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Resumen Se presenta el caso de una paciente con antecedentes de carcinoma urotelial de vejiga de alto grado con compromiso secundario ganglionar y óseo, la cual presentó cuadro de hematoquecia, tenesmo y dolor rectal un año después de su cirugía oncológica. La resonancia magnética de abdomen y pelvis, demos tró una lesión sólida rectal de 5 cm de longitud que estenosaba la luz y atravesaba el peritoneo, a 6 cm del margen anal. La anatomía patológica de dicha lesión, informó una metástasis urotelial a nivel del recto inferior en concordancia con el antecedente de la paciente. Este caso identifica una evolución atípica de carcinomas uroteliales (CU), destacando una ruta inusual de metástasis a distancia. Los CU pueden, en raras ocasiones, hacer metástasis rectales, generalmente en casos avanzados o recurrentes de la enfermedad. Al ser escasa la bibliografía disponible sobre dicho tema, cabe destacar la importancia de mantener un alto índice de sospecha en pacientes con antecedentes de carcinoma urotelial y síntomas urinarios/rectales (dolor y tenesmo rectal, dolor suprapúbico, incontinencia urinaria y fecal).
Abstract We present the case of a female patient with a history of high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with secondary lymph node and bone involvement, who presented with hematochezia, tenesmus and rectal pain one year after her oncological surgery. The abdomen and pelvis magnetic resonance image showed a 5 cm solid rectal lesion that stenosed the lumen and crossed the peritoneum, 6 cm away from the anal margin. The histology of this lesion reported an urothelial metastasis at the level of the lower rectum according to the patient's history. This case identifies an atypical evolution of urothelial carcinomas (UC), highlighting an unusual route of distant metastasis. UC can, on rare occasions, metastasize to the rectum, usually in advanced or recurrent cases of the disease. As the literature available on this topic is scarce, it is crucial to highlight the importance of maintaining high suspicion in patients with a history of urothelial carcinoma and urinary/rectal symptoms (rectal pain and urgency, suprapubic pain, urinary and fecal incontinence).
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INTRODUCTION@#Usage of metformin is associated with improved survival in lung, breast and prostate cancer, and metformin has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation in in vitro studies. Given the lack of clinical data on metformin use in patients with bladder cancer, we aimed to evaluate the role of metformin in their oncological outcomes.@*METHODS@#Medication use data from a prospectively maintained database of 122 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), who were recruited under a randomised, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial, was collected and analysed. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).@*RESULTS@#At a median follow-up duration of 102 (range 3-357) months, 53 (43.4%) patients experienced disease recurrence and 21 (17.2%) experienced disease progression. There was no significant difference in mortality between patients with and without diabetes mellitus. There was significant difference in OS between patients without diabetes mellitus, patients with diabetes mellitus on metformin and patients with diabetes mellitus but not on metformin (p = 0.033); patients with diabetes mellitus on metformin had the best prognosis. Metformin use was associated with significantly lower DSS (p = 0.042). Other oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin or statins were not associated with disease recurrence or progression.@*CONCLUSION@#Metformin use was associated with improved oncological outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical BCG. Prospective studies with larger patient populations are needed to validate the role of metformin as potential therapy for bladder cancer.
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Humans , Male , Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Administration, Intravesical , BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus , Disease Progression , Metformin/therapeutic use , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapyABSTRACT
Disseminated blood-borne metastases from carcinoma of the gall bladder are uncommon and usually occur late. The most common site of extra-abdominal metastasis is lung followed by brain. Skeletal metastases in carcinoma gall bladder are very rare. To date there have only been a few case reports of bone metastasis in carcinoma gall bladder at the time of presentation. Authors here present a rare case of carcinoma gall bladder that progressed to isolated sacrum metastasis.
