ABSTRACT
Abstract In this study, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties, antibacterial and antifungal effects of kombucha teas produced with some small berry fruits (blackberry, raspberry, and red goji berry) were investigated. During fermentation, titratable acidity and pellicle biomass weights increased whereas water activity, brix, viscosity, L* and b* values decreased. At the end of fermentation, the highest minerals determined in the samples were potassium and magnesium. Also, catechin and gallic acid were detected in all samples. Samples produced with blackberry were the most appreciated ones in all criteria. The highest antibacterial and antifungal effects were determined in samples containing blackberries on Staphylococcus aureus and Rhizopus nigricans (24.36 and 20.53 mm zone diameters). The antibacterial effect, MIC, and MBC values (0.023 and 0.016 mg/L) on Staphylococcus aureus. Regarding the antifungal effect, the MIC and MFC values were determined in tea produced with blackberry on Rhizopus nigricans with 0.035 mg/L, and 0.023 mg/L.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Se realizó un diagnóstico patológico de un cultivo de Mora de Castilla en la vereda Pascote, municipio de Gutiérrez Cundinamarca, Colombia. Las muestras vegetales se tomaron de las hojas, tallo, flor, fruto y raíz; las cuales, se procesaron en identificaron en el laboratorio de fitopatología de la Universidad de los Llanos. En el campo se evaluó incidencia de cada síntoma. Se encontraron cuatro patógenos fungosos Colletrotrichum . gloesporoides (Penz.) Penz. con 40.00% de incidencia, Peronospora sparsa Berk con una incidencia del 20.00 %, Oidium sp, con 12.50% de incidencia y Botrytis cinérea Perms., con una incidencia del 7.50 %.
Abstract A pathological diagnosis was made of an Andean blackberry crop (Rubus glaucus Bentham) in the rural area of Pascote, in the municipality of Gutiérrez, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Samples were taken from blackberry leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and roots; they were processed and identified in the Universidad de Los Llanos' plant pathology laboratory. Pathogen/disease symptom incidence was evaluated in the field. Four fungal pathogens were found and identified: Colletotrichum gloesporoides (Penz.) Penz (anthracnose), 40% incidence, Peronospora sparsa Berk (downy mildew), 20% incidence, Oidium sp. (powdery mildew), 12.5% incidence, and Botrytis cinerea Perms (gray mold disease), 7.5% incidence.
Resumo Realizou-se um diagnóstico fitopatológico num cultivo de amora preta no Vilarejo de Pascote, município de Gutiérrez, Cundinamarca, Colômbia. As amostras vegetais foram colhidas das folhas, caule, flor, fruto e raiz; que foram processados e identificados no laboratório de patologia vegetal da Universidad de los Llanos. A incidência de cada sintoma foi avaliada no campo. Foram encontrados quatro patógenos fúngicos: Colletrotrichum. gloesporoides (Penz.) Penz. com uma incidência de 40,00%; Peronospora sparsa Berk com uma incidência de 20,00%; Oidium sp, com uma incidência de 12,50%; e Botrytis cinérea Perms., com uma incidência de 7,50%.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to know the physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics of Rubus sellowii (Rosaceae) fruits, known as blackberry, native plant mainly to Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. For this, three different populations of this plant were selected and the fruits were analyzed through moisture, ash, titratable acidity, pH, lipids, fibers, carbohydrates, proteins, carotenoids, lycopene, ascorbic acid, aminogram and in vitro digestibility. Fruits showed high acidity (3.28 percent), ash and protein (1.02 and 0.93 percent) and higher ascorbic acid (38.43 mg per 100 g) if compared to Rubus cultivars. Due to Rubus sellowii nutritional properties, they provide benefits to human health.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as características físicas, químicas e nutricionais de frutos de Rubus sellowii (Rosáceas), conhecida como amora-preta, planta nativa principalmente do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Para isso, foram selecionadas três populações diferentes desta planta e frutas foram analisadas por meio de umidade, cinza, acidez titulável, pH, lipídios, fibras, carboidratos, proteínas, carotenóides, licopeno, ácido ascórbico, aminograma e digestibilidade in vitro. As frutas apresentaram alta acidez (3,28 g por cento), cinzas e proteínas (1,02 e 0,93 g por cento) e maior ácido ascórbico (38,43 mg por 100 g) em comparação com as cultivares Rubus. Devido às propriedades nutricionais de Rubus sellowii , elas proporcionam benefícios para a saúde humana.
