ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of natural antioxidants (black pepper, green tea, roselle and their combinations) on meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 270 1 - day old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly distributed into nine treatments of three replicates each (10 birds in each replicate) in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement for 2 inclusion levels (0.5g and 1.0g per kg of feed) of natural antioxidants (Control (CT), Green tea (GT), Roselle (RS), Black pepper (BP) and combination (CM) of the 3 antioxidants). At the end of the feeding trial (at 8 weeks), nine birds per treatment were immobilized, slaughtered, dressed, weighed and cut into primal cuts. The growth (initial and final body weight gain, average daily feed intake and weight gain, and feed conversion) and blood assay (haematology and serum biochemistry) of the birds were monitored while the breast and thigh meat cuts were subjected to physico-chemical and sensory analysis. The result indicated that, among examined natural antioxidants, BP improved the bird抯 live weight. High Density Lipoprotein value was highest (p<0.05) in control and closely followed by birds on GT, CM, BP and RS. The lowest blood (p<0.05) cholesterol was recorded in RS which was closely followed by GT and CM. Carcass evaluation showed that birds fed BP had better (p<0.05) live weight (2.05kg) and highest acceptability (p<0.05) for organoleptic properties. The breast meat weight was also highest (p<0.05) in BP. It was concluded that the natural antioxidants increased live weight, improved performance and reduced abdominal fat. RS reduced blood cholesterol while RS, CM (GT + RS + BP) inclusion improved serum total protein of broiler chickens. Inclusion of natural antioxidant in the diets of broiler is hereby advocated for achieving optimum broilers performance and meat quality.
ABSTRACT
Aims@#Piper nigrum L. (black pepper) is an economically important commodity plant in Malaysia, which generated RM 200.95 million from pepper export in the year of 2018. However, the increase in pepper production is restricted by diseases. Fusarium wilt is one of the major diseases of P. nigrum L. The objectives for this study were to isolate Fusarium spp. associated with Fusarium wilt of P. nigrum L. from selected pepper farms in the northwestern region of Sarawak and to characterize the Fusarium spp. isolated morphologically and molecularly.@*Methodology and results@#Fusarium spp. were isolated from diseased root samples. The pathogen was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) under dark condition at circa (ca.) 25 °C for morphological characterisation. Molecular characterisation was done by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Phylogenetic tree was constructed to study the genetic relationship of the isolates. Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum were the three Fusarium species identified. There were variations in morphological characters observed between and among the species, including the colony form, margin, elevation, surface appearance and pigmentation. No distinctive morphological characteristic was specific to a location. In addition, growth rate, macroconidia sporulation rate, and microconidia sporulation rate of the isolates were not correlated. In molecular phylogeny, the three Fusarium species were separated into three distinct clades representing the three identified species. The genetic relatedness between isolates within each species was depicted in the tree. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Variations were observed among isolates in this study based on morphological and molecular characterization. This study would contribute information on the variations of Fusarium spp. associated with Fusarium wilt of P. nigrum L. from the northwestern region of Sarawak.
Subject(s)
Fusarium , Fusariosis , Piper nigrumABSTRACT
Expression of symptoms in black pepper plants (Piper nigrum) infected with Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV) vary depending on the season, being high during summer months. Here, we explored the influence of temperature on symptom expression in PYMoV infected P. nigrum. Our controlled environment study revealed increase in virus titer, total proteins, IAA and reducing sugars when exposed to temperature stress. There was change in the 2-D separated protein before and after exposure. The 2-D proteomics LC-MS identified host and viral proteins suggesting virus-host interaction during symptom expression. The analysis as well as detection of host biochemical compounds may help in understanding the detailed mechanisms underlying the viral replication and damage to the crop, and thereby plan management strategies.
