ABSTRACT
@#Simulium (Wallacellum) tuyense Takaoka, one of the 14 Philippine species in the subgenus Wallacellum Takaoka, is a rare species in having the pupal antennal sheath with a row of stout spines on the apex of each protuberance corresponding to flagellomeres 2–9. The female of this species is described for the first time based on specimens from Mindoro, the Philippines. It is characterized by an elongate sensory vesicle, triangular ovipositor valve, genital fork with two projections, and paraproct not produced anteriorly. This species is morphologically indistinguishable in the female, as in the male and pupa, from S. (W.) yonakuniense Takaoka from Yonakuni Island, Japan and Lanyu Island, Taiwan. Taxonomic notes on the female of this species relevant to those of related species are provided. Collection data to validate earlier distribution records of S. (W.) tuyense and S. (W.) suyoense Takaoka from Mindanao are presented.
ABSTRACT
@#The males of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) miblosi Takaoka in the S. epistum species-group, and S. (G.) apoense Takaoka in the S. ceylonicum species-group, both from Mindanao, the Philippines, are described for the first time. The male of S. (G.) miblosi is characterized by the hind tibia yellowish white on the basal three-fifths, elongate calcipala 1.5 times as long as its basal width, and ventral plate triangular ventrally (0.74 times as high as its greatest width) when viewed caudally. Tubercles on the frons and trichomes on the head and thorax of the pupa of this species are illustrated for the first time. The male of S. (G.) apoense is characterized by the small sensory vesicle 0.16–0.19 times as long as the third palpal segment, and enlarged hind basitarsus 1.0 and 1.2–1.3 times as wide as the hind tibia and femur, respectively. Taxonomic notes of these two species relevant to related species in each species-group are given.
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@#Simulium (Gomphostilbia) ogatai (Rubtsov) from Japan, the only Palaearctic species in the S. ceylonicum species-group, is morphologically revised. Its female is described for the first time and its male and pupa are redescribed based on specimens from Gifu, Honshu. It is characterized in the female and male by the base of the radius with a tuft of yellow hairs, in the female by the head slightly wider than the thorax, 5.89 times as wide as the greatest width of the frons, and short sensory vesicle 0.21–0.24 times as long as the third palpal segment; in the male by the number of upper-eye (large) facets in 15 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows, and hind basitarsus spindle-shaped, enlarged, 3.79 times as long as wide, and 0.83 and 1.00 times as wide as the greatest width of the hind tibia and femur, respectively; and in the pupa by the terminal hooks simple and cone-like, and the cocoon with an anterodorsal projection. Taxonomic notes for this species are given relevant to several related species in the Oriental Region, and its assignment to the S. ceylonicum species-group is confirmed.
ABSTRACT
@#The Simulium gombakense species-group, one of the 15 species-groups of the subgenus Gomphostilbia Enderlein, is small, being represented by only 12 species, all of which are distributed in the Oriental Region. It is characterized by the pupal gill composed of an inflated structure and eight or ten slender filaments. Among the 12 species, S. sachini Takaoka & Henry, and S. williei Takaoka & Thapa were originally described from two pupae, and one pupa and two larvae, respectively, from Darjeeling, India. In the present paper, the adult females and males of these species are described for the first time from specimens reared from pupae collected at the type locality. Simulium sachini is distinctive in the female by the claw with a medium-sized basal tooth, and in the male by the somewhat enlarged, spindleshaped hind basitarsus and ventral plate with its ventral margin much depressed medially, while S. williei is characterized by the small number of male upper-eye (large) facets in 12 vertical columns and 13 or 14 horizontal rows and ventral plate much produced posteroventrally. Taxonomic notes are given to separate these two species in the adult stage from their related species.
