especialidad y no tener capacitación en bioseguridad; y los factores favorables, en minoría, fueron contar con oficina de epidemiología, supervisión permanente en la aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad y disponer de ambientes exento de riesgos(AU)

Introduction: Biosafety measures are preventive standards that the health personnel must apply to avoid contagion due to exposure to infectious agents that can cause harm. Objective: To determine factors that intervene in the application of biosafety measures by the nursing professional. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 30 nursing professionals who work in a Surgical Center at Dos de Mayo National Hospital in Lima, Peru, from March to July 2019. The technique used was the survey, and the instrument, a structured questionnaire. For the calculation of statistical reliability, Cronbach's alpha test, expert criteria and Pearson's "r" were used. Results: Regarding the factors involved in the application of biosafety measures by the nursing professional, 56.70 percent presented unfavorable factors and 43.30 percent, favorable factors. Regarding personal factors, 66.70 percent presented unfavorable factors, and 33.30 percent, favorable factors; and with regard to institutional factors, 53.30 percent presented favorable factors, and 46.70 percent, unfavorable factors. Conclusions: The unfavorable factors that intervened in the application of biosafety measures by the nursing professional were young adulthood, without specialty studies, and not having training in biosafety. The favorable factors, in a minority, were having an epidemiology office, permanent supervision in the application of biosafety measures, and having risk-free settings(AU)

Evaluación del riesgo biológico en el área quirúrgica de una instalación de salud / Assessment of Biological Risk in the Surgical Area of a Health Facility

RESUMEN Introducción: El personal que labora en el área quirúrgica de un hospital, está expuesto a riesgos biológicos que requieren más que un tratamiento médico. Para la prevención, además, de ocuparse de la integridad del paciente, se le ha agregado la de proteger la salud del equipo quirúrgico, susceptibles a contaminarse con objetos infectados. Estos aspectos no son de estricto cumplimiento por el personal que labora en los salones o salas quirúrgicas de hospitales y centros de salud. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis de riesgo biológico en el área quirúrgica de una instalación de salud. Métodos: Se realizó el análisis de riesgo, que consistió en tres procesos generales: evaluación del riesgo, gestión del riesgo y comunicación del riesgo. Resultados: Se identificaron y caracterizaron los peligros de contaminación a los que pueden estar sometidos los trabajadores. Se identificaron las vulnerabilidades presentes, empleándose para ello, una lista de chequeo diseñada, teniéndose en cuenta los principios de la bioseguridad y, se evaluaron los riesgos biológicos empleándose una matriz de estimación del riesgo (posibilidad por consecuencia). Conclusiones: Se discuten medidas aplicables para la gestión de la bioseguridad en áreas quirúrgicas de instituciones de salud cubanas(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The personnel working in the surgical area of a hospital are exposed to biological risks requiring more than medical treatment. In view of prevention, apart from taking care of the integrity of the patient, they have been assigned protecting the health of the surgical team, which are susceptible to becoming contaminated with infected objects. These aspects are not strictly complied with by the personnel working in the operating or surgical rooms of hospitals and health centers. Objective: To assess the biological risk in the surgical area of a health facility. Methods: The risk analysis was carried out, which consisted of three general processes: risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. Results: The contamination hazards to which workers may be subjected were identified and characterized. The existing vulnerabilities were identified using a checklist designed taking into account the biosecurity principles. The biological risks were evaluated, using a risk estimation matrix (possibility by consequence). Conclusions: Measures are discussed that can be applied for the management of biosecurity in surgical areas of Cuban health institutions(AU)

Evaluación del riesgo biológico en laboratorios de Control de la Calidad del Instituto Finlay / Evaluation of biological risk in quality control laboratories of the Finlay Institute