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Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the histological types, frequency, age and sex distribution of bladder carcinoma in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos state. This study aims to classify bladder carcinoma in this centre according to the World Health Organisation/ International Society of Urological Pathology.Methods: An eight-year retrospective study of all bladder carcinomas specimens that were sent to the department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, LASUTH between 1st January, 2011 and 31st December, 2018 was done. Relevant data consisting of the age and sex distributions as well as histopathological types were extracted from the departmental information system and filed documents. The data was analysed using the IBM-SPSS version 25.0.Results: There were 87 cases of bladder tumours, out of which 55 (63.2%) were bladder carcinomas. The mean age at diagnosis of bladder carcinomas was 56.9±13.9 years. Sex distribution has male to female ratio of 1: 1. Urothelial carcinoma predominates as the most common histological type.Conclusions: Bladder carcinoma presents most frequently at the 5th decade of life, with a slight male preponderance.
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Background: Gall bladder diseases are a very common health problem that affects millions of people throughout the world. Cholelithiasis is commonly associated with carcinoma gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure done for gall bladder disease.Methods: A total of 161 cases of gall bladder lesions were evaluated from January 2017 to December 2018 which were sent to department of pathology. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin. Appropriate areas were selected from the specimen and grossed, processed, sectioned, stained using haematoxylin and eosin and were observed under microscope.Results: Out of 161 cases, 105 were female (65.22%) and 56 cases were male (34.78%).Histopathologically, the most common diagnosis was Chronic calculus cholecystitis (57.76%) followed by chronic acalculus cholecystitis (22.36%). Remaining cases were of Acute on chronic cholecystitis (6.21%), Acute on chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis (4.96%), Acute on chronic cholecystitis with perforation peritonitis (1.24%), Acute suppurative cholecystitis with perforation peritonitis (0.62%), Biliary Atresia (1.24%), Chronic cholecystitis with choledochal cyst (1.24%), Follicular cholecystitis (1.24%), Adenocarcinoma (0.62%), Adenosquamous carcinoma (0.62%) and one case was inconclusive (0.62%).Conclusions: The incidence of chronic calculus cholecystitis was found to be 57.76% with female preponderance and mostly in third decade. Malignancy of gall bladder is a rare condition. Routine histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens is strongly recommended for the detection of various variants of chronic cholecystitis and also of incidental carcinoma of gall bladder which helps in their treatment and prognosis.
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Gall stones,gall bladder polyps,porcelain gall bladder leads to carcinoma.Malignancy is detected with a history of gall stone disease and patient presents with non-specific symptoms such as abdominal discomfort,right upper quadrant pain,nausea,vomitting,weight loss,anorexia and jaundice at a later stage .The aim of the study is to find the incidence of gall bladder carcinoma in cases of routine cholecystectomy. Methods: 100 cases were selected for this study. Open cholecystectomy / laparoscopy were done as routine cases and sent for histo-pathological study .The patients were clinically examined.clinica; symptoms, USG findings were corroborated. The follow up period was one year .The age of presentation,clinical examination,USG findings,was documented. Results: Gall bladder carcinoma is arare disease and 7 times more common in patients with gall stones. Conclusion: Predisposing conditions like gall bladder polyps more than 2 cms,porcelain gall bladder may tend to develop malignancy.Morbidity and mortality is associated with this disease due to early spread to liver,lymph node spread and jaundice.
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Objective To explore the significance of methylation of the candidate biomarker transcription factor 21(TCF21) in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Methods From October 2016 to October 2017, 142 patients with suspected bladder cancer were selected. Among them, 80 were diagnosed as bladder cancer by pathological examination as the study group. A total of 62 non-bladder cancers were diagnosed by pathological examination as the control group. In addition, 40 healthy urine specimens during the same period were selected as the healthy group. Detected and compared the methylation of TCF21 in bladder cancer tissues, paracancerous tissues, and control tissues of the study group, and detected and compared the TCF21 methylation levels in urine of study group, control group, and healthy group. The relationship between TCF21 methylation level and clinicopathological features was explored, and the diagnostic efficacy of both for bladder cancer was analyzed. Results The methylation level of TCF21 in bladder cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in the adjacent tissue and control group (P 60 years, high TNM stages, and high grade bladder cancer patients (P 0. 05). Conclusion TCF21 gene hasd high methylation level in urine of patients with bladder cancer and bladder cancer, and is associated with pathological features. Urinary bladder cancer tissues and urine have higher diagnostic efficacy for bladder cancer.