Subject(s)
Humans , Rubus/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Nutritive Value , BrazilABSTRACT
Objetivo. Por medio del modelo de taller participativo se realizó la caracterización del subsistema de plagas de mora sin espina en el departamento de Risaralda con agricultores de las diferentes asociaciones. Metodología. Se utilizó el análisis multivariado, empleando la técnica de correspondencias múltiples para variables categóricas a fin de hallar los clústers de productores; posteriormente, una prueba Chi-cuadrado comparó los resultados de cada clúster y verificó las diferencias significativas que podían existir dentro de los mismos. Resultados y conclusión. Con base en la presencia de insectos por cada etapa fenológica del cultivo se encontraron cinco clústers de agricultores. Los moricultores del departamento reportaron como organismos presentes en el sistema productivo insectos de las familias Thripidae, Chrysomelidae, Melolonthidae y Aphididae, y de las especies Atta sp., Hepialus sp., Monalonion sp., Prodiplosis sp., Eurhizococcus colombianus, y moluscos como babosas (Orden: Pulmonata); sin embargo, los trips y el barrenador de tallo (Hepialus sp.) fueron los insectos fitófagos más prevalentes. Asimismo, una prueba Chi-cuadrado determinó que, según la percepción del agricultor, los trips son los insectos más prevalentes durante todas las etapas fenológicas del cultivo.
Objective: Using the participatory workshop model, the characterization of the non-thorn blackberry subsystem pests was carried out in the Department of Risaralda with farmers from the different associations. Methodology: Multivariate analysis was used, using the multiple correspondence technique for categorical variables to find producer clusters. Subsequently, a Chi-square test compared the results of each cluster and verified the significant differences that could exist within them. Results and conclusion: Based on the presence of insects for each phenological stage of the crop, five farmer clusters were found. Blackberry growers of the Department reported insects of the families Thripidae, Chrysomelidae, Melolonthidae and Aphididae, and of the species Atta sp., Hepialus sp., Monalonion sp., Prodiplosis sp.,, Eurhizococcus colombianus, and mollusks as slugs (Order: Pulmonata), as organisms present in the productive system. However, thrips and the stem borers (Hepialus sp.) were the most prevalent phytophagous insects. Likewise, a Chi-square test determined that, according to the farmer's perception, thrips are the most prevalent insects during all the phenological stages of the crop.
Subject(s)
Humans , Crop Production , Ecosystem , Agricultural Pests , MorusABSTRACT
Background: Rubus is an economically important fruit crop across the globe. Recently, several Rubus mutant genotypes with improved agronomic traits have been developed using gamma ray irradiation. This study investigated genetic diversity and variations in Rubus mutant genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis. A GBS library of 14 Rubus genotypes, consisting of seven boysenberry mutant lines, four blackberry mutant lines, and three original varieties, were sequenced on the Illumina Hiseq2000 platform. A set of SNPs were analyzed by Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assay in order to discriminate the Rubus genotypes. Results: A total of 50,831,040 (86.4%) reads of clean data were generated, and the trimmed length ranged from 116,380,840 to 509,806,521 bp, with an average of 228,087,333 bp per line. A total of 19,634 high-quality SNPs were detected, which contained 11,328 homozygous SNPs and 8306 heterozygous SNPs. A set of 1504 SNPs was used to perform a phylogenetic analysis, which showed that there were clear differences among the Rubus genotypes based on their origin. A total of 25 SNPs were used for the KASP assays, of which six KASP primer sets were successfully distinguished among the Rubus genotypes. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the SNP and KASP method is an economically efficient tool for mutant screening in Rubus breeding programs.
Subject(s)
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Rubus/genetics , Phylogeny , Breeding , Genetic Markers , Crops, Agricultural , Alleles , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Gamma Rays , Genotype , MutationABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to know the physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics of Rubus sellowii (Rosaceae) fruits, known as blackberry, native plant mainly to Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), Brazil. For this, three different populations of this plant were selected and the fruits were analyzed through moisture, ash, titratable acidity, pH, lipids, fibers, carbohydrates, proteins, carotenoids, lycopene, ascorbic acid, aminogram and in vitro digestibility. Fruits showed high acidity (3.28 percent), ash and protein (1.02 and 0.93 percent) and higher ascorbic acid (38.43 mg per 100 g) if compared to Rubus cultivars. Due to Rubus sellowii nutritional properties, they provide benefits to human health.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as características físicas, químicas e nutricionais de frutos de Rubus sellowii (Rosáceas), conhecida como amora-preta, planta nativa principalmente do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Para isso, foram selecionadas três populações diferentes desta planta e frutas foram analisadas por meio de umidade, cinza, acidez titulável, pH, lipídios, fibras, carboidratos, proteínas, carotenóides, licopeno, ácido ascórbico, aminograma e digestibilidade in vitro. As frutas apresentaram alta acidez (3,28 g por cento), cinzas e proteínas (1,02 e 0,93 g por cento) e maior ácido ascórbico (38,43 mg por 100 g) em comparação com as cultivares Rubus. Devido às propriedades nutricionais de Rubus sellowii , elas proporcionam benefícios para a saúde humana.
