ABSTRACT
Abstract We studied aspects of the reproductive behaviour and development of two species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance, Blaesoxipha stallengi (Lahille, 1907) and Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794), which are dominant in assemblages in dry forests in Northeastern Brazil. We described the behavioural acts associated with courtship and mating and estimated the development time (from egg/larva until adult) - of both species. Description of the reproductive behaviour was based on 50 couples of each species whereas 250 larvae were used for the estimation of the developmental time. A total of 55 successful copula were observed for B. stallengi and 142 for S. ruficornis. Pre-copulatory behaviour differed between the species, as S. ruficornis presented a high rate of competition among male specimens. Blaesoxipha stallengi copulated more frequently in the morning and the mean duration of copulation was similar for both species. The species showed different reproductive strategies: S. ruficornis follows the typical strategy in Sarcophagidae and are viviparous (larviparity), but we report here the first documented evidence of ovoviviparity of B. stallengi. Sex ratio of the emerged adults did not differ (p > 0.05) markedly for either species. Total development time in days was similar with 22.9 for B. stallengi and 21.3 for S. ruficornis. The pronounced similarities in the morphology of both species - combined with their similar time of development - may act as confounding factors for forensic entomologists and stress out the need for an accurate taxonomical identification.
ABSTRACT
We studied some aspects of the bionomics of phlebotomine vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) at El Carrizal, Municipality Tovar, Venezuela: Lutzomyia youngi, Lutzomyia spinicrassa and Lutzomyia migonei. Monthly catches were performed throughout 2008 using CDC and Shannon traps. We investigated: (i) species richness, (ii) relationships richness-traps-habitats (domestic, peri-domestic and forest), (iii) monthly fluctuations and relationship with climatic variables, (iv) relationship climatic factors-cutaneous leishmaniasis cases at El Carrizal and Municipality Tovar (2000-2008). Females in the Verrucarum group and males of Lu. youngi prevailed. Catches with CDC revealed the predominance of Lu. migonei outdoors where probably they maintains cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission, while females in the Verrucarum group would contribute to maintain it indoors. The greatest abundance of the three species occurred in November after the heaviest peak of rains. The correlation species-climate for Lu. migonei indicated that temperature seems a limiting factor and precipitation a favouring factor, which agreed with results obtained through Ecological Niche Modelling of this species over 23 records at national level. The correlation cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence-climate showed that the greatest number of cases tends to occur, with a month lag, in the months of most rainfall. These data may support the Ministry of Health, since they provide robust information about "when", "where" and "how" to implement target phlebotomine vectors control methods in the Andean Region of Venezuela.
Se estudiaron algunos aspectos de la bionomía de vectores de leishmaniasis cutánea en la localidad El Carrizal, Municipio Tovar, Venezuela: Lutzomyia youngi, Lutzomyia spinicrassa y Lutzomyia migonei. Las capturas mensuales se realizaron a lo largo del año 2008 usando trampas CDC y Shannon. Se investigó: (i) riqueza de especies, (ii) relaciones riqueza-trampa-hábitat (doméstico, peri-doméstico y selvático), (iii) fluctuaciones mensuales y relación con variables climáticas, (iv) relación factores climáticos-casos de leishmaniasis cutánea en El Carrizal y Tovar (2000-2008). Predominaron las hembras del grupo Verrucarum y los machos de Lu. youngi. Las capturas con CDC revelaron el predominio de Lu. migonei en el habitat peridoméstico donde probablemente mantienen la transmisión, mientras que las hembras del grupo Verrucarum contribuirían a mantenerla dentro de las casas. La mayor abundancia de las tres especies ocurrió en noviembre después del pico más alto de lluvias. La correlación especie-clima para Lu. migonei indicó que la temperatura parece ser un factor limitante y la precipitación un factor favorecedor, lo cual coincidió con los resultados obtenidos a través de la Modelación de Nichos Ecológicóos de esta especie sobre 23 registros a nivel nacional. La correlación de incidencia de leishmaniasis cutánea-clima mostró que el mayor número de casos tiende a ocurrir, con un mes de retraso, en los meses de mayor precipitación. Estos datos pueden ser utiles al Ministerio de Salud ya que proveen información sólida sobre "cuándo", "dónde" y "cómo" implementar métodos de control de vectores en la Región Andina de Venezuela.