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Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor,mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin activator 3(LAMTOR3)in bladder carcinoma.Methods Oncomine and Expression Atlas were used to extract the useful mining gene chip database for analyzing the expression of LAMTOR3 in bladder carcinoma tissues and cell lines,and the correlation of LAMTOR3 with the clinicopathological features were analyzed.RT-PCR,Western blot,and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression of LAMTOR3 in bladder carcinoma cell lines,specimens,and adjacent normal tissues for verifying the results exploited from the above databases.Results The Expression Atlas showed that LAMTOR3 had high expressions in Hs172.T,HT-1376,RT4,JMSU-1,and T24 cell lines among 20 bladder carcinoma cell lines,among which the LAMTOR3 expression was different.Oncomine reported that LAMTOR3 expression in bladder carcinoma,including invasive(=2.857,=0.005)and non-invasive carcinoma(=3.105,=0.003),was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues.The expression of LAMTOR3 was positively correlated with pathological grade(<0.05).The expressions of LAMTOR3 mRNA in bladder carcinoma cell lines,including UMUC3(=10.84,=0.0084),J82(=21.75,=0.0021),5637(=45.88,=0.0005),and T24(=87.58,=0.0001)were significantly higher than that in normal bladder cell line SV-HUC-1,while its expression in bladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues(<0.05),so was its protein level in tissues(<0.05).Immunohistochemistry showed that LAMTOR3 protein was over-expressed in bladder carcinoma tissues;its level in invasive carcinoma tissues was higher than that in no-invasive carcinoma tissues and was related closely with the clinical stages(=9.189,=0.002),pathological grades(=4.746,=0.029),and lymphatic metastasis(=6.210,=0.013)but had no significant correlation to sex(=0.965,=0.326),age(=2.126,=0.145),and distant metastasis(=1.261,=0.261).Conclusion LAMTOR3 is highly expressed in bladder carcinoma cell lines and tissues and plays a key role in the development and progression of bladder carcinoma.
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Humans , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Prognosis , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Genetics , PathologyABSTRACT
Bladder cancer is one of the malignant tumors that seriously endanger human health, but its diagnosis and treatment progress are relatively slow. With the rapid development of molecular biology and the continuous emergence of biological detection technology, the molecular typing of bladder cancer through gene analysis is expected to become an important means to improve the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. In this paper, we summarized the recent advances in the molecular typing of bladder cancer and its clinical significance in predicting drug responsiveness and judging prognosis.
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Objective To research the monoclonal antibody KMP1 inhibited bladder cancer EJ cell lines growth and metastasis in vivo by bioluminescence imaging. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the KMP1 binding to EJ and EJ-GFP cell lines. The xenograft tumor cell growth and distribution were measured by vernier calipers and dynamic in vivo fluorescence imaging. Immunohistochemistry and H&E counterstaining researched the feature of the xenograft tumor. Results Cell growth curves of EJ and EJ-GFP cells were similar. EJ-GFP had a green fluorescence. In EJ-GFP nude mouse tumor model, the addition of KMP1 significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended the average life span of nude mice. Both EJ and EJ-GFP cells can bind to KMP1,and the weight of transplanted tumors in the KMP1 treatment group was significantly lower than that of the mIgG control group (P＜0.001).Conclusion KMP1 has a promising antitumor effect in vivo. It might be valuable for development as a promising targeted agent for bladder cancer.