ABSTRACT
Piper colubrinum Link., a distant relative of Piper nigrum L., is immune to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici Leonian that causes ‘quick wilt’ in cultivated black pepper (P. nigrum). The osmotin, PR5 gene homologue, earlier identified from P. colubrinum, showed significant overexpression in response to pathogen and defense signalling molecules. The present study focuses on the functional validation of P. colubrinum osmotin (PcOSM) by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) using Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)-based vector. P. colubrinum plants maintained under controlled growth conditions in a growth chamber were infiltrated with Agrobacterium carrying TRV empty vector (control) and TRV vector carrying PcOSM. Three weeks post infiltration, viral movement was confirmed in newly emerged leaves of infiltrated plants by RT-PCR using TRV RNA1 and TRV RNA2 primers. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed significant down-regulation of PcOSM gene in TRV-PcOSM infiltrated plant compared with the control plants. The control and silenced plants were challenged with Phytophthora capsici which demonstrated that knock-down of PcOSM in P. colubrinum leads to increased fungal mycelial growth in silenced plants compared to control plants, which was accompanied by decreased accumulation of H2O2 as indicated by 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that Piper colubrinum osmotin gene is required for resisting P. capsici infection and has possible role in hypersensitive cell death response and oxidative burst signaling during infection.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Oomycetes/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective: To carry out the physicochemical and phytochemical standardization with high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting of Piper nigrum L. (P. nigrum) fruits in order to ascertain the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this king of spices. Methods: Many standardization parameters like extractive values, total ash value, water soluble ash value and acid insoluble ash, moisture content, loss on drying and pH values of P. nigrum L. fruits were analyzed. The method of Harborne was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening. Analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, pesticides residues, aflatoxin and heavy metals were also performed. CAMAG-high performance thin layer chromatography system was used for fingerprinting of methanolic extract of P. nigrum L. fruits. Results: The results of phytochemicals testing indicated the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, lipids, sterols and tannins in various solvent extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanolic extract were found to be 1.728 1 mg/g and 1.087 μg/g, respectively. Heavy metals concentrations were found to be within standard limits. Aflatoxins and pesticides residues were absent. Conclusions: The outcome of this study might prove beneficial in herbal industries for identification, purification and standardization of P. nigrum L. fruits.
ABSTRACT
Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principle piperine. Peppercorn of Piper nigrum as a whole or its active components are used in most of the food items. Different parts of Piper nigrum including secondary metabolites are also used as drug, preservative, insecticidal and larvicidal control agents. Biologically Piper nigrum is very important specie. The biological role of this specie is explained in different experiments that peppercorn and secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum can be used as Antiapoptotic, Antibacterial, Anti-Colon toxin, Antidepressant, Antifungal, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Anti-metastatic activity, Antioxidative, Antiriyretic, Antispasmodic, Antispermatogenic, Antitumor, Antithyroid, Ciprofloxacin potentiator, Cold extremities, Gastric ailments, Hepatoprotective, Insecticidal activity, Intermittent fever and Larvisidal activity. Other roles of this specie includes protection against diabetes induced oxidative stress; Piperine protect oxidation of various chemicals, decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inhibition of aryl hydroxylation, increased bioavailability of vaccine and sparteine, increase the bioavailability of active compounds, delayed elimination of antiepileptic drug, increased orocecal transit time, piperine influenced and activate the biomembrane to absorb variety of active agents, increased serum concentration, reducing mutational events, tumour inhibitory activity, Piperine inhibite mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, growth stimulatory activity and chemopreventive effect. This review based on the biological role of Piper nigrum can provide that the peppercorn or other parts can be used as crude drug for various diseases while the secondary metabolites such as piperine can be used for specific diseases.
ABSTRACT
Piperine is the naturally occurring alkaloid that gives the spice, black pepper its characteristic biting taste. Piperine is extracted from Piper nigrum, Linn. It is medicinally used as Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, Cure for Stomach Ache, Weight Loss, Anti-leukemia, Fever prevention/reducer, Treatment for Snake Venom Poisoning and Anti-epileptic. Recent medical studies have shown piperine to be very helpful in increasing the absorption of certain vitamins such as Selenium, Vitamin B and Beta-Carotene. Piperine apparently has the ability to increase thermogenesis.Hence, Extraction and Standardization of piperine is performed. In Standardization, Solubility, Total ash content, Acid insoluble ash thin layer chromatography, Ultra-violet Spectroscopy, High Performance Liquid Chromatography were performed.Piperine was extracted successfully, it was found to be soluble in ethanol and chloroform. Total ash content and acid insoluble content was found to be 1%w/w and 0.5%w/w respectively. The Rf value was found to 0.55 and 0.33 for TLC .For UV the λmax was found to be 360nm and the absorbance observed was 2.65. HPLC results showed that the λmax was found to be 343nm. The melting point of piperine was found to be 125°C.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, a total of six extracts of two spices namely black pepper and turmeric in three solvents were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The antibacterial activity was measured by agar well diffusion method and antifungal activity by poisoned food technique. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity against all the test bacterial isolates. Aqueous extracts of black pepper did not exhibit antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. In aqueous extract, black pepper and turmeric showed good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition 25mm to 30mm and 26mm to 28mm respectively. In ethanolic extract, black pepper extract showed antibacterial activity against all test bacteria with zone of inhibition ranged between 15mm and 22mm while turmeric showed activity with zone of inhibition ranged between 13mm and 24mm. In methanolic extract, the diameter of zone of inhibition ranged between 12mm and 28mm in black pepper and 13mm and 22mm in turmeric. In case of antifungal activity, only turmeric ethanolic extract showed activity only against Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor sp. with percent mycelial growth inhibition ranged between 25% and 30%. Based on this finding, these extracts may be an alternative to chemical preservatives and used as natural antimicrobial preservatives to reclaim the shelf-life of food.