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Malaria is a major public health problem in Tripura and focal disease outbreaks are of frequent occurrence. The State is co-endemic for both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax and transmission is perennial and persistent. The present study was aimed to review data on disease distribution to prioritize high-risk districts, and to study seasonal prevalence of disease vectors and their bionomical characteristics to help formulate vector species-specific interventions for malaria control. Methods: Data on malaria morbidity in the State were reviewed retrospectively (2008-2012) for understanding disease distribution and transmission dynamics. Cross-sectional mass blood surveys were conducted in malaria endemic villages of South Tripura district to ascertain the prevalence of malaria and proportions of parasite species. Mosquito collections were made in human dwellings of malaria endemic villages aiming at vector incrimination and to study relative abundance, resting and feeding preferences, and their present susceptibility status to DDT. Results: The study showed that malaria was widely prevalent and P. falciparum was the predominant infection (>90%), the remaining were P. vivax cases. The disease distribution, however, was uneven with large concentration of cases in districts of South Tripura and Dhalai coinciding with vast forest cover and tribal populations. Both Anopheles minimus s.s. and An. baimaii were recorded to be prevalent and observed to be highly anthropophagic and susceptible to DDT. Of these, An. minimus was incriminated (sporozoite infection rate 4.92%), and its bionomical characteristics revealed this species to be largely indoor resting and endophagic. Interpretation & conclusions: For effective control of malaria in the State, it is recommended that diseases surveillance should be robust, and vector control interventions including DDT spray coverage, mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets/ long-lasting insecticidal nets should be intensified prioritizing population groups most at risk to avert impending disease outbreaks and spread of drug-resistant malaria.
ABSTRACT
Malaria epidemiology is complex due to multiplicity of disease vectors, sibling species complex and variations in bionomical characteristics, vast varied terrain, various ecological determinants. There are six major mosquito vector taxa in India, viz. Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. stephensi, An. minimus, An. dirus and An. sundaicus. Among these, An. culicifacies is widely distributed and considered the most important vector throughout the plains and forests of India for generating bulk of malaria cases (>60% annually). Major malaria epidemics are caused by An. culicifaices. It is also the vector of tribal malaria except parts of Odisha and Northeastern states of India. An. culicifacies has been the cause of perennial malaria transmission in forests, and over the years penetrated the deforested areas of Northeast. An. culicifacies participates in malaria transmission either alone or along with An. stephensi or An. fluviatilis. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) spends about 80 per cent malaria control budget annually in the control of An. culicifacies, yet it remains one of the most formidable challenges in India. With recent advances in molecular biology there has been a significant added knowledge in understanding the biology, ecology, genetics and response to interventions, requiring stratification for cost-effective and sustainable malaria control. Research leading to newer interventions that are evidence-based, community oriented and sustainable would be useful in tackling the emerging challenges in malaria control. Current priority areas of research should include in-depth vector biology and control in problem pockets, preparation of malaria-risk maps for focused and selective interventions, monitoring insecticide resistance, cross-border initiative and data sharing, and coordinated control efforts for achieving transmission reduction, and control of drug-resistant malaria. The present review on An. culicifacies provides updated information on vector biology and control outlining thrust areas of research.
ABSTRACT
Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.
