Biomarcadores salivares na avaliação da dor: revisão integrativa / Biomarcadores salivales en la evaluación del dolor: revisión integradora / Salivary biomarkers in pain assessment: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar os principais biomarcadores salivares descritos, assim como as técnicas empregadas para coleta das amostras de saliva, em estudos relacionados à avaliação da dor em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos dolorosos ou portadores de patologias dolorosas. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada pelas buscas bibliográficas nas bases Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL e EMBASE, com recorte temporal de 2009 a 2019 e período de coleta de dados entre outubro e novembro de 2019. Foram utilizados Descritores em Saúde (DeCs)e Medical SubjectHeadings (MeSH), para responder à pergunta norteadora: Quais são e como são utilizados os biomarcadores salivares na avaliação da dor? Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos artigos, sendo os dados extraídos e registrados em uma planilha desenvolvida para o presente estudo. Resultados Das 126 publicações identificadas, 22 artigos foram incluídos para a análise. Constatou-se que os artigos são, majoritariamente, desenvolvidos com adultos durante realização de procedimentos dolorosos ou portadores de patologias dolorosa. Os principais biomarcadores salivares avaliados foram a alfa-amilase e o cortisol, e as principais técnicas para coleta de saliva foram o Salivette® e a coleta passiva. Conclusão Os estudos indicam que a mensuração objetiva da dor é um desafio. Os principais biomarcadores salivares descritos são o cortisol e a alfa-amilase, sendo o Salivette®a principal técnica utilizada para coleta das amostras de saliva. A dosagem das moléculas salivares é incipiente e empregada de forma complementar na avaliação da dor em pacientes de diferentes faixas estárias, submetidos à procedimentos dolorosos ou portadores patologias dolorosas.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar los principales biomarcadores salivales descriptos, así como las técnicas utilizadas para la recolección de las muestras de saliva en estudios relacionados con la evaluación del dolor en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos dolorosos o con patologías dolorosas. Métodos Revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada por medio de búsquedas bibliográficas en las bases Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL y EMBASE, con un recorte temporal del 2009 al 2019 con un período de recolección de datos de octubre a noviembre de 2019. Se utilizaron Descriptores en Salud (DeCs) y Medical SubjectHeadings (MeSH), para responder a la pregunta orientadora: ¿Cuáles son los biomarcadores salivales en la evaluación del dolor y cómo se utilizan? Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los artículos y los datos extraídos y registrados en una planilla desarrollada para el presente estudio. Resultados De las 126 publicaciones identificadas, se incluyeron 22 artículos para análisis. Se constató que los artículos están, mayoritariamente, desarrollados con adultos durante la realización de procedimientos dolorosos o con patologías dolorosas. Los principales biomarcadores salivales evaluados fueron alfa-amilasa y cortisol, y las principales técnicas para la recolección de saliva fueron Salivette® y la recolección pasiva. Conclusión Los estudios indican que la medición objetiva del dolor es un desafío. Los principales biomarcadores salivales que se describen son el cortisol y la alfa-amilasa y Salivette® la principal técnica utilizada para la recolección de muestras de saliva. La dosificación de las moléculas salivales es incipiente y utilizada de forma complementaria en la evaluación del dolor en pacientes de distintos grupos de edad, sometidos a procedimientos dolorosos o con patologías dolorosas.

Abstract Objective To identify the main salivary biomarkers described and the techniques used for saliva sample collection in studies related to pain assessment in patients undergoing painful procedures or experiencing painful diseases Methods An integrative literature review was conducted via bibliographic searches in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases for the period from 2009 to 2019; data were collected in October and November 2019. The DeCs health descriptors and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were used to answer the guiding question: "Which salivary biomarkers are used in pain assessment and how are they employed?" A descriptive analysis of the articles was performed; data were collected and recorded in a spreadsheet developed for the present study. Results Of the 126 published articles identified, 22 articles were included for analysis. The articles were mainly regarding adults undergoing painful procedures or patients experiencing painful diseases. The main salivary biomarkers evaluated were alpha-amylase and cortisol, and the main saliva collection techniques were Salivette® and passive collection. Conclusion The studies indicated that objective pain measurement is a challenge. The main salivary biomarkers evaluated were cortisol and alpha-amylase, and the main technique employed for saliva sample collection was Salivette®. The dosage of salivary molecules is emerging for use as a complement in pain assessment in patients of different ages undergoing painful procedures or experiencing painful diseases.