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@#Simulium triglobus Takaoka & Kuvangkadilok from Thailand, in the Simulium (Simulium) multistriatum species-group, is unique among species in the family Simuliidae in having the female terminalia with three spermathecae (rather than one spermatheca). This species was described from Nan province, northern Thailand based on larvae, pupae and females but its male has remained unknown. In this study, the male of S. triglobus is described for the first time based on adult males reared from pupae collected from the type locality. The most distinctive characteristic of the male of S. triglobus is the shape of the ventral plate, which is hexagonal when viewed ventrally. No other members of S. multistriatum species group known thus far have such a unique ventral plate. In addition, the number of upper-eye (large) facets and color patterns of the legs can be used to differentiate this species in the male from other members of the S. multistriatum species-group. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I sequences enabled association of adult male specimens of S. triglobus with previously known life stages. Phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences revealed that specimens of S. triglobus formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade, being genetically distinct from other members of S. multistriatum species-group in Thailand.
ABSTRACT
@#A rare non-sex mosaic abnormality represented by genitalia-like appendages on the ventral surface of abdominal segment 8 of a male black fly collected in Hokkaido, Japan, is reported. The appendages consist of a pair of style-like projections each arising from a coxite-like base, inverted-Y shaped ventral plate-like structure, and isolated round structure. This male was morphologically and molecularly identified as an abnormal form of S. (S.) iwatense (Shiraki), the only species in the Simulium (Simulium) ornatum species-group in Japan, although certain morphological characteristics of this male including the reduced number of uppereye (large) facets and elongate cerci are different from those of S. (S.) iwatense.
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ABSTRACT Simulium (Inaequalium) Coscarón and Wygodzinsky, 1984 is a homogeneous subgenus widely spread on the Neotropical Region, which the adults can only be reliably identified from linked-reared specimens. Despite many revisionary works only a single character of the pupal gill separates Simulium diversibranchium Lutz, 1910 from S. mariavulcanoae Coscarón and Wygodzinsky, 1984. Specimens of both species show that S. mariavulcanoae is a junior synonym of S. diversibranchium. The relationship between S. diversibranchium and S. subnigrum Lutz, 1910 needs further investigation. Some features of the pupal gill often used as diagnosis in Simulium (Inaequalium) species, such as the direction of gill filaments or the height of the bifurcation of the secondary or tertiary branches of the pupal gill are highly polymorphic, making its use as diagnostic character not reliable.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: La picadura de jerjeles o simúlidos de la cara anterior del pabellón auricular presenta características clínicas diferente a las picaduras del mismo insecto en la piel del resto del cuerpo y requiere también un tratamiento diferente. Estos hechos no han sido descritos en la literatura. Objetivos: El objetivo es detallar los síntomas y signos de estas picaduras y las causas de las diferencias clínicas y de su tratamiento. Material y método: Para ello se hace el estudio y análisis de 6 pacientes aquejados por picaduras de jerjeles en la cara anterior de la oreja. Se investiga la biología de estos simúlidos. Finalmente se hace una revisión de la histología de la piel que recubre el cartílago auricular. Resultados: El síntoma principal de todos los pacientes fue un intenso dolor y edema de la oreja que les impedía dormir. La razón principal de estos síntomas es la íntima adhesión del dermis al cartílago auricular y que forma el pericondrio de éste, además de las múltiples toxinas salivales del insecto que tienen propiedades anticoagulantes, vasodilatadoras, e inhibidoras de la inmunidad celular. Conclusiones: Las plagas de jerjeles y sus picaduras serán cada vez más numerosas en Chile debido al calentamiento global, la destrucción de los ecosistemas por el hombre que han ido eliminando sus enemigos naturales y la contaminación de la casi totalidad de ríos y lagos de nuestro país. Para el tratamiento de las picaduras de jerjeles del pabellón auricular es necesario recurrir al uso de corticoesteroides en dosis altas y por períodos breves de menos de una semana.