ABSTRACT
Traditionally, the Indian Blackberry or locally called Jamun, Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Syn.: Syzygium cumini), is well known for its pharmacological potential, particularly anti-inflammatory. Here, we studied kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside]-4'-O-4'- [kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (EJ-01) isolated from the E. jambolana leaves for possible anti-inflammatory activity. EJ-01 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in mice by determining edema volume, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) and cytokine levels in paw edema tissue. EJ-01 significantly attenuated the edema, MPO levels, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in the edema of paw at the 5th hour after carrageenan injection at all doses. EJ-01 (30 mg/kg) decreased the nitric oxide (NO) levels of the edema of paw at the 5th hour after carrageenan injection. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EJ-01 might be related to the decrease in the level of edema paw by reduced activities of NO and MPO. It probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Therefore, we conclude that EJ-01 could be positively exploited for itspotential benefits against inflammatory diseases and support the pharmacological basis of E. jambolana as traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
ABSTRACT
El aceite de mora es un ingrediente natural con potencial en la industria cosmética y alimentaria, puede experimentar degradación oxidativa en condiciones ambientales. Se extrajo aceite a partir de semillas de mora empleando fluidos supercríticos, se microencapsuló mediante secado por aspersión y se evaluó la influencia de diferentes condiciones de operación en el rendimiento y la eficiencia del proceso. Se emplearon como materiales encapsulantes: masterdry, goma arábiga y maltodextrina. Se comparó el perfil de ácidos grasos antes y después de la microencapsulación y se estudió el tamaño y morfología de las microcápsulas. En el proceso de microencapsulación la temperatura de entrada fue la única variable estadísticamente significativa usando masterdry y goma arábiga. La goma arábiga resultó ser el mejor encapsulante entre los tres estudiados. Se obtuvieron microcápsulas con tamaños entre 8,2 y14 -im, con superficie continua en las paredes y ausencia de poros. Se comprobó que la microencapsulación con los tres encapsulantes permitió proteger el aceite y conservar mayoritariamente su perfil de ácidos grasos.
Blackberry oil is a natural ingredient with potential in cosmetics and food industry, however, it experiences oxidative degradation at ambient conditions. Therefore, oil was obtained from blackberry seeds by supercritical fluid extraction and then was microcapsulated by spray drying. The influence of different operating conditions during spray-drying towards yield and encapsulation was evaluated. Masterdry, gum arabic, and maltodextrin were used as wall materials. Fatty acid profile was compared before and after microencapsulation, the size and morphology of the microcapsules were also studied. Inlet temperature was the only statistically significant variable in process yield and efficiency when gum arabic and masterdry were used. Feed flow rate was statistically significant only for process yield and it was influenced negatively when maltodextrin was used. Gum arabic was the best wall material among the three studied. Microcapsules with sizes between 8.2 and 14 -im were obtained; continuous wall and no apparent cracks were observed. It was also seen that the fatty acid profile was mostly conserved after microencapsulation process carried out with the three wall materials.
