ABSTRACT
Avian flu also known as bird flu is caused by deadly virus H5N1 which initially was found in birds and wild animals, however, later it was found in human beings causing severe respiratory related problems. This review article was performed to understand the epidemiology of outbreaks of H5N1 in different districts of Nepal. First outbreak of strain H5N1 was reported in 2009. Consequently, highest number of outbreaks i.e. 201 was noted in the year 2013. Till date only one human case was identified by NPHL which was later confirmed by genetic laboratory in Japan in collaborating with WHO.
ABSTRACT
In this study, susceptibility to H5N1 virus infection was studied in two Indian native chicken breeds viz. Kadaknath and Aseel (Peela) and an Indian synthetic broiler strain (Synthetic dam line (SDL-IC). Fifty birds from each genetic group were infected intra-nasally with 1000 EID50 of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) strain A/chicken/Navapur/India/7972/ 06 (H5N1) and observed for a period of 10 days. Significant differences in severity of clinical signs, gross lesions and time for onset of symptoms were observed. The overall severity of clinical signs and gross lesions was less in SDL-IC broilers as compared to the other two genetic groups. The mortality percentages were 100, 98 and 92% with Mean Death Time (MDT) of 3.12, 5.92 and 6.96 days, respectively for the two native breeds Kadaknath and Aseel (Peela), the and SDL-IC broiler strain. Comparison of histological lesions revealed differences in disease progression among the genetic groups. Vascular lesions such as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) were predominant on 3 days post infection (dpi) in Kadaknath, and on 5 and 6 dpi in Aseel (Peela) and SDL-IC broiler. The mean log2 HA titres of the re-isolated virus from various organs of H5N1 AIV infected birds of the three genetic groups ranged from 2.32 (lung, trachea and bursa) to 5.04 (spleen) in Kadaknath; 2.32 (lung) to 6.68 (brain) in Aseel (Peela); and 2.06 (liver) to 7.01 (lungs and kidney) in SDL-IC broiler. These results suggest that the susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection differed among the three breeds; Kadaknath being highest followed by Aseel (Peela) and synthetic SDL-IC broiler.This is possibly the first report on the differences in the susceptibility of the India native breeds to H5N1 virus infection and its severity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chickens/classification , India , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
For last few years in the early spring bird flu poses a threat to India. The causative agent H5N1 virus is also getting robust day by day acquiring an ability to cross the species barrier. It is now known as (H5N1) which is emerging as killer virus to man. Although human casualty is yet to be recorded from India, but the threat is not over. The present study had been undertaken in the village of Hakimpur of Singur Block of District Hooghly, West Bengal, with a population 862 of 215 families. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of the study population regarding bird flu and to study their practice regarding poultry maintenance. The head of the family from each family was interviewed. A house to house survey in the census method on a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured schedule was done. Information regarding socio-demographic profile, poultry keeping, correct knowledge about bird flu, mode of transmission, culling, etc was recorded. The data were collected and analyzed by relevant statistical methods. The results showed that 46% respondents knew what bird flu is, 62.8% knew the mode of transmission, and 35.3% knew the procedure of culling. Out of literates about 53% and out of the illiterates only 0.93% were aware of the transmission of the virus through body fluids. The predominant source of information was mass media. 57.14% of the families rearing poultry, kept the birds in shed, 40.48% in cage, and 2.38% in living room.
ABSTRACT
Avian influenza commonly called as 'Bird flu' is a matter of great concern which has caused three major pandemics in twentieth century killing millions of people. Recent epidemic with H5N1 type strain started in 1997 and is still continuing. Disease has assumed new proportions since its confirmed association with migratory birds. In India also, three separate outbreaks have been announced till now by Government of India. This virus has tremendous capacity for gene reassortment and humans by enlarge do not have any immunity against them. This fact has raised global fears of an imminent influenza pandemic. The neuraminidase inhibitors currently are the only drugs which can be used, in case pandemic occurs. Therefore, timely development of an effective influenza vaccine is must and should be made a public health priority.
ABSTRACT
The characteristics of the pathogenic summer-heat and the primary important element of the season time dimension present parallelism principle on the forming mechanisms of five supremacies principal syndromes of initial summer febrile disease and four clinical characteristics of pathogenic factor summer heat. To explore the characteristics and the five successive evolutive phases corresponding to five elements phase theory of season and seasonal periods is provided with decisive guiding effect of passing through overall situation in the course of treating heat diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor based on syndrome differentiation in terms of the syndrome recognizing,establishing therapy principle and selecting Chinese materia medica to from a formula.It also presents effective resources and thoughts used for reference on the "bird flu" of nowadays,influenza of the human being(epidemic) that is likely to break out and how to treat these super-variations of virus(pestilential qi) based on syndrome differentiation with traditional Chinese medicine.
ABSTRACT
This article has reviewed the invasion,prevention and cure situation and the latest research progresses of "bird flu"(flu carried by birds: found in Hong Kong in late 1997)with high pathogenicity on human beings in Hong Kong since 1997.By analyzing the invasive regularity of "bird flu"on human beings with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine,it was considered that H5N1 virus was attributed to the "fire" "smelly"poison,the epidemic poison got into the human body from the mouth,noses,and eyes.It attacked the lung first,and then got down to the stomach and intestine,direct attack of pericardium,consumption of body-fluid with wind symptom.It mainly attacked the children,youths and adults in crowd.Clinically,state of evil domination considered as sthenia-syndrome was the common disease type.The author studied out the modified Puerariae and Scutellariae and Coptidis Decoction as the main reference formula in treating "bird flu"with high pathogenicity on human beings and avians.
ABSTRACT
Objective To develop a portable analyzer which can rapidly detect antigen of type B hepatitis,antibody of HIV and H5N1 in blood samples.Methods The micro-processor of STC89C52 was adopted as the controlling core in the system.Based on an embedded technology,the analyzer can rapidly detect the antigen of type B hepatitis,antibody of HIV and H5N1 by processing the synchronic frequency of quartz crystal micro-array and by sensitivity of quality on the surface of quartz crystal with special identification between antibody and antigen.Results The system has the advantages of high sensitivity,better sample-specific characteristics,convenient portability and multi-parameter simultaneous detection.Conclusion The piezoelectric analyzer exceeds the traditional reagent method and serves for institution of scientific research and hospital widely.