Intervenções humanas como projetos de irrigação e usinas hidrelétricas, tem se transformado em graves problemas de saúde em muitos países, especialmente naqueles localizados nos trópicos. No presente artigo discutimos os efeitos que essas intervenções causam a dinâmica populacional dos anofelinos e nos padrões de transmissão de malaria. Foram revisados estudos feitos nas três principais regiões geográficas dos trópicos e sub-trópicos (África, Ásia e o Pacífico e Américas). Constatamos que os padrões da transmissão da malária antes da introdução dos empreendimentos, as medidas de controle, os movimentos demográficos, os padrões comportamentais das comunidades humanas e a bionomia dos anofelinos locais determinarão se o estabelecimento de campos de irrigação e/ou usinas hidrelétricas podem influenciar negativamente na saúde das pessoas. São apresentados exemplos de medidas de controle bem sucedidas nesses cenários. A utilização de Sistemas de Informação Geográfico tem sido destacada como uma importante ferramenta para subsidiar o estudo e controle da malária em áreas sob impacto ambiental.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anopheles , Environment , Insect Vectors , Malaria/epidemiology , Power Plants , Water Supply , Africa/epidemiology , Americas/epidemiology , Asia/epidemiology , Malaria/transmission , Population Dynamics , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Development of the immature stages of Culex (Culex) saltanensis Dyar (Diptera, Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. Culex (Culex) saltanensis Dyar, 1928 is becoming frequent and abundant in natural and artificial breeding sites in urban and rural areas of Brazil. This study contributes to the knowledge of the biology of a Brazilian strain of C. saltanensis. The development of specimens reared individually or grouped was observed. The study was conducted at a constant temperature of 27 ± 2°C, 14L:10D photoperiod and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. The immature stages were observed every 6 hours until adult emergence, which occurred in 12.29 days among individually reared specimens and in 13.12 days among group-reared specimens. Egg rafts for the experiment were obtained from the laboratory and field. Eggs hatched at a rate of 97.48 ± 2.32%. More eggs per egg raft were obtained from the field than from the laboratory. Males from individually reared specimens emerged in 12.29 ± 1.11 days and females in 13.12 ± 1.58 days. The male-female ratio was 1:1. Larval survival rate was higher than 85% for larvae reared isolated and higher than 95% for group-reared larvae. The Culex saltanensis life cycle was completed within 12 to 14 days, where larval instars I and IV took the most time to develop and the pupae, the shortest.
Desenvolvimento dos estágios imaturos de Culex (Culex) saltanensis Dyar (Diptera, Culicidae) em condições de laboratório. Culex (Culex) saltanensis Dyar, 1928 está se tornando freqüente e abundante em criadouros naturais e artificiais em áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil. Este estudo contribui para o conhecimento da biologia de C. saltanensis. Desenvolvimento de espécimes individualizados e agrupados foram observados. O experimento foi conduzido em temperatura constante de 27 ± 2°C, 14L:10E fotoperíodo e 80 ± 5% de umidade relativa. Os estágios imaturos foram observados a cada 6 horas até a emergência dos adultos, que ocorreu em 12,29 dias entre os espécimes criados individualmente e em 13,12 dias entre os espécimes criados agrupados. Jangadas de ovos para o experimento foram obtidos a partir de laboratório e de campo. Eclosão dos ovos ocorreu em 97,48 ± 2,32%. Mais ovos por jangada foram obtidos a partir do campo do que laboratório. Machos criados individualmente, emergiu em 12,29 ± 1,11 dias e fêmeas em 13,12 ± 1,58 dias. A proporção macho-fêmea foi de 1:1. Taxa de sobrevivência das larvas foi superior a 85% para larvas criadas isoladas e superior a 95% para as larvas agrupadas. O ciclo de vida de C. saltanensis foi completado entre 12 a 14 dias, os ínstares I e IV levaram mais tempo para o desenvolvimento, e a pupa foi a fase mais curta.