O óleo de amora é um ingrediente natural com potencial na indústria cosmética e dos alimentos, é susceptível à degradação por oxidação em condições ambientais. O óleo de sementes de amora foi extraído usando fluidos supercríticos e foi microencapsulado por secagem por pulverização. Foi avaliada a influência de diferentes condições de operação sobre o rendimento e eficiência do processo. Foram utilizados como materiais de encapsulação: masterdry, maltodextrina, e goma arábica. O perfil dos ácidos graxos foi comparado antes e depois de microencapsulação, o tamanho e a morfologia das microcápsulas foi também estudada. Determinou-se que, no processo de microencapsulação a temperatura de entrada era a única variável estatisticamente significativa usando masterdry e goma-arábica. A goma-arábica mostrou ser o melhor encapsulante entre os três estudados. Foram obtidas microcápsulas com tamanhos entre 8,2 e 14 -im, superfície contínua sobre as paredes e ausência de poros. Verificou-se que a microencapsulação permitiu que os três encapsulantes protegessem o óleo e retivessem majoritariamente o seu perfil de ácidos graxos.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da produção e qualidade dos frutos de cultivares de amoreiras-pretas conduzidas em diferentes sistemas de condução. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, em um fatorial 3x3. Utilizaram-se as cultivares 'Tupy', 'Guarani' e 'Xavante' e os sistemas de condução: sem tutor, espaldeira em "T" e espaldeira em fios paralelos. Avaliou-se a produção de frutas, o número médio de frutas, a massa média de frutas por planta nas safras de 2009/2010, 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. Nas duas últimas safras, também foi avaliado o conteúdo de sólidos solúveis. Os sistemas de condução influenciaram no comportamento produtivo das amoreiras-pretas, sendo que o sistema em espaldeira em "T" proporcionou maior produção e número de frutas, no entanto, a maior massa média de frutas foi obtida nas plantas conduzidas sem tutor. As plantas conduzidas em espaldeira em "T" e espaldeira apresentaram maior produção (1357,4 e 1217,8g planta-1, respectivamente) e número de frutas (341,7 e 320, respectivamente). Dentre as cultivares, a produção diferiu entre elas, destacando-se a 'Tupy' e 'Guarani' com 2098g e 2094g planta-1, respectivamente. Entretanto, o maior número de frutas por planta foi superior nas plantas de 'Guarani', sendo inversamente proporcional à massa média de frutas para esta cultivar. A cultivar 'Tupy' apresenta maior produção em relação às demais cultivares avaliadas. O número médio de frutas por planta foi superior nas plantas de 'Guarani'. Nas condições do presente trabalho conclui-se que o desempenho produtivo de amoreira-preta depende de cada cultivar e também do sistema de condução adotado.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different management systems on plant varieties of blackberry. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks in a split plot, 3x3 factorial design, with cultivars 'Tupy', 'Guarani' and 'Xavante' and three drive systems: without tutor, espalier in wires parallel, and espalier 'T'. The production of fruits, e average number of fruits and average mass per plant, fruit soluble solids were evaluated in 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 harvests. In the last two seasons it was also rated the fruit soluble solids and harvests. The conduction system influenced the productive behavior of the blackberry, and the system espalier 'T' highest yield and fruit number. Plants conducted in espalier 'T' and espalier had higher production (1357.4 and 1217.8g plant-1, respectively) and number of fruits (341.7 and 320.6 respectively), since the system without tutor provides fruit with higher average mass. Among the cultivars, the production differed between them, highlighting the 'Tupy' and 'Guarani' with 2098g and 2094g plant-1, respectively. However, the highest number of fruits per plant was higher in plants 'Guarani', being inversely proportional to the average mass of fruit for this cultivar. Cultivar 'Tupy' had better performance compared to other cultivars. The average number of fruits per plant was higher in plants 'Guarani'. Under the conditions of this study it was concluded that the productive performance of blackberry cultivar depends on the individual and also the conduction system adopted.
ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: En los últimos años ha incrementado el interés por el consumo de frutas en estado fresco debido al potencial nutricional que estas contienen. Además, por el alto consumo energético que se generan en la aplicación de una cadena en frío, se ha incursionado en la aplicación de recubrimientos comestibles como una técnica alternativa para la conservación de frutas. Objetivos: Por tal razón, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo aplicar un recubrimiento a base de hidroxipropil metilcelulosa con la inclusión de cera de abejas en mora de castilla y evaluar su efecto en la conservación de esta fruta. Métodos: Se trabajó con un diseño multifactorial categórico y el análisis estadístico utilizado fue el LSD de Fisher con un nivel de confianza del 95%; determinándose propiedades fisiológicas tales como respiración y pérdida de peso, propiedades fisicoquímicas como pH, acidez titulable, sólidos solubles totales e índice de maduración durante un periodo de 15 días a una temperatura de 4°C. Resultados: Se obtuvo diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre los tratamientos evaluados a partir del tercer día de almacenamiento tanto para los parámetros fisicoquímicos como fisiológicos. La acidez titulable tuvo un decrecimiento marcado en el tratamiento control (T5) con respecto a los tratamientos donde se aplicó los recubrimientos (T1, T2, T3, T4) donde el descenso de la acidez fue menor. Por otro lado, la pérdida de peso, los sólidos solubles totales, el pH, el índice de maduración y el índice de respiración incrementaron a medida que el tiempo de almacenamiento transcurrió, indicando que las moras tratadas con los recubrimientos tuvieron un incremento menor con respecto a las moras sin recubrimiento. Conclusiones: Los recubrimientos comestibles aplicados a la mora de castilla tuvieron un efecto positivo sobre las propiedades evaluadas, siendo los mejores tratamientos el T3 y T4. En general, la aplicación de un recubrimiento comestible a base de hidroxipropil metilcelulosa y cera de abejas logró aumentar la vida útil de la mora de castilla.