El Instituto Finlay dedicado a producir vacunas empleando agentes biológicos, durante años, viene capacitando al personal de las áreas que presentan mayor potencial de riesgos, dada la importancia de proteger a sus trabajadores, instalaciones, equipos y producciones. Por ello se comenzaron a realizar evaluaciones de riesgos según métodos empleados por otros países, como España. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar el riesgo biológico en laboratorios de Control de la Calidad, tales como el laboratorio de Bacteriología y el laboratorio de Pruebas Biológicas. Otros objetivos fueron, analizar la aplicación de la legislación nacional vigente de Bioseguridad y proponer un programa de acciones. El estudio se realizó en el último trimestre del año 2011 y primer semestre del año 2012. Se utilizaron como instrumentos de calidad, el método de la observación, listas de chequeo, entrevistas, tormentas de ideas y análisis documental. Los resultados mostraron que: ambos laboratorios cumplieron la legislación vigente de Bioseguridad, se identificaron los factores de riesgos más frecuentes, de ellos los de mayor nivel de riesgo y se obtuvo un programa de acciones correctivas encaminado a la solución de problemas detectados. Se demostró la posibilidad de la aplicación de un método cuantitativo, escogido para evaluar el riesgo y la implementación del programa de acciones correctivas con resultados satisfactorios(AU)

The Finlay Institute, dedicated to producing vaccines using biological agents, has for years been training personnel in the areas with the greatest risk potential, given the importance of protecting its workers, facilities, equipment and production. Therefore, risk assessments were started according to methods used by other countries, such as Spain. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the biological risk in Quality Control laboratories, such as the Bacteriology laboratory and the Biological Testing laboratory. Other objectives were to analyze the application of the current national Biosecurity legislation and propose a program of actions. The study was conducted in the last quarter of 2011 and the first semester of 2012. The observation method, checklists, interviews, storms of ideas and documentary analysis were used as quality instruments. The results showed that: both laboratories complied with the current Biosafety legislation, the most frequent risk factors were identified, including those with the highest level of risk and a program of corrective actions aimed at solving problems detected was obtained. The possibility of the application of a quantitative method, chosen to evaluate the risk and the implementation of the program of corrective actions with satisfactory results was demonstrated(AU)

Spores of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum as a bioinsecticide for the control of Atta cephalotes

Background: The leafcutter ant (Atta cephalotes) is associated with losses in the agricultural sector, due to its defoliating activity; for its control, biological, mechanical and chemical methods have been developed, the latter associated with adverse effects on human and environmental health. This research validated in the field for the control of the leafcutter ant (A. cephalotes) using a mixture of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum spores. Methods: The effectiveness from the combination of spores of B. bassiana and T lignorum with an initial concentration of 2 × 109 spores/ml, in the following proportions of B. bassiana and T. lignorum, A (1:1), of each fungus. It was evaluated within the university campus, comparing it with two commercial formulations, Mycotrol (B. bassiana) and Mycobac (T. lignorum). Additionally, this formulation was evaluated in 49 nests distributed 16 in 14 locations in Colombia. The formulation application was carried out by direct application, using a pump at a speed of 10 ml/m2. The effectiveness was estimated from the reduction of the flow of ants, evaluating the statistically significant differences using the ANOVA and Tukey-test. Results: Effective control of 90% of the nests was observed in the field phase in 60 days, except in nests with areas > 50 m2 that were located in regions with high rainfall (annual average precipitation above 7000 mm), such as Buenaventura. Conclusions: In this work, it was demonstrated that the combination of B. bassiana and T. lignorum spores represent a viable alternative for the control of the leafcutter ant, in which the effectiveness is related to several factors, including the size of the nest and the rainfall in the area.

Prevenção de acidentes ocupacionais e condutas pós-exposição a material biológico entre trabalhadores da saúde de um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / Prevention of occupational accidents and conducts after exposure to biological material among health workers of a mobile emergency care service