ABSTRACT
The bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were studied for two successive years (January 1996-December 1997) at 12 collecting stations representing six sectors of the province of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. The predominant species was Phlebotomus bergeroti (41.7 percent), followed by lesser numbers of Phlebotomus sergenti (11 percent), Phlebotomus arabicus (10.6 percent), Sergentomyia tiberiadis (10.5 percent), Phlebotomus papatasi (10.2 percent), Sergentomyia antennata (9.6 percent), Phlebotomus alexandri (3 percent), Phlebotomus orientalis (2.3 percent) and Sergentomyia clydei (1.1 percent). The distribution of the collected species including species that are elsewhere known to act as vectors of human cutaneous leishmaniasis were distributed across different altitudes in Al-Baha. P. bergeroti, P. papatasi and P. arabicus were more abundant indoors; however, P. sergenti was more abundant outdoors. Sand fly populations exhibited three patterns of seasonal abundance in terms of their monthly activity. P. bergeroti, P. sergenti and P. arabicus were found to be naturally infected with Leishmania-like flagellates at an infection rate of 0.2 percent.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors , Psychodidae , Ecology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Population Density , Saudi Arabia , SeasonsABSTRACT
Different urban structures might affect the life history parameters of Aedes aegypti and, consequently, dengue transmission. Container productivity, probability of daily survival (PDS) and dispersal rates were estimated for mosquito populations in a high income neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro. Results were contrasted with those previously found in a suburban district, as well as those recorded in a slum. After inspecting 1,041 premises, domestic drains and discarded plastic pots were identified as the most productive containers, collectively holding up to 80 percent of the total pupae. In addition, three cohorts of dust-marked Ae. aegypti females were released and recaptured daily using BGS-Traps, sticky ovitraps and backpack aspirators in 50 randomly selected houses; recapture rate ranged from 5-12.2 percent within cohorts. PDS was determined by two models and ranged from 0.607-0.704 (exponential model) and 0.659-0.721 (non-linear model), respectively. Mean distance travelled varied from 57-122 m, with a maximum dispersal of 263 m. Overall, lower infestation indexes and adult female survival were observed in the high income neighbourhood, suggesting a lower dengue transmission risk in comparison to the suburban area and the slum. Since results show that urban structure can influence mosquito biology, specific control strategies might be used in order to achieve cost-effective Ae. aegypti control.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Aedes/physiology , Insect Vectors/physiology , Longevity , Brazil , Dengue/transmission , Population Dynamics , Seasons , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
O trabalho foi realizado em área de cerrado, em São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizadas amostragens quinzenais de junho/1999 a junho/2000, por meio de guarda-chuva-entomológico. Foram registradas 22 espécies de Geometridae pertencentes a 14 gêneros; quanto aos parasitóides, 11 gêneros de Hymenoptera e dois de Diptera, Tachinidae. A ocorrência de Cyclomia mopsaria (Geometridae) foi de 83 por cento. Outros Geometridae registrados foram: Glena unipennaria, G. bipennaria, G. demissaria, G. brachia, Physocleora junctilinea, P. cariaria, Physocleora sp., Iridopsis fulvitincta, I. nigraria, Hymenomima amberia, Macaria regulata, Ischnopteris inornata., Prochoerodes onustaria, Prochoerodes sp., Thyrinteina arnobia, Nematocampa sp., Melanolophia sp., Isochromodes sp., Semaeopus lunifera, S. vizaria. Os Hymenoptera foram: Microcharops peronata, Charops sp., Metopius sp., Hyposoter sp., Mesochorus sp.(Ichneumonidae); Aleiodes sp., Meteorus sp., Glyptapanteles sp., Protapanteles sp. (Braconidae); Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae). Os Diptera, Tachinidae foram: Winthemia sp.(Winthemiini) e uma espécie de Blondeliini. O período de maior ocorrência de larvas de Geometridae e baixa taxa de parasitismo foi ao final da estação chuvosa e início da estação seca.