ABSTRACT
As especiarias e seus derivado têm sido usados no preparo de alimentos há milhares de anos, conferindo-lhes sabor e aroma diferenciados. A açäo inibitória das especiarias e seus extratos nos diferentes microorganismos tem sido relatada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a açäo antibacteriana da pimenta do reino preta moída (Piper nigrum L.) e de seu óleo essencial frente a uma cepa de Salmonella Rubislaw. Os efeitos da pimenta e seu óleo adicionados em meios de cultura foram avaliados em dois experimentos. No primeiro foram preparados dois tipos de meio de cultura sólidos, um com 1 por cento de pimenta do reino e o outro com 1 por cento de óleo esencial diluído em etanol, adicionados de caldo tripticase de soja (TSB) e ágar. As semeaduras foram feitas em superfície de diluiçöes decimais (10-1 até 10-7) da cepa de S. Rubislaw, em fase estacionária. Após a incubaçäo a 35 graus C durante 24 a 48h, procedeu-se a contagem das colônias. No segundo experimento, 1mL da diluiçäo 10-3 da mesma cepa, em fase estacionária, foi adicionada a 100mL deTSB com o óleo diluído em etanol, para uma concentraçäo final de 100ug/mL. Após 24h de incubaçäo a 35 graus C foram realizadas contagens padräo em placas. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos näo demonstraram efeito inibitório da pimenta do reino preta moída e de seu óleo essencial na cepa estudada
Spices and their derivatives have been used in food housekeeping for thousands of years,bringing about differentiated flavor and aroma. Inhibitory action of the spices and their extracts on thedifferent microorganisms has been reported. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antibacterialaction of the ground black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and of its essential oil on Salmonella Rubislaw strainculture. The effect of the pepper and its oil addition in culture medium was evaluated in two experiments.In the first one two types of solid culture medium had been prepared, one with 1% of ground black pepperand the other with 1% ethanol oil solution, added to broth tripticase soy (TSB) and agar. Sowings ofdilutions (10-1 up to 10-7) of the Salmonella strain, in stationary phase had been made in agar surface. Afterincubation at 35ºC for 24/48h, standard count method was carried out. In a second experiment, 1mL of thesame strain dilution 10-3, in stationary phase, was added to 100ml of TSB with the oil diluted in ethanol, toa final concentration of 100µg/mL. Standard count was carried out after 24h of incubation at 35ºC. Theresults gotten in the experiments had not demonstrated inhibitory effect of the ground black pepper and itsessential oil for the studied strain
Subject(s)
Salmonella , Spices , Piper nigrum , Antibodies, BacterialABSTRACT
Foram analisadas 103 amostras de pimenta do reino preta moída, comercializada na cidade de São Paulo e 15 da mesma pimenta, comercializada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com a finalidade de verificar fraudes e principalmente detectar semente de mamão moída que, conforme várias denúncias, estaria sendo adicionada a esse tipo de produto. Foram também estudadas amostras de pimenta do reino preta moída, de semente de mamão moída, e de misturas de pimenta do reino preta e semente de mamão moídas, preparadas no laboratório. As amostras foram submetidas a análise físico-química, exame microscópico e cromatografia em camada delgada. Não foi detectada a presença de semente de mamão nas amostras do comércio. Entretanto, o exame microscópico revelou que em 600/0 das amostras havia fraude, sendo identificados como adulterantes amidos de milho, trigo e mandioca, farinha de trigo, fubá, farinha de mandioca, pedúnculos da pimenta do reino, e matéria arenosa. Nas misturas preparadas foi possível observar maior sensibilidade ao exame microscópico em relação à cromatografia em camada delgada, pois este método somente detectou semente de mamão em misturas contendo 200/0 dessas sementes, enquanto que o exame microscópico detectou esse adulterante na proporção de 10/0. Foi sugerida a redução dos limites permitidos pela legislação em vigor do resíduo mineral fixo de 70/0 para 40/0, e do resíduo mineral fixo insolúvel em ácido clorídrico (1 +9), de 1,50/0 para 10/0. O extrato alcoólico estava abaixo dos limites exigidos pela legislação em 670/0 das amostras (AU).