Introdução: O Atendimento Pré Hospitalar (APH) tem por finalidade prestar atendimento em situações de urgência e emergência clinica ou traumática, no local do evento e durante o transporte até uma instituição de destino, com o suporte especifico para o tipo de urgência ou emergência. Os trabalhadores da equipe do APH móvel vivenciam situações emergenciais que envolvem constante exposição a materiais biológicos. Considerando a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico potencialmente contaminado como um dos principais riscos para os trabalhadores da saúde. A escassez de estudos que contemplem o APH, propõe-se o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Objetivo: Elaborar protocolos de prevenção de acidentes de trabalho e de condutas pós-exposição ocupacional a material biológico para trabalhadores de saúde de um serviço de atendimento préhospitalar (APH). Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, na qual o levantamento de dados foi realizado de duas maneiras: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi feita por meio de buscas em bases de dados. A pesquisa foi conduzida em sete fases: determinação dos objetivos; elaboração do plano de trabalho; identificação das fontes; localização das fontes e obtenção do material; tratamento dos dados; confecção das fichas e redação do trabalho; construção lógica e redação do trabalho. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) gerenciado pelo Consórcio Intermunicipal de Saúde da Região Ampliada Oeste do Estado de Minas Gerais (CIS-URG OESTE). O corpus da análise foi representado por periódicos, artigos e dispositivos legais nacionais, estaduais e institucional que regulamentam a Rede de Urgência e Emergência no âmbito nacional. Foram selecionados 104 documentos. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2018 e o tratamento dos dados foi de forma sistematizada, organizada, descritiva e analítica. Não houve necessidade de apreciação da Comissão Nacional de Ética e Pesquisa - CONEP para o desenvolvimento deste estudo por não envolver seres humanos. Resultado: Os documentos foram agrupados em duas categorias, permitindo conhecer, delinear e estabelecer os protocolos e fluxos de atendimento aos trabalhadores do SAMU. A primeira categoria de organização do material foi referente a pesquisa bibliográfica. A segunda categoria representou a pesquisa documental; a qual foi subdividida em quatro etapas para análise de toda a legislação nacional, estadual e regional acerca da regulamentação da Rede de Urgência e Emergência no âmbito nacional e o conjunto de documentos sobre a atuação do CIS-URG OESTE. Os dispositivos legais e manuais ministeriais acerca das condutas da promoção da saúde do trabalhador exposto a material biológico no Brasil serviram de embasamento teórico para elaboração de protocolos de prevenção de acidentes e de condutas pósexposição ocupacional a material biológico aos trabalhadores de saúde que atuam no APH do CIS-URG OESTE. Após analises dos referidos documentos, foram elaborados fluxogramas de atendimento aos trabalhadores e os protocolos de ações de prevenção e tratamento imediato em casos de acidentes de trabalho com material biológico neste estudo. Assim este material representa uma produção técnica que será utilizada no CIS-URG OESTE para a promoção da saúde no trabalho. Considerações finais: O trabalho em saúde no APH não é apenas um processo técnico e mecânico, desprovido do caráter humanizante. Representa um conjunto de relações dos diversos atores, um processo complexo cujas condições de trabalho potencialmente, são geradoras de adoecimento. Deste modo, a produção técnica elaborada neste estudo, representa ações técnicas, educativas e de padronização de ações que visam promover a saúde e a qualidade de vida do trabalhador de saúde do APH na Região Ampliada Oeste de Minas Gerais

Introduction: Pre-hospital Care (PHC) is intended to provide emergency and clinical or trauma emergency services, at the event site and during transportation to a destination institution, with specific support for the type of emergency or emergency. The workers of the mobile PHC team experience emergency situations that involve constant exposure to biological materials. Considering the occurrence of occupational accidents with exposure to potentially contaminated biological material as one of the main risks for health workers. The shortage of studies that contemplate the PHC, the development of this study is proposed. Objective: To elaborate protocols for the prevention of occupational accidents and post-occupational exposure to biological material for health workers of a pre-hospital care service (PHC). Method: it is a documentary research, in which the data collection was carried out in two ways: bibliographic research and documentary research. The bibliographic research was done through searches in databases. The research was conducted in seven phases: determination of objectives; preparation of the work plan; identification of sources; location of sources and procurement of material; processing of data; preparation of the fiches and writing of the work; logical construction and writing of the work. The study was developed in the Mobile Emergency Care Service (MECS) managed by the Intermunicipal Health Consortium of the Western Region of the State of Minas Gerais (CIS-URG WEST). The corpus of the analysis was represented by national, state and institutional periodicals, articles and legal provisions that regulate the Emergency and Emergency Network at the national level. We selected 104 documents. Data collection was performed in October 2018 and the data treatment was systematized, organized, descriptive and analytical. There was no need for appreciation of the National Commission for Ethics and Research (CONEP) for the development of this study because it did not involve human beings. Results: The documents were grouped in two categories, allowing to know, to delineate and to establish the protocols and flows of service to the workers of MECS, to wit: first category of organization of the material was referring to bibliographical research; which constituted the synoptic record of the selected primary sources, the second category: documentary research; and this subdivided into four stages or moments referring to the thematic axes; which includes all national legislation that implements and establishes the urgency and emergency network at the national level, the state legislation that implements the emergency and emergency network at the state and regional level, and the set of documents and legislation that constitute the CIS- URG WEST for the management of the emergency and emergency services of the said region and the legal provisions and ministerial manuals that dictates the conduct of prevention, promotion and recovery of workers exposed to biological material, which served as a basis for the elaboration of prevention protocols of accidents and of conducts after occupational exposition to biological material to the health workers that work in the PHC of the CIS-URG WEST. Finals considerations: The work in health in the PHC is not only a technical and mechanical process, devoid of the humanizing character. It represents a set of relations of the various actors, a complex process whose working conditions potentially generate illness. Thus, the technical production elaborated in this study represents technical, educational and standardization actions that aim to promote the health and quality of life of the PHC health worker in the Extended Western Region of Minas Gerais