This work was carried out in a cerrado area, in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were collected at each two weeks, from June/1999 to June/2000, with entomological umbrella. 22 species of Geometridae arranged in 14 genera were found; concerning parasitoids, 11 genera of Hymenoptera and two genera of Diptera, Tachinidae. The occurrence of Cyclomia mopsaria (Geometridae) was 83 percent. Other Geometridae recorded were: Glena unipennaria, G. bipennaria, G. demissaria, G. brachia, Physocleora junctilinea, P. cariaria, Physocleora sp., Iridopsis fulvitincta, I. nigraria, Hymenomima amberia, Macaria regulata, Ischnopteris inornata, Prochoerodes onustaria, Prochoerodes sp., Thyrinteina arnobia, Nematocampa sp., Melanolophia sp., Isochromodes sp., Semaeopus lunifera, S. vizaria. The Hymenoptera were: Microcharops peronata, Charops sp., Metopius sp., Hyposoter sp., Mesochorus sp. (Ichneumonidae); Aleiodes sp., Meteorus sp., Glyptapanteles sp., Protapanteles sp. (Braconidae); Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae). The Diptera, Tachinidae were: Winthemia sp. (Winthemiini) and a Blondeliini species. The period of higher occurrence of Geometridae larvae and lowest rate of parasitism was during the end of rainy season and the beginning of the dry season.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diptera/physiology , Ecology , Hymenoptera/physiology , Lepidoptera/parasitology , Brazil , Grassland , Host-Parasite Interactions , Larva , SeasonsABSTRACT
To establish a better method of primary culture for alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells (AEC Ⅱ) and to study its bionomics, alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells were isolated by digestion with tryp- sin and collagenase, which were then purified by plated into culture flask coated with rat immu- noglobulin G. The purified AEC Ⅱ were identified by alkaline phosphatase staining, electron mi-croscopy, immunocytochemical staining of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SPA). The SPA expres-sion and transfection characteristics were compared with those of A549 cell line. The results showed that AEC Ⅱ could be isolated by digestion with trysin and collagenase and purified by adhesive pu- rification by using IgG, with a yield of about 2-3×107, and a purity of about 75%-84 %. Cells could be quickly identified with AKP staining. AEC Ⅱ were different from A549 cell line in terms of SPA expression and transfection characteristics. It is concluded that adhesive purification with IgG can improve the purity of AEC Ⅱ, and AKP staining is simple in cell identification. AEC Ⅱ can not be completely replaced by A549 cells in some studies because the differences between them, such as SPA expression.
ABSTRACT
The guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, is a severe pest of guava fruits in Brazil. The mated females lay eggs in small unripe fruits. As the fruits develop, so do the larvae. Mature larvae abandon the ripe fruits and pupate underground. Larval feeding causes extensive damage to the fruit. We conducted this study to understand the weevil biology under laboratory conditions. Weevil-infested ripe guava were collected in orchards and placed inside cages with moist sand. After emergence, the adults were individually placed in acrylic boxes with food and water. Recently emerged adults were also placed inside plastic boxes for mating, after which the females were isolated. The eggs were placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes containing slices of ripe guava fruit. Egg-hatching was monitored daily and the number of larval instars established by measuring the width of their head capsules. The egg incubation period lasted 3.9 ± 0.58 days. The larval period was 16.0 ± 3.80 days and four instars were identified. After burrowing in the soil, the mature larvae (pre-pupa) remained underground for 142.0 ± 32.00 days and then pupated. The pupal period lasted 16.0 ± 0.90 days, but the adults remained underground for a further 34.0 ± 18.00 days. After emerging from the soil, adults lived 148.0 ± 89.00 days. Fecundity varied from 539 to 793 eggs/female, and the percent egg hatch was 96.5 percent.
O gorgulho-da-goiaba, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, é uma das principais pragas da goiabeira no Brasil. As fêmeas ovipositam em frutos pequenos e as larvas desenvolvem-se acompanhando o amadurecimento dos frutos. Quando as larvas atingem o desenvolvimento máximo, abandonam o fruto severamente danificado e pupam no solo. Este trabalho foi realizado para determinar o ciclo biológico do gorgulho-da-goiaba em laboratório. Goiabas atacadas por gorgulhos foram coletadas em pomares e colocadas em caixas plásticas com areia umedecida. Depois da emergência, os adultos foram colocados individualmente em caixas de acrílico e lhes foi fornecido água e alimento. Os adultos imediatamente após a emergência foram colocados juntos para possibilitar os acasalamentos, depois dos quais, as fêmeas foram isoladas. Os ovos produzidos foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo lâminas de goiaba madura sobre papel de filtro umedecido. A eclosão das larvas foi monitorada diariamente e o número de ínstares foi determinado através da medição da largura da cápsula cefálica. A duração da fase ovo foi de 3,9 ± 0,58 dias. A duração da fase larval foi de 16,0 ± 3,80 dias, sendo identificados quatro ínstares. Larvas no máximo desenvolvimento (pré-pupas) enterraram-se no solo. A fase de pré-pupa foi de 142,0 ± 32,00 dias e o período pupal foi de 16,0 ± 0,90 dias. Os adultos permaneceram enterrados por 34,0 ± 18,00 dias e, após saírem do solo, viveram 148,0 ± 89,00 dias. A fecundidade variou entre 539 e 793 ovos/fêmea e a porcentagem de ovos férteis foi de 96.5 por cento.