Plasma metabonomic study on Zushima Gancao Tablet in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on UPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS / 中草药

Objective: To observe the regulating action of Zushima Gancao Tablet on abnormal metabolites by analyzing the changes of endogenous metabolites in plasma of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats, and to explore the mechanism of Zushima Gancao Tablet in treating RA from the perspective of metabonomics. Methods: Rats were divided into normal group (NG), model group (MG), positive medicine group (PMG), and Zushima Gancao Tablet group (ZGG). Adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats were established with freund complete adjuvant, rats in PMG and ZGG groups were ig administered with tripterygium glycosides and Zushima Gancao Tablet respectively for a month. Plasma samples were collected on days 1, 10, 20, and 28 before and after administration. UPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS was applied to analyzing the metabolic profile changes of each group in different durations of the disease and mechanism of drug intervention. Results: The related pathways of AA mainly involved metabolisms of amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins. Zushima Gancao Tablet had great effect on AA by regulating 12 biomarkers. Conclusion: Small molecule metabolites in AA rats are deviated from the normal ones. The effects of Zushima Gancao Tablet and positive medicine (tripterygium polyglycoside) on AA are similar, but the mechanisms were different. Zushima Gancao Tablet down-regulates the level of LPC in secondary lesions while tripterygium polyglycoside tablets could effectively inhibit the metabolisms of a variety of amino acids during acute inflammation.

Uso de biomarcadores na sepse pediátrica: revisão de literatura / Use of biomarkers in pediatric sepsis: literature review

RESUMO A despeito dos avanços nos últimos anos, a sepse ainda é uma das principais causas de internação e mortalidade em lactentes e crianças. A presença de biomarcadores na resposta a um insulto infeccioso resulta em seu uso na triagem, no diagnóstico, no prognóstico (estratificação de risco), na monitorização da resposta terapêutica e no uso racional de antibióticos (duração adequada, por exemplo). Os estudos sobre biomarcadores na sepse em crianças são ainda relativamente escassos. Esta revisão aborda o uso de biomarcadores na sepse em pacientes pediátricos, com ênfase em proteína C-reativa, procalcitonina, interleucinas 6, 8 e 18, gelatinase dos neutrófilos humanos e proadrenomedulina, que podem ser úteis na abordagem da sepse pediátrica.

ABSTRACT Despite advances in recent years, sepsis is still a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in infants and children. The presence of biomarkers during the response to an infectious insult makes it possible to use such biomarkers in screening, diagnosis, prognosis (risk stratification), monitoring of therapeutic response, and rational use of antibiotics (for example, the determination of adequate treatment length). Studies of biomarkers in sepsis in children are still relatively scarce. This review addresses the use of biomarkers in sepsis in pediatric patients with emphasis on C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukins 6, 8, and 18, human neutrophil gelatinase, and proadrenomedullin. Assessment of these biomarkers may be useful in the management of pediatric sepsis.

Valor prognóstico da procalcitonina em pacientes com infecções do trato respiratório inferior no ambiente hospitalar / Prognostic value of procalcitonin in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections

RESUMO Infecções do trato respiratório inferior são condições frequentes e potencialmente letais, consistindo nas principais causas de prescrição inadequada de antibióticos. A caracterização de sua gravidade e a predição prognóstica dos pacientes acometidos auxiliam na condução, permitindo maior acerto nas decisões sobre a necessidade e o local de internação, assim como a duração do tratamento. A incorporação de biomarcadores às estratégias classicamente utilizadas representa estratégia promissora, com destaque para a procalcitonina. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma revisão narrativa sobre a potencial utilidade e as limitações do uso da procalcitonina como um marcador prognóstico em pacientes hospitalizados portadores de infecções do trato respiratório inferior. Os estudos publicados sobre o tema são heterogêneos, no que tange à variedade de técnicas de mensuração da procalcitonina, seus valores de corte, os contextos clínicos e a gravidade dos pacientes incluídos. Os dados obtidos indicam valor moderado da procalcitonina para predizer o prognóstico de pacientes com infecções do trato respiratório inferior, não superior a metodologias classicamente utilizadas, e com utilidade que se faz notar apenas quando interpretados junto a outros dados clínicos e laboratoriais. De modo geral, o comportamento da procalcitonina, ao longo dos primeiros dias de tratamento, fornece mais informações prognósticas do que sua mensuração em um momento isolado, mas faltam informações sobre a custo-efetividade dessa medida em pacientes em terapia intensiva. Estudos que avaliaram o papel prognóstico da procalcitonina inicial em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade apresentam resultados mais consistentes e com maior potencial de aplicabilidade prática, mas com utilidade limitada a valores negativos para a seleção de pacientes com baixo risco de evolução desfavorável.

ABSTRACT Lower respiratory tract infections are common and potentially lethal conditions and are a major cause of inadequate antibiotic prescriptions. Characterization of disease severity and prognostic prediction in affected patients can aid disease management and can increase accuracy in determining the need for and place of hospitalization. The inclusion of biomarkers, particularly procalcitonin, in the decision taken process is a promising strategy. This study aims to present a narrative review of the potential applications and limitations of procalcitonin as a prognostic marker in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections. The studies on this topic are heterogeneous with respect to procalcitonin measurement techniques, cutoff values, clinical settings, and disease severity. The results show that procalcitonin delivers moderate performance for prognostic prediction in patients with lower respiratory tract infections; its predictive performance was not higher than that of classical methods, and knowledge of procalcitonin levels is most useful when interpreted together with other clinical and laboratory results. Overall, repeated measurement of the procalcitonin levels during the first days of treatment provides more prognostic information than a single measurement; however, information on the cost-effectiveness of this procedure in intensive care patients is lacking. The results of studies that evaluated the prognostic value of initial procalcitonin levels in patients with community-acquired pneumonia are more consistent and have greater potential for practical application; in this case, low procalcitonin levels identify those patients with a low risk of adverse outcomes.

Detection of serum proteomic patterns of patients with lung cancer by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and its clinical significance / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To investigate the serum proteomic patterns in lung cancer by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) techniques and build diagnostic models in order to evaluate their clinical significance by biomarkers screening in lung cancer.Methods SELDI-TOF-MS and CM-10 protein chip were used to detect the serum proteomic patterns of 38 lung squamous cell carcinoma and 30 lung adenocarcinomas,including the comparation in 34 geminate patient serums before and after surgery.Nagative control setted as a group of 50 normal tissues.BioMarker Wizard and BioMarker pattern system software were used in combination to analyze the data and to develop diagnostic models.Results Two protein peaks from a total of 167 were chosen as a biomarker pattern in the training set.Two protein peaks pattern (mass/charge ratio [m/z] 6 010,5 330) was observed in the model that could be used as to distinguish lung cancer from non-cancerous diseases.It yielded a sensitivity of 98 ％ and a specificity of 96 ％.There were 9 different protein peaks (P ＜ 0.05) between pre-surgery and post-surgery.There were 8 different peaks (P ＜ 0.05) between metastasis and non-metastasis.Conclusion SELDI techniques can be employed as diagnosis in lung cancer patients with relatively high sensitivity and specificity,and also could be used as an effective tool for the screening of lung cancer.

Application of biomarkers for cervical precancerous lesions diagnosis / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Several molecular biomarkers (p16INK4a,Ki-67,and so on) are abnormally expressed in cervical precancerous lesions,many of which are involved in human papilloma virus (HPV)-induced molecular alterations.Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) can not accurately predict the possibility of progress in precancerous lesions.Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) are often over-treated clinically,while it lacks accurate screening methods to identify the precancerous lesions with high possibility of progression.Combining cytology diagnosis with biomarkers can help predict the progress of precancerous lesions and distinguish benign lesions which are difficult to identify morphologically.It appears promising to consider biomarkers as potential cervical precancerous lesions screening method.