Consenso higiene hospitalaria

Consenso acerca de los aspectos más importantes relacionados a la higiene hospitalaria

Consensus about the most important factors related to hospitalary hygiene

Riesgo biológico y prácticas de bioseguridad en docencia / Biological risk and biosafety practices among professors / Risco biológico e as prácticas de biossegurança em docência

Los riesgos ocupacionales a los cuales están expuestos los docentes del área de salud, aumentan con el desempeño de sus actividades asistenciales y prácticas formativas con estudiantes, por esto durante su formación profesional se exigen conocimientos, juicio crítico, desarrollo de habilidades y destrezas en el cumplimiento de sus funciones. Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento en riesgo biológico y el cumplimiento de las prácticas de bioseguridad en el personal docente, responsable de la formación clínica de los estudiantes de los programas académicos de la Facultad de Salud de una Institución de Educación Superior. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con una muestra de 78 docentes, entrevistados personalmente y en sus áreas de trabajo. Se evaluaron variables de conocimiento respecto al concepto que tienen los docentes sobre riesgo biológico y bioseguridad y la variable de prácticas respecto al cumplimiento de normas de bioseguridad. Resultados: la tercera parte de los docentes evaluados conocen sobre riesgo biológico y bioseguridad y en un porcentaje menor se evidenció la aplicación de prácticas de bioseguridad. No se observaron relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre conocimiento en riesgo biológico y bioseguridad y tipo de vinculación y antigüedad docente. Discusión: los docentes reconocen la exposición al riesgo biológico, pero preocupa la baja utilización de medidas de bioseguridad y de procedimientos recomendados para prevenir accidentes. Conclusiones: se espera que los docentes del área de la salud tengan un alto conocimiento sobre riesgo biológico y aplicación de normas de bioseguridad, pero esta investigación demostró las deficiencias en este tema por la población estudiada.

Professors working in the field of health are exposed to occupational risks that increase as they perform their care and teaching activities with students. Thus their professional training demands they acquire the knowledge, critical judgment, and skills to carry out their tasks. Objective: To assess the knowledge on biological risk and the compliance with biosafety practices among the teaching staff responsible for the clinical training of the students from the academic programs offered at the Faculty of Health of a Higher Education Institution. Methodology: a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a sample of 78 professors who were interviewed personally at their workplaces. Variables regarding knowledge of the concept that the teachers have of biological risk and biosafety were evaluated. Likewise, the variable of practices with regards to biosafety regulation compliance was also evaluated. Results: One third of the assessed professors are familiar with biological risks and biosafety. A lesser percentage applies biosafety practices. No statistically significant relationships between knowledge of biological risks and biosafety and the type of contract and seniority were observed. Discussion: professors are aware of their exposure to biological risk; however, the low usage of biosafety measures and procedures recommended to prevent accidents is a matter of concern. Conclusions: Professors working in the field of health are expected to have a deep understanding of biological risks and the application of biosafety standards, yet this study showed a lack of knowledge of this issue among the studied population.