Introduction: Puncture of the black fly or dipteral simuliidae on the external surface of the ear auricle shows clinical characteristics which differ from the puncture of this same insect on other different parts of the body Thus, it requires a different treatment, as well. These facts have not been clinically described yet, therefore, there is no literature available on this topic. Aim: To describe symptoms and signs of this disease.To outline the causes of the clinical differences and medical treatment. Material and method: Study and analysis of six patients suffering from puncture of black fly on the surface of ear auricle are carried out. The biology of these insects is studied. A revision of the histology of the skin of the ear auricle is made Results: The main symptoms experimented by patients suffering from black fly puncture are: excruciating pain and severe edema on the auricle area. The pain even prevents them from sleeping. The main cause of these symptoms is that the skin on the external surface of the auricle is firmly attaches to the underlying cartilage. Besides, the countless toxins inoculated in the saliva of the fly contain not only anticoagulant agents but also produce vasodilatation of capillaries and inhibit cellular immunity. Conclusions: The black fly plague and its infectious and painful puncture will be on the increase in Chile due to: global warming; elimination of the natural predators of this insect; man induced pollution of the majority of lakes and rivers in the country. The medical treatment for black fly puncture indicates corticosteroids in high dose for a short period of time (under a week).
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Simuliidae , Dermatitis/etiology , Insect Bites and Stings/complications , Chile , Ear Auricle/injuriesABSTRACT
Black flies, a non-target species of the insecticides used in fruit production, represent a severe medical and veterinary problem. Large increases in the level of resistance to the pyrethroids fenvalerate (more than 355-fold) and deltamethrin (162-fold) and a small increase in resistance to the organophosphate azinphos methyl (2-fold) were observed between 1996-2008 in black fly larvae under insecticide pressure. Eventually, no change or a slight variation in insecticide resistance was followed by a subsequent increase in resistance. The evolution of pesticide resistance in a field population is a complex and stepwise process that is influenced by several factors, the most significant of which is the insecticide selection pressure, such as the dose and frequency of application. The variation in insecticide susceptibility within a black fly population in the productive area may be related to changes in fruit-pest control. The frequency of individuals with esterase activities higher than the maximum value determined in the susceptible population increased consistently over the sampling period. However, the insecticide resistance was not attributed to glutathione S-transferase activity. In conclusion, esterase activity in black flies from the productive area is one mechanism underlying the high levels of resistance to pyrethroids, which have been recently used infrequently. These enzymes may be reselected by currently used pesticides and enhance the resistance to these insecticides.
Subject(s)
Animals , Azinphosmethyl , Esterases/metabolism , Insecticides , Nitriles , Pyrethrins , Simuliidae/drug effects , Argentina , Biological Assay , Insecticide Resistance , Simuliidae/enzymologyABSTRACT
Recently, knowledge of Neotropical Simuliidae has been accumulating quickly. However, information about supra-specific relationships is scarce and diagnoses of Simulium subgenera are unsatisfactory. To investigate the relationships among Simulium (Chirostilbia) species and test the subgenus monophyly, we performed a cladistic analysis. The ingroup included all species of this subgenus and the outgroup included representatives of the 17 species groups of Neotropical Simulium and three Holarctic species. The study was based on a data matrix with 31 terminal taxa and 45 morphological characteristics of adult, pupa and larva. The phylogenetic analysis under equal weights resulted in eight most-parsimonious trees (length = 178, consistency index = 34, retention index = 67). The monophyly of the S. (Chirostilbia) was not supported in our analysis. The Simulium subpallidum species group was closer to Simulium (Psilopelmia) and Simulium (Ectemnaspis) than to the Simulium pertinax species group. Additionally, we describe the three-dimensional shape of the terminalia of male and female of Simulium (Chirostilbia) for the first time and provide comments about the taxonomic problems involving some species of the subgenus: Simulium acarayense, Simulium papaveroi, S. pertinax, Simulium serranum, Simulium striginotum and S. subpallidum.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Phylogeny , Simuliidae/classification , Simuliidae/anatomy & histology , Simuliidae/geneticsABSTRACT
Entre os anos de 2004 e 2008 foram realizadas coletas de Simuliidae em várias localidades no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. No total, 66 córregos e rios das doze principais bacias hidrográficas do estado foram amostrados. Dezessete espécies foram coletadas, sendo que nove delas representam ocorrências novas para o estado (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae), duplicando o número de espécies conhecidas no estado.