Background: On the last years the interest on fresh fruits consumption has been increased due to its nutritional potential as well as high energetic demand generated by the cold-chains storage. It is the reason why it has been dabbled on edible coating as an alternative method on fruits preservation. Objectives: This investigation focused on the coating application using a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based with bees wax applied all over blackberry fruits in order to evaluate the effects on its preservation. Methods: A multifactorial categorical design was used through the Fisher LSD method as an statistical analysis with a confidence level of 95%; it were determined physiological properties such respiration and weight loss, and physicochemical properties like pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and ripeness index within a period of 15 days at 4°C. Results: It were obtained significant differences (p<0.05) between the evaluated treatments from the third storage day for physicochemical and physiological parameters. The titratable acidity has a marked decrease on the control treatment (T5) regarding treatments where coatings were applied (T1, T2, T3, T4) where a smaller decrease on acidity was obtained. In other hand, the weight loss, total soluble solids, pH, ripening and respiration index showed an increase over storage time. The blackberry fruits processed with edible coating presented a slight increase compared to control samples. Conclusions: Edible coatings applied on blackberry fruits had a positive effect in the evaluated properties, treatments T3 and T4. Generally, edible coatings with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose base and beeswax increase the shelf life of blackberry.
Subject(s)
Humans , Food Storage , Rubus , Waxes , BeesABSTRACT
O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de neoplasia mais prevalente no mundo e o mais comum entre as mulheres. É descrito que o padrão de consumo alimentar materno e paterno está relacionado à suscetibilidade da prole ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, inclusive o câncer. A amora-preta é uma das frutas com maior conteúdo antioxidante e seus compostos bioativos possuem atividade antioxidante, anticarcinogênica e anti-inflamatória. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe avaliar os efeitos do consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta (Rubus spp.) na suscetibilidade da prole feminina ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias mamárias quimicamente induzidas. Para tanto, camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: pai amora (PA), mãe amora (MA), pai e mãe amora (PMA) e controle (CTRL). Os pais receberam extrato de amora-preta logo após o desmame durante 8 semanas e as mães receberam o extrato durante a gestação e lactação. O extrato de amora-preta foi administrado na água de beber (0.84g de antocianinas/L) ad libitum. Os pais tratados com extrato de amora apresentaram redução na atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e da catalase (CAT) no testículo (p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente), aumento na capacidade antioxidante plasmática, na porcentagem de espermatozoides normais e na produção diária de espermatozóides em relação ao grupo controle (p<0.001 para todos). Além disso, os grupos PA, MA e PMA apresentaram aumento na taxa de prenhez (p<0.05) e redução da mortalidade perinatal (p<0.01, p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Em relação à prole feminina não submetida à carcinogênese foi observada redução na capacidade antioxidante plasmática nos grupos PA (p<0.001) e MA (p<0.01), enquanto o grupo PMA apresentou aumento nesse parâmetro (p<0.001). No desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, houve aumento do desenvolvimento epitelial nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.001 para todos), de diferenciação nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.01 para ambos) e da taxa de apoptose nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.05), além de redução no número de TEBs nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.01, p<0.001 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Não foram observadas alterações significativas nas filhas submetidas à indução química da carcinogênese mamária por DMBA. Assim, é possível concluir que apesar de ter alterado o desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, o consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta não foi capaz de impactar sobre a suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida
Breast cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer in the world and the most common among women. It is known that maternal and paternal food intake pattern are related to offspring susceptibility to non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Blackberry is one of the fruits with high antioxidant content and its compounds have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. So, the aim of the present study was evaluate the effects of maternal and/or paternal blackberry extract consumption on female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: father blackberry (FB), mother blackberry (MB), father and mother blackberry (FMB) and control (CTRL). Fathers received blackberry extract from weaning during 8 weeks and the mothers were treated during gestation and lactation. Blackberry extract was given in the drink water (0.84g anthocyanins/L) ad libitum. Fathers treated with blackberry had a reduction on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the testis (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectivelly), an increase on plasmatic antioxidant capacity, percentage of normal sperm and daily sperm production in relation to control group (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Moreover, FB, MB and FMB groups had an increase of pregnancy rate (p<0.05) and