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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are endogenous RNA molecules with length of more than 200 bp, without specific open reading frame, and almost without protein coding function. LncRNA can regulate gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcription-al, and epigenetic levels. Thus, this molecule affects diverse biological processes. LncRNA may function as an oncogene or anti-onco-gene in urothelial bladder carcinoma. Moreover, this molecule is closely related not only to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of urothelial bladder carcinoma but also to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Progress on the study of lncRNA in bladder cancer and the relationship between lncRNA and occurrence and development of bladder cancer was discussed. A new direc-tion for the exploration of molecular markers and targeted therapies for bladder cancer is provided.
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Objective To investigate the surgical methods and experience of laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder for invasive bladder cancer. Methods The clinical data of 14 patients with invasive bladder cancer underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder were collected retrospectively during March 2011 and October 2014. Results The 13 patients with invasive bladder cancer were successfully completed laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder. 1 case was treated with laparotomy because of unsatisfactory surgery ifeld caused by excessive tumor bleeding. Twelve cases of the urethra-neobaldder anastomosis were completed through the abdominal incision, while for the other 2 cases, the anastomosis was done under the laparoscope, 2 cases were performed neovesicourethral anastomosis using single-needle running sutures through laparoscopy. The median operative time was 444 minutes, the mean intraoperative blood loss was 490 ml. Postoperative pathologic results conifrmed that 12 cases were bladder transitional cell carcinoma (1 case with partial squamous cell carcinoma) and 2 cases with bladder adenocarcinoma. No severe complication occurred except for 2 cases of urinary leakage and 1 case of urinary incontinence. Patients were followed up for 6-56 months,within which 3 patients were died of distant metastasis, 1 case was detected with intracranial metastasis, 1 case was found with urethra-vesical anastomotic stenosis while cured after urethrotomy. Ten cases were well recovered and the mean volume of the neobladder was 300 ml. Conclusions Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder have the advantage of better therapeutic effects, safety, minimal invasion and rapid recovery, which are the preferred therapeutic methods for invasive bladder cancer.
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Objective To explore effects of different urostomy education paths in patients undergoing cystectomy with creation of a urostomy.Methods 42 cases of patients after radical cystectomy with creation of a urostomy were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group. The control group received the original version of urostomy education path, while observation group received modified version of urostomy education path. Knowledge of urostomy, stoma bag replacing skills, and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Results Patients in the observation group who received modified version of urostomy education path showed better knowledge of urostomy and skills of replaceing stomy bag, as well as shorter hospital stay (P<0.05).Conclusions Our modified version of urostomy education path results in improved self-care ability among patients and their family members. It suggests the urostomy education needs constant innovation and enhancement on the basis of practice.
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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are endogenous RNA molecules with length of more than 200 bp, without specific open reading frame, and almost without protein coding function. LncRNA can regulate gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcription-al, and epigenetic levels. Thus, this molecule affects diverse biological processes. LncRNA may function as an oncogene or anti-onco-gene in urothelial bladder carcinoma. Moreover, this molecule is closely related not only to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of urothelial bladder carcinoma but also to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Progress on the study of lncRNA in bladder cancer and the relationship between lncRNA and occurrence and development of bladder cancer was discussed. A new direc-tion for the exploration of molecular markers and targeted therapies for bladder cancer is provided.
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Objective:To study the anti-proliferative effect of lupeol on human bladder cancer T24 cell line and the regulating mechanism for p53/miR-34a signaling. Methods:CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate the effects of lupeol at different concentra-tions on cell viability in 24 h and 48 h. Caspase inhibitors were used to identify the subtypes of Caspase during lupeol induced cell death. The effects of lupeol on the expression of total p53 protein and miR-34a were evaluated by western blot and real-time PCR, re-spectively. The effects of lupeol on downstream targets of miR-34a were quantified by real-time PCR. Results:Lupeol could inhibit the proliferation of T24 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of lupeol was (77. 23 ± 6. 78) μmol·L-1 in 24 h. Compared with the control group, lupeol could elevate the expressions of p53 and miR-34a (P<0. 01). Moreover, the mRNA expression of miR-34a tar-gets, Bcl-2, CD44 and c-Myc were significantly down-regulated after the treatment with lupeol (P<0. 01). Conclusion:Lupeol can inhibit T24 cell proliferation, which is related with the regulating effects on p53/miR-34a signaling.