We conducted a freshwater survey from 2004 to 2008 in several localities of Espírito Santo, Brazil. In total, 66 streams and rivers were sampled in the 12 hydrographic basins of the state. We collected and identified 17 species of which nine represent new records (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae). These findings doubled the number of records of black fly species to the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
ABSTRACT
We report cases of Simuliidae and Chironomidae living on Lachlania nymphs (Ephemeroptera). This is the first record of these associations in South America. Simulium exiguum (pupae and larvae), Simulium cuasiexiguum (larvae), Cricotopus sp. (larva) and Rheotanytarsus sp. (larva) were found associated with Lachlania nymphs. We believe that all of these associations can be classified as opportunistic (or casual) attachment.
Este é o primeiro registro de associações entre imaturos de Simuliidae e Chironomidae vivendo sobre ninfas do gênero Lachlania (Ephemeroptera) na América do Sul. Simulium exiguum (pupas e larvas), Simulium cuasiexiguum (larvas), Cricotopus sp. (larva) and Rheotanytarsus sp. (larva) foram coletadas vivendo sobre/aderidas a ninfas de Lachlania. Apesar de existirem algumas espécies que vivem, obrigatoriamente, sobre ninfas e larvas de outros insetos aquáticos, no presente estudo estas associações podem ser classificadas como casuais.
Subject(s)
Behavior , Diptera , Ecosystem , Aquatic Fauna/analysis , Insecta , Larva , NymphABSTRACT
Polinários de duas espécies de Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae), possivelmente de Tassadia cf. martiana Decne. e T. cf. obovata Decne., foram observados pela primeira vez presos ao aparelho bucal de simulídeos [Cerqueirellum amazonicum (Goeldi), C. argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias), C. oyapockense (Floch & Abonnenc) e Cerqueirellum sp.]. A frequência e distribuição dos insetos observados com polinários sugerem que esse tipo de evento não é casual. Os simulídeos devem buscar néctar nas flores de Asclepiadoideae, sendo capazes de remover seus polinários. Essa descoberta demonstra que os simulídeos não carregam apenas parasitas patogênicos, mas também polinários, e assim podem representar um grupo de polinizadores de espécies de Asclepiadoideae com flores pequenas.
The presence of pollinaria of two species of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae), possibly Tassadia cf. martiana Decne. and T. cf. obovata Decne., attached to the mouth parts of simulid black flies [Cerqueirellum amazonicum (Goeldi), C. argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias), C. oyapockense (Floch & Abonnenc), and Cerqueirellum sp.] are reported for the first time. The frequency and distribution of simulids recorded with pollinaria suggest that removal of pollinaria by these flies is not casual. Simulids probably use nectar in flowers of Asclepiadoideae as source of sugar, being able to remove their pollinaria. This finding demonstrates that simulids are not only vector of pathogenic parasites, but also carry pollinaria, and thus may represent a group of pollinators for species of Asclepiadoideae with small flowers.
Subject(s)
Apocynaceae , Pollen , SimuliidaeABSTRACT
The family Simuliidae is the host of simbiontes fungi that inhabit the digestive tracts of arthropods. This paper reports the presence of fungi in Simulium goeldii Cerqueira & Nunes de Mello larvae in Amazonia. We observed that the larvae are a good component of aquatic systems to isolate filamentous fungi.