a decrease of perinatal mortality (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Female offspring had a reduction of plasmatic antioxidant capacitity in FB (p<0.001) and MB (p<0.01) groups, while FMB group showed an increase in this parameter (p<0.001). On mammary gland development, it was observed higher epithelial development in FB, MB and FMB groups (p<0.001 for all comparisons), increased differentiation in MB and FMB groups (p<0.01 for both) and higher apoptosis rate in MB and FMB groups (p<0.05 for both), besides decreased TEBs number in FB, MB and FMB groups (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). It was not found significant differences in the female offspring submitted to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. So, it is possible to conclude that in spite of maternal and/or paternal blackberry extract consumption changed the mammary gland development, it was not able to change the female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Mice , Carcinogenesis , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Fetal Development/genetics , Polyphenols/adverse effectsABSTRACT
En este estudio los materiales fueron seleccionados en 53 fincas pertenecientes a cuatro asociaciones de cultivadores de mora en los municipios de Pamplona y Chitagá (Norte de Santander, Colombia). Se emplearon como explantes segmentos nodales, los cuales permitieron obtener en poco tiempo brotes adventicios adecuados para la multiplicación masiva. Para la etapa de establecimiento se empleó el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog, (MS 1962), suplementado con ácido giberélico (GA3) (0.0-0.1 mg/L) y 6-benzil aminopurina (BAP) (0,0-2,0 mg/L), en la etapa de multiplicación MS ,suplementado con GA3 (0,0-0,03 mg/L-1) y BAP (0,0-2,5 mg/L) y para la etapa de enraizamiento MS, suplementados con ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0,0-1,0 mg/L). A los datos generados en las tres etapas, se les aplicó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar y se analizaron estadísticamente los promedios de los tratamientos mediante una prueba de Tukey. Los resultados alcanzados indicaron tasas promedio de contaminación (16,5-49,7 %) multiplicación (3,8-4,3 brotes/explante) y enraizamiento (3,3-4,3 raíces/planta) in vitro para los diferentes materiales seleccionados y evaluados. Estos resultados, logrados por primera vez en la región Nororiental de Colombia, son importantes por cuanto se contara con materiales seleccionados disponibles para los cultivadores de mora de la región.
In this study plant materials were selected in 53 farms belonging to four growers associations of blackberry in the municipalities of Pamplona and Chitagá (North of de Santander, Colombia). Nodal segments were used as initial explants of R. glaucus. For the establishment stage Murashige and Skoog, 1962 (MS) media was used and, supplemented with of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.0 -0.1 mg/L) and 6-aminopurine (BAP) (0.0 -2.0 mg/L); for the multiplication stage MS was supplemented with GA3 (0.0 -0.03 mg/L) and BAP, (0.0 -2.5 mg/L) and for the rooting stage MS was supplemented with acid indolbutirico (0.0 -1.0 mg/L). From the data generated during the three stages, an experimental design of incomplete blocks was randomly applied and the treatments averages were statistically analyzed using the Tukey Test. The results indicated average rates of contamination (16.5-49.7 %), multiplication (3.8-4.3 shoots/explant) and in vitro rooting (3.3-4.3 roots/plant) for the different evaluated materials. These results, achieved first in the Northeastern region of Colombia, are important in that they will feature selected materials available for blackberry growers in the region.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The use of hand held devices (HHD) such as mobile phones, game controls, tablets, portable media players and personal digital assistants have increased dramatically in past decade. While sending a text message or using the controls of the HHD the users need to use their thumb and other palm muscles extensively. The objective of this study was to describe the risk factors and clinical features of the musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) arising due to usage of hand held devices and to evaluate the effectiveness of a sequenced rehabilitation protocol. METHODS: A retrospective report analysis of 70 subjects, who were diagnosed to have a MSD affecting the upper extremities, was conducted. Medical charts from a tertiary level rehabilitation centre from 2005-2013 were analysed. All the subjects reported pain in their upper extremities following extensive usage of HHD and were examined and diagnosed to have a MSD by an orthopaedic and rehabilitation physician. After the assessment and diagnosis, all the patients underwent rehabilitation using a sequenced protocol. RESULTS: All the subjects reported pain in the thumb and forearm with associated burning, numbness and tingling around the thenar aspect of the hand, and stiffness of wrist and hand. 43 subjects had symptoms on the right side; 9 on left and 18 had bilateral symptoms. Correlation was found between hand dominance and MSD. 33 subjects complained of onset of symptoms following extensive text messaging. All the subjects were diagnosed to have tendinosis of Extensor Pollicis Longus and Myofascial Pain Syndrome affecting the 1st interossei, thenar group of muscles and Extensor Digitorum Communis. 23 of the subjects were senior executives, among these 7 were CEO's of major multinational companies in India. All the subjects recovered completely following the rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that mobile phones and gadgets that promoted the predominant usage of thumb or only one finger while texting or using the controls were associated with a higher prevalence of MSDs. Treatment using a sequenced rehabilitation protocol was found to be effective.