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El carcinoma neuroendocrino primario de vejiga es una neoplasia infrecuente que representa el 0,5por ciento de todos los tumores vesicales. La asociación de carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en un paciente con infección por VIH nunca hasta hoy había sido descrita. Presentamos el primer caso clínico español y mundial de esta desconocida y nunca descrita asociación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 46 años con infección por VIH que desarrolló un carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga urinaria de evolución fatal. Se describe su clínica de presentación, métodos de diagnóstico utilizados y su tratamiento. La paciente debutó con retención urinaria aguda que rápidamente progresó a la instauración de una uropatía obstructiva alta con deterioro de la función renal. El diagnóstico se efectuó mediante TAC, resección transuretral y estudio histopatológico donde la clave del diagnóstico fue el estudio inmunohistoquímico intensamente positivo para la cromogranina A. El tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia le ocasionó una aplasia medular severa, falleciendo por fallo multiórganico a los 26 días de su diagnóstico. A propósito de este caso, se revisa la literatura inglesa en PubMed sobre carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga y sobre tumores vesicales en pacientes con infección VIH, no existiendo ningún caso publicado de carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga en un paciente con infección por VIH. CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma neuroendocrino de vejiga es un tumor infrecuente y muy agresivo. Es un tumor que suele presentarse clínicamente en estadios avanzados o metastásicos donde ninguna terapia es eficaz. El tratamiento incluye resección trans-uretral (RTU), cistectomía parcial, cistectomía radical y quimioterapia. El estudio inmunohistoquímico (IHQ) y la tinción con cromogranina A dan la clave para su diagnóstico. Su presentación en pacientes VIH implica muy mal pronóstico. Éste caso es el primer caso mundial publicado de carcinoma neuroendocrino...
The primary neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder is an infrequent neoplasm which represents 0.5 percent of all vesical tumors. The association of neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder in a patient with HIV infection has never been described before today. We present the first clinical case in the Spanish-speaking world and worldwide, of this unknown and never written about association. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical case of a 46-yearoldpatient with HIV infection who developed a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder with a fatal evolution, its clinical presentation, the diagnosis methods used and its treatment, are described. The patient started with a severe urinary retention which rapidly progressed to the establishment of a high obstructive uropathy with deterioration in the renal function. The diagnosis was done using TAC, transurethral resection and histopathological study where the key to diagnosis was the intensely positive immunohistochemical study for the chromogranin A. The adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy led to a severe medular aplasia, with the patient dying due to a multi-organ failure, 26 days after her diagnosis. As a result of this case, English literature on the matter in PubMed about neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder and about vesical tumors in patients with HIV infection was revised, with no published case existing about neuroendocrine carcinome in a patient with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroendocrine carcinome of the bladder is an infrequent and very aggressive tumor. It is a tumor that tends to be clinically present in advanced or metastasic states, where no therapy is efficient. The treatment includes transurethral resection (TUR), partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy and chemotherapy. The immunohistochemical study (IHC), and the stain with chromogranin A are key for its diagnosis. Its presentation in HIV patients implies a very bad prognosis. This case is the first published case worldwide of neuroendocrine...