A família Simuliidae é hospedeira de fungos simbiontes que habitam o trato digestivo de artrópodos. Este estudo reporta a presença de fungos em larvas de Simulium goeldii Cerqueira & Nunes de Mello da Amazônia. Foi observado que as larvas são bons componentes do sistema aquático para isolar fungos filamentosos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Arthropods , Diptera , Environmental Microbiology , Fungi/growth & development , Fungi/isolation & purification , In Vitro Techniques , Simuliidae/growth & development , Simuliidae/isolation & purification , Aquatic Environment , Environment , Methods , VirulenceABSTRACT
<I>Simulium</I> (<I>Simulium</I>) <I>chanyae</I> sp. nov. is described based on two female adult specimens collected in Northern Thailand. This new species is assigned to the <I>multistriatum</I> species-group of the subgenus <I>Simulium</I> (<I>Simulium</I>), and is easily distinguished from most of the other known species of this species-group by the yellowish legs.
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<I>Simulium</I> (<I>Nevermannia</I>) <I>satakei</I> sp. nov. is described on the basis of the pupa and mature larvae collected from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands in Japan. This new species, tentatively (due to lack of the adult stage) assigned to the <I>vernum</I> species-group of the subgenus <I>Nevermannia</I>, is characterized in the pupa by four gill filaments lacking transverse ridges, and in the larva by a small, M-shaped postgenal cleft, antenna without hyaline bands, and simple rectal papilla. The morphological differences among this new species and the two known species, <I>S</I>. (<I>N</I>.) <I>uemotoi</I> from Japan and <I>S</I>. (<I>N</I>.) <I>karzhantacum</I> from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, are noted. This is the second species of the family Simuliidae from the Islands.
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Two more new black-fly species of the rare subgenus <I>Simulium</I> (<I>Montisimulium</I>) were discovered in Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai, Thailand, where <I>S</I>. (<I>M</I>.) <I>merga</I> Takaoka and Choochote was known as the only named species. These two new species, <I>S</I>. (<I>M</I>.) <I>angkaense</I> sp. nov. and <I>S</I>. (<I>M</I>.) <I>laoleense</I> sp. nov., are described on the basis of the pupal and⁄or mature larvae. Both new species are easily distinguished from <I>S</I>. (<I>M</I>.) <I>merga</I> by the pupal gill with 12 slender filaments, and from all the 16 known species with 12 pupal gill filaments in other countries by the long and very long common basal stalk of the gill, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Two new species of black flies, <I>Simulium</I> (<I>Nevermannia</I>) <I>fruticosum</I> sp. nov. and <I>S</I>. (<I>N</I>.) <I>chiangklangense</I> sp. nov. are described on the basis of samples collected in northern Thailand. These new species are assigned to the <I>feuerborni</I> species-group of the subgenus <I>Simulium</I> (<I>Nevermannia</I>), and are easily distinguished from <I>S</I>. (<I>N</I>.) <I>feuerborni</I> Edwards, the only species of the same group known thus far in Thailand, by their simple cocoon without any anterodorsal projection.
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<I>Simulium (Simulium) phukaense</I> sp. nov. is described on the basis of the observation of females and males (both sexes of adults reared from pupae) and pupae collected in Nan Province, northern Thailand. This new species is assigned to the <I>griseifrons</I> species-group of the subgenus <I>Simulium (Simulium)</I> and is easily distinguished from other known species of this species-group by the simple shoe-shaped cocoon, as well as the arrangement of the six gill filaments.
ABSTRACT
Two known and two new species of the <I>griseifrons</I> species-group of the subgenus <I>Simulium</I> (<I>Simulium</I>) in Northern Thailand are reported. The male, pupa and mature larva of <I>S. </I>(<I>S.</I>) <I>rudnicki</I> Takaoka and Davies, and the pupa and mature larva of <I>S.</I> (<I>S.</I>) <I>suchariti</I> Takaoka and Choochote, are described for the first time. Furthermore, two new simuliid species, <I>S.</I> (<I>S.</I>) <I>mediocoloratum</I> sp. nov. and<I> S.</I> (<I>S.</I>) <I>crocinum</I> sp. nov., both of which are very similar to <I>S.</I> (<I>S.</I>) <i>rudnicki</i>, are also described.