Subject(s)
Humans , Burns , Cell Phone , Diagnosis , Fingers , Forearm , Hand , Hypesthesia , India , Muscles , Myofascial Pain Syndromes , Prevalence , Rehabilitation , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Tablets , Tendinopathy , Text Messaging , Thumb , Upper Extremity , WristABSTRACT
The larvae of the southern beet webworm Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius, 1794) damage the leaves of species in the plant genus Rubus. The present study investigated the biology of H. bipunctalis and developed a protocol for raising H. bipunctalis under laboratory conditions. On the basis of the biological data, we devised a life table. In order to develop the rearing procedures, we determined which oviposition substrate and blackberry cultivar were the most appropriate for larval development. The mean durations of the egg, larval, and pupal stages were 5.59 days, 26.37 days, and 13.37 days, respectively, and the corresponding survival rates were 80.83%, 49.07%, and 83.23%. The mean pupal weight was 0.0491 g for males and 0.0536 g for females. The mean life cycle (egg-to-adult) period was 45.33 days, and overall survival to adulthood was 33.01%. H. bipunctalis females laid a mean of 252.63 eggs over a mean of 13.60 days of oviposition; the mean pre-oviposition period was 2.67 days. Mean female and male life spans were 17.51 and 19.25 days, respectively, and the sex ratio was 0.51. The life-table data indicated that H. bipunctalis can reproduce 57.9 times per generation. Each cage contained one blackberry leaf placed on a paper towel. This method allowed us to obtain the greatest number of eggs. The larval stage was shorter for insects reared on leaves of the Guarani cultivar than for those reared on leaves of the Xavante cultivar (22.63 vs. 26.37 days). These basic data can aid in establishing strategies for the management of H. bipunctalis on blackberry farms.
Lagartas de Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius, 1794) causam danos nas folhas da amoreira-preta (Rubus spp.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar sua biologia e desenvolver uma técnica de criação, em condições de laboratório. Com os dados de biologia, foi elaborada uma tabela de vida de fertilidade. Para o estudo da técnica de criação, foram determinados o substrato para obtenção de ovos e a cultivar de amoreira-preta mais adequada para o desenvolvimento larval. A duração dos estágios de ovo, lagarta e pupa foram de 5,59, 26,37 e 13,37 dias, com sobrevivência de 80,83, 49,07 e 83,23%, respectivamente. O peso das pupas foi 0,0491 g para machos e 0,0536 g para fêmeas. O ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) foi de 45,33 dias, com sobrevivência total de 33,01%. As fêmeas colocaram, em média, 252,63 ovos durante 13,60 dias, com um período de pré-oviposição de 2,67 dias. A longevidade média de fêmeas e machos foi de 17,51 e 19,25 dias, respectivamente, e a razão sexual, de 0,51. Por meio da tabela de vida de fertilidade, determinou-se uma capacidade de aumento de 57,9 vezes a cada geração. Gaiolas revestidas com papel toalha e com a presença de folhas de amoreira-preta propiciaram a obtenção de uma maior quantidade de ovos. A duração do estágio larval para os insetos alimentados com folhas de amoreira-preta cv. Guarani (22,63 dias) foi menor do que aqueles alimentados com folhas da cv. Xavante (26,37 dias). Estas informações são básicas e auxiliarão em futuros estudos, visando ao estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo de H. bipunctalis em amoreira-preta.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Plant Leaves/parasitology , Rosaceae/parasitology , Lepidoptera/physiology , Life Cycle Stages/physiology , Oviposition/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Sex RatioABSTRACT
Phytochemicals are highly concentrated in berries, especially polyphenols as anthocyanins and ellagitannins. These compounds have been associated with antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation protection, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-carcinogenic activity, obesity prevention and others. Blackberries are commonly grown and consumed as juice in Latin-American countries. However, blackberry juice is easily fermented and different industrial techniques are being applied to enable the juice to be stored for longer periods. One important issue required for these techniques is to preserve the health-promoting capacities of blackberries. This study compared the antioxidant activity and the lipid peroxidation protector effect between a fresh blackberry juice (FJ) and a microfiltrated blackberry juice (MJ). Chemical analysis of both juices show less polyphenols concentration in the MJ. Despite this difference, values for biological activities, such as protection of lipid peroxidation, was not significantly different between FJ and MJ. These results suggest that the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity are maintained even after microfiltration and the free radical scavenging capacity of these compounds could protect the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Microfiltration could be used as an industrial technique to produce blackberry juice that maintains biological activities of polyphenols.