ABSTRACT
Immature and adult stages of Anopheles (Anopheles) forattinii were collected in the Parque Nacional do Jaú, Novo Airão, Amazonas, Brazil. Larvae and pupae were taken from fresh water among floating plant debris inside flooded "igapó" forest. This species may make use of plant debris for passive dispersal throughout its distribution range.
Estágios imaturos e adultos de Anopheles (Anopheles) forattinii foram coletados no Parque Nacional do Jaú, Novo Airão, Amazonas, Brasil. Larvas e pupas foram encontradas em água doce entre material vegetal flutuante na floresta de igapó inundada. Esta espécie pode estar utilizando material vegetal como meio de dispersão passiva na sua área de distribuição.
ABSTRACT
The present study provides bionomic and distribution data on larvae and pupae of black flies in Central Amazonia, Brazil, defined here as Manaus (Amazonas) and nearby counties (Presidente Figueiredo, Itacoatiara, Careiro da Várzea, Manacapuru, Novo Airão). Keys are provided for larvae, pupae, females and males of black flies from this area. Seventy-nine localities were sampled, and they were characterized by the following physico-chemical parameters: water width, depth, velocity, discharge, pH, temperature, predominant vegetation and presence of a dam. Eleven species were found in streams in this area {Simulium cauchense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium daltanhani Hamada & Adler, Simulium goeldii Cerqueira & Nunes de Mello, Simulium iracouboense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium maroniense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium perflavum Roubaud, Simulium quadrifidum Lutz, Simulium rorotaense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium trombetense Hamada, Py-Daniel & Adler, Simulium "6-B1" and Simulium "A"). Simulium argentiscutum Shelley & Luna Dias was collected only as females biting humans in Itacoatiara County. Keys for larvae, pupae, females and males, with illustrations of relevant characters are provided for all 12 species present in Central Amazonia. The immatures of Simuliidae were distributed in ways that were distinct to each species, forming groups of species differentiated by the measured habitat characteristics.
O presente estudo teve como objetivos apresentar informações bionômicas e de distribuição sobre larvas e pupas de simulídeos na Amazônia Central, delimitada aqui como Manaus (AM) e municípios nos arredores (Presidente Figueiredo, Itacoatiara, Careiro da Várzea, Manacapum, Novo Airão), assim como apresentar chaves para todos os estágios das espécies presentes na área. Amostrou-se 79 locais, que foram caracterizados com os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos: largura, profundidade, correnteza, vazão, pH, temperatura, vegetação predominante e presença de represamento d'água. Onze espécies foram coletadas nos igarapés dessa área (Simulium cauchense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium daltanhani Hamada & Adler, Simulium goeldii Cerqueira & Nunes de Mello, Simulium iracouboense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium maroniense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium perflavum Roubaud, Simulium quadrifidum Lutz, Simulium rorotaense Floch & Abonnenc, Simulium trombetense Hamada, Py-Daniel & Adler, Simulium "6-B1" e Simulium "A"). Simulium argentiscutum Shelley & Luna Dias foi coletada apenas como fêmeas adultas, picando seres humanos no município de Itacoatiara. Chaves para larvas, pupas e adultos fêmeas e machos, com ilustrações de caracteres relevantes, das 12 espécies presentes na Amazônia Central, são fornecidas. Os imaturos de Simuliidae se distribuíram de maneira distinta, formando grupos de espécies diferenciados pelas características medidas no criadouro.