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Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/complications , HIV Infections/complications , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/complications , Fatal OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective To explore the role of miRNA-148a in bladder tumorous development and progression.Methods Ex-pression of miRNA-148a was assessed in 35 bladder carcinoma tissues and 16 non-carcinoma tissues by fluorescence quanti-tative real time PCR,and correlation with clinical features was evaluated.Target genes and transcription factors of miRNA-148a were predicted using bioinformatic analysis,then TF-miRNA-148a-target genes network diagram was built and the tar-get genes was analyzed of gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway.Results Expression of miRNA-148a was lower in bladder carcinoma tissues than in non-carcinoma tissues(0.000 8±0.000 2 vs 0.002 1±0.000 5)(t=2.46,P 0.05).268 target genes of miRNA-148a were predicted by three softwares at the same time,60 transcription factors were predicted and the binding sites with combination scroes above 80 was 657.The target genes of miRNA-148a was enriched in many biological processes,such as neuron differentiation,generation of neurons,neuron projec-tion development,cytoplasmic mRNA processing body,cytoplasm(P <0.001).They also participated in p53 signaling path-way,proteoglycans in cancer-homo sapiens,pathways in cancer,prostate cancer,protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, focal adhesion and so on(P <0.05).According to TF-miRNA-148a-target genes network diagram,miRNA-148a was regula-ted by SP1,ESR1,AP1,MYC and BRCA1,genes of IGF1,P27kip1 ,NCOA1,PTEN,SERPINE1 might be regulated by miR-NA-148a.Conclusion miRNA-148a which was significantly down-regulation in bladder carcinoma tissues may be participate in bladder tumorous development and progression,bioinformatics analysis provides some ideas for further research.
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Objective:To screen the peptide binding to human bladder carcinoma cells specifically by using phage display technology in vivo.Methods: Nude mice were inoculated with bladder carcinoma cells BIU87 for establishing tumor-bearing mice model.The Ph.D.-C7CTM Peptide Library was injected intravenously via tail vein.Then we screened Phage containing exogenous peptides binding to bladder transitional carcinoma cells specifically.The phage peptide homed to the tumor tissues was obtained after 3 rounds screening in vivo.The phage clones affinity to BIU87 were identified by immunohistochemistry and ELISA.The positive peptide was synthetized by chemical methods after sequencing the positive monoclonal phage DNA.The tumor cell specificity of target peptide was identified by confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometry.Results:After 3 rounds screening in vivo,enrichment rate of phage was 4.334×102 times.Immunohistochemistry results showed that the dyeing of the tumor tissue had a rising trend following each round of phage screening,while liver had a lot of non-specific binding phage because the phages were metabolized through liver and kid-ney.The 30 phage clones were identified by ELISA and 10 clones had a strong affinity on BIU87 among 24 positive clones.Three amino acid sequences of positive phage clones were obtained.The highest rate of repeat sequences CSSPIGRHC(8/10) named NYZL1 and the FITC-C6-NYZL1 peptide was synthesized.Our results showed that it could bind to bladder carcinoma cells BIU87 specifically.Conclusion:We obtained the small molecular peptide NYZL1 binding to human bladder carcinoma specifically by means of phage display in vivo,which provide a theoretical basis for bladder carcinoma early diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the treatment of choice for superficial bladder carcinoma. Disseminated BCG infection presenting as granulomatous hepatitis or pneumonitis is a very rare complication of this treatment. Here we report a case series of seven patients previously treated with BCG presenting with pneumonitis. In two of the cases, identification of Mycobacterium bovis was achieved with molecular methods.
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Objective: To explore the expression and gene amplification status of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in the different stages of invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Methods:Tumor tissues from 49 patients with different stages of invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma were tested by immunohistochemical staining for HER2 and HER2 gene fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results:The number of male patients was higher than that of females. The positive rate of HER2 protein expression was higher in the patients with the higher stage of invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. However, no gene amplification was observed in all patients. Twelve patients had ployploid chromosome 17. More ployploids were observed in the patients with the higher stage of inva-sive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Conclusion:The increase in the protein expression of HER2 in the invasive urothelial bladder carci-noma patients was not caused by gene amplification. Other transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms were probably involved in the regulation of the HER2 protein.