Os riscos ocupacionais que os docentes da área de saúde estão expostos, acrescentam com o desempenho das suas atividades assistenciais e práticas de formação com estudantes, isso durante sua formação profissional se exigemconhecimentos, pensamento crítico, desenvolvimento de habilidades e destrezas no cumprimento de suas funções. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento em risco biológico e o cumprimento das práticas de biossegurança no pessoal docente, responsável pela formação clínica dos estudantes dos programas acadêmicos da Faculdade de Saúde de uma Instituição de Educação Superior. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com uma amostra de 78 docentes, entrevistados pessoalmente e em suas áreas de trabalho. Foram avaliadas variáveis referentes ao conhecimento que os docentes têm respeito ao conceito sobre o risco biológico e biossegurança. . Também foram avaliadas variáveis práticas com respeito ao cumprimento de normas de biossegurança. Resultados : A terceira parte dos docentes avaliados conhecem sobre risco biológico e biossegurança e em uma percentagem menor evidenciou-se a aplicação de práticas de biossegurança. Não houve relações estatisticamente significativas entre conhecimento em risco biológico e biossegurança e entre o tipo de ligação e antiguidade docente. Discussão: os docentes reconhecem a exposição ao risco biológico, mas preocupa a baixa utilização de medidas de biossegurança e de procedimentos recomendados para prevenir acidentes. Conclusões: Espera-se que os docentes da área da saúde tenham um melhor conhecimento sobre risco biológico e aplicação de normas de biossegurança, mas esta pesquisa demonstrou as deficiências neste tema com a população estudada.

Los escenarios de riesgo biológico y la protección del personal médico participante en el brote por el virus del Ébola 2014 / Biological risk and protection of the medical staff participant in the outbreak of the Ebola virus 2014

Resumen: El virus del Ébola es el agente causal de una de las enfermedades infecciosas más temidas por el humano: la fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola o enfermedad por el virus del Ébola (EVE). Este filovirus puede llegar a causar hasta un 90% de mortalidad. Tiene su origen en África con brotes epidémicos registrados desde 1976. El más reciente se presentó durante el primer trimestre de 2014 en 3 países de África Occidental, Liberia, Sierra Leona y Nigeria. Es considerado el brote más grave y el que se ha mantenido por más tiempo. En 2014, la Organización Mundial de la Salud consideró el brote como una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Un aspecto preocupante ha sido la mortalidad generada en el personal médico de los países afectados y personal infectado de las brigadas internacionales que participaron en esta contención. Una de las causas que originaron esta mortalidad fue probablemente el uso inadecuado del Equipo de Protección Personal (EPP). En este artículo se muestran al lector los componentes del EPP con algunos detalles técnicos para su uso como fue requerido al personal médico calificado participante en la contención de la EVE en África. En México es muy baja la probabilidad de la aparición del virus del Ébola. Actualmente se presenta mayor riesgo en el país ante brotes como el virus de chikungunya. El objetivo de esta publicación es presentar el uso apropiado del EPP para el personal médico en alto riesgo de contagio al participar en la contención de brotes causados por agentes infecciosos.

Abstract: The Ebola virus is the causative agent of the most feared human infectious disease, the Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever. This filovirus may reach up to 90% in mortality. The virus was originated in Africa and the outbreaks have been recorded since 1976. The most recent occurred in 2014 in three countries of Western Africa, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Was the outbreak with a highest mortality and long time. The World Health Organization in 2014 mentioned this outbreak as public health emergency of international concern. One point of interest was mortality in medical staff of African countries and the infection in members of international brigades who participated in this containment. The reason that caused this mortality was probably the inappropriate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). In Mexico the risk of an EVD outbreak is very low however a high risk exists in the spread of virus chikungunya. The purpose of this article is showing the components of this equipment with some technical details to the reader. This is an example of the use of personal protective equipment by qualified personnel in outbreaks and necessary in the containment of other outbreaks due to infectious agents.

Association between Workplace Risk Factor Exposure and Sleep Disturbance: Analysis of the 2nd Korean Working Conditions Survey

OBJECTIVES: Sleep is essential for human beings to live and work properly. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between occupational exposures to workplace risk factors and sleep disturbance in Korean workers. METHODS: The data were drawn from the second Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS); a total of 7,112 paid workers were analyzed. The independent variables were occupational exposures such as physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial risk factor in the workplace, and psychosocial risk factor was divided into five categories (job demand, job control, social support, job insecurity, lack of reward). We estimated the relationship between various occupational exposures and sleep disturbance using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that people who exposed to physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial (high job demand, inadequate social support, lack of reward) risk factors were more likely to increase the risk of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics, we found significant positive associations between exposures to physical (odds ratios [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.07) and psychosocial (high job demand (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.16-3.98), inadequate social support (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.14-2.15), lack of reward (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.08-1.96)) risk factors and sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial workplace risk factors are significantly related to sleep disturbance.