ABSTRACT
A fim de aprimorar técnicas de cultivo in vitro de duas frutíferas de clima temperado (amoreira-preta cv. Tupy e porta-enxerto de videira cv. Kobber 5BB), testaram-se diferentes concentrações de glicina e inositol, adicionadas ao meio de cultura. Para plântula de amoreira-preta, o meio foi constituído do meio básico MS, acrescido de 30 g L-1 de sacarose e 7 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH ajustado para 5,8 antes da autoclavagem a 121ºC e 1 atm por 20 minutos; e do meio básico DSD1 para porta-enxerto de videira cv. Kobber 5BB, acrescido de 20 g L-1 de sacarose e 7 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH ajustado para 6,4. O experimento com amoreira-preta consistiu de 5 diferentes concentrações de glicina (0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 mg L-1), 5 de inositol (0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 mg L-1) e suas combinações. O experimento com videira consistiu de 4 diferentes concentrações de glicina (0; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1), 4 de inositol (0; 10; 20 e 40 mg L-1) e suas combinações. Segmentos nodais, oriundos de plântulas preestabelecidas in vitro foram excisados e introduzidos em tubos de ensaio contendo 15 mL dos meios de cultura. Posteriormente, os tubos de ensaio foram transferidos para sala de crescimento a 25 ± 2ºC, irradiância de 32 mmol m² s¹ e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se de doze plântulas por tratamento. Após 70 dias de cultivo in vitro, melhores resultados para a amoreira-preta cv. Tupy foram obtidos com concentração de glicina até a recomendada no meio de cultura MS (2,0 mg L-1) e 4 vezes o valor de inositol. Para o porta-enxerto de videira, melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência e/ou com baixas concentrações de glicina e concentração de inositol igual ou superior à recomendada no meio de cultura DSD1.
Aiming to improve the in vitro cultivation techniques of two temperate fruit i.e. blackberry cv. Tupy and grapevine rootstock cv. Kobber 5BB, different glycine and inositol concentrations in the culture medium were tested. The culture medium was constituted of MS basal medium, added of 30 g L-1 sucrose and 7 g L-1 agar, and the pH adjusted to 5.8 before the sterilization of 121ºC and 1 atm for 20 minutes, and DSD1 basal medium for grapevine rootstock cv. Kobber 5BB, added of 20 g L-1 sucrose and 7 g L-1 agar, and the pH adjusted to 6.4. The work with blackberry consisted of 5 different concentrations of glycine (0; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 and 8.0 mg L-1), 5 of inositol (0; 500; 100; 200 and 400 mg L-1) and its combinations. The work with grapevine composed of 4 different concentrations of glycine (0; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1), 4 of inositol (0; 10; 20 and 40 mg L-1), and its combinations. Nodal segments from in vitro plants was excised and introduced into test tubes containing 15 mL of culture medium. After that, the culture tubes were transferred in a growth room to 25 ± 2ºC, irradiance of 32 mol m-2.s-1 and photoperiod of 16 hours. The experiments were settled in a completely randomized design, using twelve explants per treatment. After 70 days of in vitro cultivation, better results for the blackberry cv. Tupy were obtained with glycine concentration as recommended in the MS culture medium (2 mg L-1) and 4 fold of the inositol value. For the grapevine rootstock, better results were obtained in the absence and/or with low glycine concentrations and the same or higher inositol concentration as recommended in the DSD1 culture medium.